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  • All HBS Web  (902)
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  • Article

Online and Official Price Indexes: Measuring Argentina's Inflation

By: Alberto Cavallo
Prices collected from online retailers can be used to construct daily price indexes that complement official statistics. This paper studies their ability to match official inflation estimates in five Latin American countries, with a focus on Argentina, where official... View Details
Keywords: Inflation; Online Price Index; Economics; Macroeconomics; Inflation and Deflation; Price; Latin America; Argentina
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Cavallo, Alberto. "Online and Official Price Indexes: Measuring Argentina's Inflation." Journal of Monetary Economics 60, no. 2 (March 2013): 152–165.
  • Spring 2016
  • Article

The Billion Prices Project: Using Online Prices for Inflation Measurement and Research

By: Alberto Cavallo and Roberto Rigobon
New data-gathering techniques, often referred to as “Big Data” have the potential to improve statistics and empirical research in economics. In this paper we describe our work with online data at the Billion Prices Project at MIT and discuss key lessons for both... View Details
Keywords: Billion Prices Project; Online Scraped Data; Online Price Index; Economics; Research; Price; Analytics and Data Science
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Cavallo, Alberto, and Roberto Rigobon. "The Billion Prices Project: Using Online Prices for Inflation Measurement and Research." Journal of Economic Perspectives 30, no. 2 (Spring 2016): 151–178.
  • July 7, 2022
  • Other Article

Are Online Prices Higher Because of Pricing Algorithms?

By: Zach Y. Brown and Alexander J. MacKay
This article reviews recent work examining pricing strategies of major online retailers and the potential effects of pricing algorithms. We describe how pricing algorithms can lead to higher prices in a number of ways, even if some characteristics of these algorithms... View Details
Keywords: Pricing Algorithms; Online Marketplace; Digital Strategy; Internet and the Web; Retail Industry
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Brown, Zach Y., and Alexander J. MacKay. "Are Online Prices Higher Because of Pricing Algorithms?" Brookings Series: The Economics and Regulation of Artificial Intelligence and Emerging Technologies (July 7, 2022).
  • 2019
  • Article

More Amazon Effects: Online Competition and Pricing Behaviors

By: Alberto Cavallo
I study how online competition, with its shrinking margins, algorithmic pricing technologies, and the transparency of the web, can change the pricing behavior of large retailers in the U.S. and affect aggregate inflation dynamics. In particular, I show that in the past... View Details
Keywords: Amazon; Online Prices; Inflation; Uniform Pricing; Price Stickiness; Monetary Economics; Economics; Macroeconomics; Inflation and Deflation; System Shocks; United States
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Cavallo, Alberto. "More Amazon Effects: Online Competition and Pricing Behaviors." Jackson Hole Economic Symposium Conference Proceedings (Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City) (2019).
  • May 2018
  • Article

Using Online Prices for Measuring Real Consumption Across Countries

By: Alberto Cavallo, Erwin Diewert, Robert C. Feenstra, Robert Inklaar and Marcel P. Timmer
We show that online prices can be used to construct quarterly purchasing power parities (PPPs) with a closely matched set of goods and identical methodologies in a variety of developed and developing countries. Our results are close to those reported by the... View Details
Keywords: Purchasing Power Parity; International Economy; Online Prices; Billion Prices Project; Economics; Macroeconomics; Price; Internet and the Web; Spending; Economy; Global Range; Measurement and Metrics
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Cavallo, Alberto, Erwin Diewert, Robert C. Feenstra, Robert Inklaar, and Marcel P. Timmer. "Using Online Prices for Measuring Real Consumption Across Countries." AEA Papers and Proceedings 108 (May 2018): 483–487.
  • Article

Are Online and Offline Prices Similar? Evidence from Large Multi-Channel Retailers

By: Alberto Cavallo
Online prices are increasingly used for measurement and research applications, yet little is known about their relation to prices in physical stores, where most retail transactions occur. I conduct the first large-scale comparison of prices simultaneously collected... View Details
Keywords: Online Prices; Offline Prices; Multi-channel Retailers; Price; Internet and the Web; Measurement and Metrics; Retail Industry
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Cavallo, Alberto. "Are Online and Offline Prices Similar? Evidence from Large Multi-Channel Retailers." American Economic Review 107, no. 1 (January 2017): 283–303.
  • March 2018
  • Article

Scraped Data and Sticky Prices

By: Alberto Cavallo
I use daily prices collected from online retailers in five countries to study the impact of measurement bias on three common price stickiness statistics. Relative to previous results, I find that online prices have longer durations, with fewer price changes close to... View Details
Keywords: Online Data; Scraped Data; Sticky Prices; Scanner Data; Consumer Price Index; Price; Data and Data Sets
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Cavallo, Alberto. "Scraped Data and Sticky Prices." Review of Economics and Statistics 100, no. 1 (March 2018): 105–119.
  • May 2023
  • Article

Competition in Pricing Algorithms

By: Zach Y. Brown and Alexander J. MacKay
We document new facts about pricing technology using high-frequency data, and we examine the implications for competition. Some online retailers employ technology that allows for more frequent price changes and automated responses to price changes by rivals. Motivated... View Details
Keywords: Pricing Algorithms; Pricing Frequency; Commitment; Online Competition; Price; Information Technology; Competition
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Brown, Zach Y., and Alexander J. MacKay. "Competition in Pricing Algorithms." American Economic Journal: Microeconomics 15, no. 2 (May 2023): 109–156.
  • 2015
  • Government Testimony

Price Coherence in Online Platforms — Impact and Responses

By: Benjamin Edelman and Julian Wright
We examine the role of price coherence in shaping market structure and offer policy recommendations to advance both efficiency and equity. View Details
Keywords: Price Coherence; Price Parity; MFN; Distribution Channels; Market Design; Travel Industry; Financial Services Industry
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Edelman, Benjamin, and Julian Wright. "Price Coherence in Online Platforms — Impact and Responses." Government Testimony, October 2015 (For the House of Lords inquiry into Online Platforms and the EU Digital Single Market.)
  • January 2018 (Revised November 2018)
  • Case

Index

By: Jose Alvarez and Julia Kelley
In December 2017, Marc Freed-Finnegan and Jonathan Wall, the co-founders of retail technology company Index, had to discuss the company’s direction as they entered 2018. Five years earlier, Freed-Finnegan and Wall had founded Index after observing the technological... View Details
Keywords: Product Launch; Product Positioning; Sales; Strategy; Marketing Strategy; Retail Industry; Technology Industry
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Alvarez, Jose, and Julia Kelley. "Index." Harvard Business School Case 518-038, January 2018. (Revised November 2018.)
  • January 2008
  • Background Note

Index Options

By: Joshua Coval and Erik Stafford
The goal of this simulation is to understand the patterns in index option prices that are not predicted by the Black-Scholes model. In particular, the simulation focuses on two properties of options prices. First, at-the-money implied volatilities from index options... View Details
Keywords: Volatility; Stock Options; Investment; Price; Profit; Risk Management; Mathematical Methods
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Coval, Joshua, and Erik Stafford. "Index Options." Harvard Business School Background Note 208-119, January 2008.
  • Article

Priced and Unpriced Online Markets

By: Benjamin Edelman
With forces both supporting and opposing zero prices, typical Internet-related activities—like surfing the web, web searches, and e-mail, along with behind-the-scenes practices like domain names and the allocation of IP (Internet Protocol) addresses—present a natural... View Details
Keywords: Cost vs Benefits; Price; Market Transactions; Service Operations; Internet
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Edelman, Benjamin. "Priced and Unpriced Online Markets." Journal of Economic Perspectives 23, no. 3 (Summer 2009): 21–36.
  • February 2018
  • Article

Auctions versus Posted Prices in Online Markets

By: Liran Einav, Chiara Farronato, Jonathan Levin and Neel Sundaresan
Auctions were very popular in the early days of internet commerce, but today online sellers mostly use posted prices. We model the choice between auctions and posted prices as a trade-off between competitive price discovery and convenience. Evidence from eBay fits the... View Details
Keywords: Internet and the Web; Auctions; Price
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Einav, Liran, Chiara Farronato, Jonathan Levin, and Neel Sundaresan. "Auctions versus Posted Prices in Online Markets." Journal of Political Economy 126, no. 1 (February 2018): 178–215.
  • October 2004
  • Article

Demand for Portfolio Insurance and Index Option Prices

By: Kaushik Amin, Joshua D. Coval and H. Nejat Seyhun
Keywords: Insurance; Price
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Amin, Kaushik, Joshua D. Coval, and H. Nejat Seyhun. "Demand for Portfolio Insurance and Index Option Prices." Journal of Business 77, no. 4 (October 2004).
  • November–December 2017
  • Article

Match Your Own Price? Self-Matching as a Retailer's Multichannel Pricing Strategy

By: Pavel Kireyev, Vineet Kumar and Elie Ofek
Multichannel retailing has created several new strategic choices for retailers. With respect to pricing, an important decision is whether to offer a “self-matching policy,” which allows a multichannel retailer to offer the lowest of its online and store prices to... View Details
Keywords: Price Self-matching; Multichannel Retailing; Pricing Strategy; Online Shopping; Omnichannel; Price Discrimination; Price; Strategy; Competitive Strategy
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Kireyev, Pavel, Vineet Kumar, and Elie Ofek. "Match Your Own Price? Self-Matching as a Retailer's Multichannel Pricing Strategy." Marketing Science 36, no. 6 (November–December 2017): 908–930.
  • October 2021 (Revised June 2022)
  • Case

PittaRosso: Artificial Intelligence-Driven Pricing and Promotion

By: Ayelet Israeli
PittaRosso, a traditional Italian shoe retailer, is implementing an AI system to provide pricing and promotion recommendations. The system allows them to implement changes that would affect both the top of funnel and bottom of funnel activities for the company: once... View Details
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence; Pricing; Pricing Algorithm; Pricing Decisions; Pricing Strategy; Pricing Structure; Promotion; Promotions; Online Marketing; Data-driven Decision-making; Data-driven Management; Retail; Retail Analytics; AI; Price; Advertising Campaigns; Analytics and Data Science; Analysis; Digital Marketing; Budgets and Budgeting; Marketing Strategy; Marketing; Transformation; Decision Making; AI and Machine Learning; Retail Industry; Italy
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Israeli, Ayelet. "PittaRosso: Artificial Intelligence-Driven Pricing and Promotion." Harvard Business School Case 522-046, October 2021. (Revised June 2022.)
  • 2019
  • Chapter

Pricing Mechanisms in Online Markets

By: Chiara Farronato
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Farronato, Chiara. "Pricing Mechanisms in Online Markets." In The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. Living edition, edited by Matias Vernengo, Esteban Perez Caldentey, and Barkley J. Rosser Jr.. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019.
  • October 2021 (Revised March 2022)
  • Supplement

PittaRosso: Artificial Intelligence-Driven Pricing and Promotion

By: Ayelet Israeli and Fabrizio Fantini
PittaRosso, a traditional Italian shoe retailer, is implementing an AI system to provide pricing and promotion recommendations. The system allows them to implement changes that would affect both the top of funnel and bottom of funnel activities for the company: once... View Details
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence; Pricing; Pricing Algorithm; Pricing Decisions; Pricing Strategy; Pricing Structure; Promotion; Promotions; Online Marketing; Data-driven Decision-making; Data-driven Management; Retail; Retail Analytics; Price; Advertising Campaigns; Analytics and Data Science; Analysis; Digital Marketing; Budgets and Budgeting; Marketing Strategy; Marketing; Transformation; Decision Making; Retail Industry; Italy
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Israeli, Ayelet, and Fabrizio Fantini. "PittaRosso: Artificial Intelligence-Driven Pricing and Promotion." Harvard Business School Spreadsheet Supplement 522-710, October 2021. (Revised March 2022.)
  • May 2015
  • Case

Pricing in a Digital World (2015)

By: John Gourville
Dynamic pricing, especially as practiced by Uber and Lift, seems to be all the rage. In this case, we look at five interesting applications of dynamic price and price customization, each made possible by advances in digital technology. These range from the online... View Details
Keywords: Pricing; Marketing; Dynamic Pricing; Price Customization; Information Technology; Price; Entrepreneurship; Customization and Personalization; Product Marketing
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Gourville, John. "Pricing in a Digital World (2015)." Harvard Business School Case 515-104, May 2015.
  • 12 Mar 2018
  • Working Paper Summaries

Using Online Prices for Measuring Real Consumption Across Countries

Keywords: by Alberto Cavallo, W. Erwin Diewert, Robert C. Feenstra, Robert Inklaar, and Marcel P. Timmer
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