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    • All HBS Web  (121)
      • Faculty Publications  (33)

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      • 2025
      • Working Paper

      With a Little Help from My Family: Informal Startup Financing

      By: Brian K. Baik, Johan Ludvig S. Karlsen and Katja Kisseleva
      Using Norwegian administrative data, we identify family equity investments in startups and examine their effects on investor returns and firm behavior. Informal investors earn lower returns than external individuals, and the firms they back are less likely to secure... View Details
      Keywords: Early Stage Finance; Informal Investment; Household Finance; Risk Taking; Entrepreneurial Finance; Entrepreneurship; Personal Finance; Family and Family Relationships; Business Startups; Investment; Norway
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      Baik, Brian K., Johan Ludvig S. Karlsen, and Katja Kisseleva. "With a Little Help from My Family: Informal Startup Financing." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 25-053, April 2025.
      • March 2025
      • Case

      Hurtigruten: Sea Zero

      By: Christian Kaps and Michael W. Toffel
      Hurtigruten was deciding whether the next ship they built should be fully electric. But such a vessel's battery, the size of electric cars, needed to be charged on the ship's multi-day voyage along the Norwegian coast. Before making such a $250 million investment, the... View Details
      Keywords: Energy Sources; Alternative Energy; Ship Transportation; Environmental Regulation; Environmental Sustainability; Innovation and Management; Green Technology; Investment; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Shipping Industry; Tourism Industry; Transportation Industry; Travel Industry; Battery Industry; Norway; Europe
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      Kaps, Christian, and Michael W. Toffel. "Hurtigruten: Sea Zero." Harvard Business School Case 625-100, March 2025.
      • January 2025
      • Case

      A Tiger in the Tank: Exxon Sues Investors

      By: Clayton S. Rose, Sarah Sasso and James Weber
      In June 2024, investors were trying to make sense of ExxonMobil’s (Exxon) lawsuit against two impact investors, Arjuna Capital (Arjuna) and Follow This, that had just been dismissed by the U.S. District Court of Northern Texas. Exxon’s suit challenged the rights of two... View Details
      Keywords: Disruption; Talent and Talent Management; Customer Satisfaction; Decision Making; Demographics; Ethics; Corporate Accountability; Employees; Recruitment; Retention; Leadership; Crisis Management; Risk Management; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Mission and Purpose; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Civil Society or Community; Social Issues; Adaptation; Investment Activism; Lawsuits and Litigation; Business and Shareholder Relations; Medical Devices and Supplies Industry; Health Industry; Energy Industry; United States; Netherlands; Norway
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      Rose, Clayton S., Sarah Sasso, and James Weber. "A Tiger in the Tank: Exxon Sues Investors." Harvard Business School Case 325-015, January 2025.
      • January 2025
      • Case

      A Winning Strategy (A): Innovation in Olympic Speed Skating

      By: Rebecca Karp, Maria Roche, Maisie Wiltshire-Gordon and Tom Quinn
      This case describes two innovators in the Olympic sport of speed skating: the U.S. Men’s team, which devised a new approach to the team pursuit event following their disappointing performance in the 2018 Winter Olympics; and Nils van der Poel, a Swedish skater who... View Details
      Keywords: Sports; Disruptive Innovation; Innovation Strategy; Competitive Strategy; Competitive Advantage; Knowledge Sharing; Sports Industry; United States; Sweden; Netherlands; Norway
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      Karp, Rebecca, Maria Roche, Maisie Wiltshire-Gordon, and Tom Quinn. "A Winning Strategy (A): Innovation in Olympic Speed Skating." Harvard Business School Case 725-391, January 2025.
      • January 2025
      • Supplement

      A Winning Strategy (B): Innovation in Olympic Speed Skating

      By: Rebecca Karp, Maria Roche, Maisie Wiltshire-Gordon and Tom Quinn
      This case describes the aftermath of decisions made by two innovators in the Olympic sport of speed skating: the U.S. Men’s team, which devised a new approach to the team pursuit event; and Nils van der Poel, a Swedish skater who created a new training plan that defied... View Details
      Keywords: Sports; Disruptive Innovation; Innovation Strategy; Competitive Strategy; Competitive Advantage; Knowledge Sharing; Performance Improvement; Sports Industry; United States; Sweden; Netherlands; Norway
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      Karp, Rebecca, Maria Roche, Maisie Wiltshire-Gordon, and Tom Quinn. "A Winning Strategy (B): Innovation in Olympic Speed Skating." Harvard Business School Supplement 725-413, January 2025.
      • March 2024 (Revised September 2024)
      • Case

      Norway: An Embarrassment of Riches

      By: Sophus A. Reinert, Forest Reinhardt and Jens-Henrik Munthe-Kaas
      Keywords: Sovereign Wealth Funds; Welfare State; Internationalization; Dutch Disease; Macroeconomics; Energy Sources; Values and Beliefs; Sovereign Finance; Immigration; Welfare; Natural Resources; Happiness; Energy Industry; Norway
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      Reinert, Sophus A., Forest Reinhardt, and Jens-Henrik Munthe-Kaas. "Norway: An Embarrassment of Riches." Harvard Business School Case 724-037, March 2024. (Revised September 2024.)
      • November 2023 (Revised April 2025)
      • Case

      Norse Atlantic Airways

      By: Willy Shih
      Bjørn Tore Larsen, Norse Atlantic Airways' founder and CEO, hadn't planned to get into the airline business. But when the COVID-19 pandemic depressed the global demand for air travel and the lease rates for jetliners, he realized if ever he was going to get into the... View Details
      Keywords: Business Model; Business Startups; Market Entry and Exit; Leasing; Business Strategy; Segmentation; Interest Rates; Air Transportation Industry; Europe; North America; Norway; United Kingdom; United States
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      Shih, Willy. "Norse Atlantic Airways." Harvard Business School Case 624-034, November 2023. (Revised April 2025.)
      • April 2022
      • Case

      NIO: A Chinese EV Company's Global Strategy

      By: William C. Kirby, Shu Lin and Noah B. Truwit
      Founded in November 2014 and based in Shanghai, NIO designed, jointly manufactured, and sold premium “smart” EVs. Its mission was to “shape a joyful lifestyle by offering high-performance smart electric vehicles and being the best user enterprise. At NIO Day 2021,... View Details
      Keywords: Electric Vehicles; Expansion; Technological Innovation; Market Entry and Exit; Competitive Strategy; Consumer Behavior; Green Technology; Auto Industry; China; Europe; Norway
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      Kirby, William C., Shu Lin, and Noah B. Truwit. "NIO: A Chinese EV Company's Global Strategy." Harvard Business School Case 322-106, April 2022.
      • July 2020
      • Background Note

      Gender Diversity on Boards: Views from Norway

      By: Aiyesha Dey
      The issue of gender diversity on boards has received increased attention in U.S markets over the past few years. In 2018, California introduced a law which required boards of U.S-listed firms with headquarters in California to include at least one female director by... View Details
      Keywords: Board Of Directors; Board Decisions; Gender; Diversity; Governing and Advisory Boards; Norway; United States
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      Dey, Aiyesha. "Gender Diversity on Boards: Views from Norway." Harvard Business School Background Note 120-065, July 2020.
      • January 2020
      • Case

      Hurtigruten: Sailing into Warm Water?

      By: Jan W. Rivkin and Kerry Herman
      As this case opens in 2019, CEO Daniel Skjeldam and his team have successfully reinvigorated Hurtigruten, a storied but struggling Norwegian ferry and cruise operator, and have established it as the leading provider of polar expedition cruises. They now face a critical... View Details
      Keywords: Relative Cost Analysis; Market Attractiveness; Diversification; Decision Making; Expansion; Tourism Industry; Norway
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      Rivkin, Jan W., and Kerry Herman. "Hurtigruten: Sailing into Warm Water?" Harvard Business School Case 720-410, January 2020.
      • Summer 2019
      • Article

      Breaking Even: Political Economy and Private Enterprise in the Norwegian Glass Industry, 1739-1803

      By: Rolv Petter Amdam, Robert Fredona and Sophus A. Reinert
      Using internal debates and surviving account books, this article traces the 18th-century history of the Norwegian glass industry, created to exploit Norway's immense natural resource wealth, and of the chartered company that would later become Norway's iconic... View Details
      Keywords: Glass Industry; Natural Resources; Profitability; Political Economy; Cameralism; Liberalization; Patriotism; Profit; Natural Environment; Business History; Norway
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      Amdam, Rolv Petter, Robert Fredona, and Sophus A. Reinert. "Breaking Even: Political Economy and Private Enterprise in the Norwegian Glass Industry, 1739-1803." Business History Review 93, no. 2 (Summer 2019): 275–317.
      • June 2018
      • Supplement

      Knowledge Sharing at REMA 1000 (B)

      By: Tatiana Sandino and Olivia Hull
      Supplement to HBS No. 118-007, "Knowledge Sharing at REMA 1000 (A)." Chief Human Resources Officer Tore Høylie was proud of REMA 1000 (REMA)’s strong employee engagement with Workplace, Facebook’s corporate social media platform; however, some users complained that the... View Details
      Keywords: Social Network; Enterprise Social Media; Facebook; Workplace; Social and Collaborative Networks; Communication Technology; Problems and Challenges; Social Media; Retail Industry; Norway
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      Sandino, Tatiana, and Olivia Hull. "Knowledge Sharing at REMA 1000 (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 118-072, June 2018.
      • March 2018 (Revised June 2018)
      • Case

      Knowledge Sharing at REMA 1000 (A)

      By: Tatiana Sandino and Olivia Hull
      A year after Norwegian grocery chain REMA 1000 adopted Workplace, Facebook’s enterprise social network, Chief Human Resource Officer Tore Høylie is asked to evaluate its impact on company culture and communication. Almost 90% of the workforce is engaged with the... View Details
      Keywords: Social Network; Enterprise Social Media; Facebook; Workplace; Social and Collaborative Networks; Communication Technology; Performance Improvement; Organizational Culture; Knowledge Sharing; Social Media; Retail Industry; Norway
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      Sandino, Tatiana, and Olivia Hull. "Knowledge Sharing at REMA 1000 (A)." Harvard Business School Case 118-007, March 2018. (Revised June 2018.)
      • January 2018
      • Supplement

      Norway: The Embarrassment of Riches (B)

      By: Sophus A. Reinert
      Supplements the (A) case. View Details
      Keywords: Sovereign Wealth Funds; Welfare State; Natural Resources; Internationalization; Norway
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      Reinert, Sophus A. "Norway: The Embarrassment of Riches (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 718-026, January 2018.
      • November 2017 (Revised April 2019)
      • Case

      Summa Equity: Building Purpose-Driven Organizations

      By: George Serafeim
      In 2015, Reynir Indahl left top Nordic private equity firm Altor Equity Partners to found Summa Equity (Summa). After long contemplation following the financial crisis, Indahl was convinced the financial system was producing negative externalities and that the current... View Details
      Keywords: Corporate Purpose; ESG; ESG (Environmental, Social, Governance) Performance; Social Impact; Investment Management; Management Practices; Innovation; Voice; Environmental Impact; Private Equity; Social Enterprise; Finance; Capital Markets; Management Practices and Processes; Innovation Leadership; Leadership; Innovation and Management; Entrepreneurship; Mission and Purpose; Value Creation; Financial Services Industry; Norway; Sweden; Scandinavia
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      Serafeim, George, and David Freiberg. "Summa Equity: Building Purpose-Driven Organizations." Harvard Business School Case 118-028, November 2017. (Revised April 2019.)
      • October 2017
      • Supplement

      Turnaround at Norsk Gjenvinning (B)

      By: George Serafeim
      The case describes the impact of Norsk Gjenvinning's (NG) transformation efforts on reducing corruption and non-compliance within the Norwegian waste management industry. View Details
      Keywords: Change Leadership; Governance; Compliance; Waste Management; Environmental Impact; Social Responsibility; Industry Regulation; Regulatory Enforcement; Change Management; Crime and Corruption; Governance Compliance; Wastes and Waste Processing; Norway
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      Serafeim, George, and David Freiberg. "Turnaround at Norsk Gjenvinning (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 118-033, October 2017.
      • August 2015 (Revised October 2017)
      • Case

      Turnaround at Norsk Gjenvinning (A)

      By: George Serafeim
      Erik Osmundsen, CEO of Norsk Gjenvinning (NG), had initiated a program to strenghten corporate governance, eliminate corruption and improve compliance, and as a result the company had experienced a turnover of almost half of its top 70 line managers and strained... View Details
      Keywords: Change Leadership; Governance; Compliance; Waste Management; Environmental Impact; Social Responsibility; Industry Regulation; Regulatory Enforcement; Turnaround; Turn Around Management; Corruption; Leading Change; Change Management; Crime and Corruption; Governance Compliance; Wastes and Waste Processing; Industrial Products Industry; Norway; Scandinavia; Europe
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      Serafeim, George, and Shannon Gombos. "Turnaround at Norsk Gjenvinning (A)." Harvard Business School Case 116-012, August 2015. (Revised October 2017.)
      • August 2015
      • Case

      Kjell & Company: Electronics Accessories Retail in the Nordics

      By: Krishna Palepu, Das Narayandas and Kerry Herman
      Swedish electronics accessories retailer Kjell is considering several issues as it plots its next stage of growth. How should it balance opportunities to expand retail stores into a new market (Oslo, Norway) with additional growth in its home market—Sweden—with... View Details
      Keywords: Consumer Electronics Accessories; Online Channel; Omni-channel; Private Equity; Retail; Salesforce Management; Performance Management; Marketing; Sales; Strategy; Scandinavia; Sweden; Norway
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      Palepu, Krishna, Das Narayandas, and Kerry Herman. "Kjell & Company: Electronics Accessories Retail in the Nordics." Harvard Business School Case 116-009, August 2015.
      • July 2015
      • Case

      Vita: Cosmetics in the Nordics

      By: Das Narayandas, Krishna Palepu and Kerry Herman
      Vita is a Norwegian cosmetics retailer owned by FSN Capital, a Scandinavian private equity company. The company has a strong market position in Norway. The case focuses on two strategic issues: how to develop an e-commerce strategy to supplement the company's... View Details
      Keywords: E-Commerce Strategy; Norway; Cosmetics; Managing Under Private Equity Ownership; Strategy; Private Equity; Internet and the Web; Growth and Development Strategy; E-commerce; Beauty and Cosmetics Industry; Retail Industry; Norway
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      Narayandas, Das, Krishna Palepu, and Kerry Herman. "Vita: Cosmetics in the Nordics." Harvard Business School Case 516-013, July 2015.
      • March 2015 (Revised March 2018)
      • Teaching Note

      Norway: The Embarrassment of Riches

      By: Sophus A. Reinert
      Keywords: Norway
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      Reinert, Sophus A. "Norway: The Embarrassment of Riches." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 715-037, March 2015. (Revised March 2018.)
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