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- May 2019
- Background Note
Geographic Inequality Primer
By: William Kerr, Joseph Fuller, Manjari Raman and Donald Maruyama
There are large and persistent divides between urban centers and rural areas in America due in part to structural causes. This primer focuses on the demographic differences between urban and rural areas within the United States and the unique challenges facing rural... View Details
- July 2007
- Article
Geographical Segmentation of U.S. Capital Markets
Demographic variation in savings behavior can be exploited to provide evidence on segmentation in US bank loan markets. Cities with a large fraction of seniors have higher volumes of bank deposits. Since many banks rely heavily on deposit financing, this affects local... View Details
Keywords: Age; Economy; Capital Markets; Banks and Banking; Financing and Loans; Local Range; United States
Becker, Bo. "Geographical Segmentation of U.S. Capital Markets." Journal of Financial Economics 85, no. 1 (July 2007): 151–178.
- July 2021
- Article
Structuring Local Environments to Avoid Diversity: Anxiety Drives Whites' Geographical and Institutional Self-Segregation Preferences
By: Eric Anicich, Jon M. Jachimowicz, Merrick Osborne and L. Taylor Phillips
The current research explores how local racial diversity affects Whites’ efforts to structure their local communities to avoid incidental intergroup contact. In two experimental studies (N=509; Studies 1a-b), we consider Whites’ choices to structure a fictional,... View Details
Keywords: Segregration; Structural/institutional Racism; Organizational Exclusion; Diversity; Race; Organizations; Local Range; Prejudice and Bias
Anicich, Eric, Jon M. Jachimowicz, Merrick Osborne, and L. Taylor Phillips. "Structuring Local Environments to Avoid Diversity: Anxiety Drives Whites' Geographical and Institutional Self-Segregation Preferences." Art. 104117. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 95 (July 2021).
- January 2018 (Revised February 2018)
- Technical Note
The Scope of Business at the Base of the Pyramid: Poverty in the U.S. and Other OECD Countries
By: V. Kasturi Rangan and Tricia Gregg
Using data from U.S. Census and OECD, this note defines poverty as those populations who fall below 50% of that country’s median per capita income. It then provides a brief statistical tour of six key challenges facing such populations: Income and Jobs, Healthcare,... View Details
Rangan, V. Kasturi, and Tricia Gregg. "The Scope of Business at the Base of the Pyramid: Poverty in the U.S. and Other OECD Countries." Harvard Business School Technical Note 518-037, January 2018. (Revised February 2018.)
- April 2022
- Article
Demand Interactions in Sharing Economies: Evidence from a Natural Experiment Involving Airbnb and Uber/Lyft
By: Shunyuan Zhang, Dokyun Lee, Param Singh and Tridas Mukhopadhyay
We examine whether and how ride-sharing services influence the demand for home-sharing services. Our identification strategy hinges on a natural experiment in which Uber/Lyft exited Austin, Texas, in May 2016 due to local regulation. Using a 12-month longitudinal... View Details
Keywords: Airbnb; Uber; Natural Experiment; Geographic Demand Dispersion; Sharing Economy; Transportation; Demand and Consumers; Geographic Scope
Zhang, Shunyuan, Dokyun Lee, Param Singh, and Tridas Mukhopadhyay. "Demand Interactions in Sharing Economies: Evidence from a Natural Experiment Involving Airbnb and Uber/Lyft." Journal of Marketing Research (JMR) 59, no. 2 (April 2022): 374–391.
- May 1993 (Revised December 1994)
- Background Note
Geography of Competition and Strategy, The
Addresses the role of geographic scope in competition and strategy. Makes distinctions between the geographic scope of competition (or the effective area over which firms compete), the geographic scope of competitive advantage (or the geographic area from which a firm... View Details
Enright, Michael J. "Geography of Competition and Strategy, The." Harvard Business School Background Note 793-135, May 1993. (Revised December 1994.)
- 2021
- Working Paper
International Evidence on the Effects of a Local Presence by U.S. Credit Rating Agencies
By: Liran Eliner, Michael Machokoto and Anywhere Sikochi
Major U.S. credit rating agencies are criticized for failing to understand developments in other economies and thereby impeding capital access by assigning lower ratings. Consistent with this, we find that Moody's and S&P credit ratings are more favorable after the... View Details
Keywords: Credit Rating Agencies; Credit Ratings; Rating Adjustments; Rating Disagreement; Geographic Proximity; Soft Information; Credit; Geographic Location; Local Range
Eliner, Liran, Michael Machokoto, and Anywhere Sikochi. "International Evidence on the Effects of a Local Presence by U.S. Credit Rating Agencies." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 20-083, February 2020. (Revised August 2021.)
- March 1990 (Revised May 1993)
- Case
Pennzoil Co.
Focuses on Pennzoil's motor oil business. Designed to address the business strategy issues of how a firm chooses its scope to create competitive advantage in its core business. "Scope" can be broadly defined to include vertical scope (forward and backward integration),... View Details
Keywords: Decision Choices and Conditions; Competitive Advantage; Consumer Products Industry; Energy Industry
Teisberg, Elizabeth O. "Pennzoil Co." Harvard Business School Case 390-131, March 1990. (Revised May 1993.)
- September 2012
- Article
The Size and Composition of Corporate Headquarters in Multinational Companies: Empirical Evidence
By: David J. Collis, David Young and Michael Goold
Based on a six-country survey of nearly 250 multinationals (MNCs), this paper is the first empirical analysis to describe the size and composition of MNC headquarters and to account for differences among them. Findings are as follows: MNC corporate headquarters are... View Details
Keywords: Headquarters; Subsidiaries; Multinational Corporations; Organization Design; Administrative Heritage; International Strategy; Business Subsidiaries; Organizational Design; Multinational Firms and Management; Size; Business Headquarters; Global Strategy
Collis, David J., David Young, and Michael Goold. "The Size and Composition of Corporate Headquarters in Multinational Companies: Empirical Evidence." Journal of International Management 18, no. 3 (September 2012): 260–275.
- 2015
- Chapter
The Value of Breadth and the Importance of Differences
By: David J. Collis
Honoring Pankaj Ghemawat's receipt of an Academy of Management award, this chapter examines his contribution to the global strategy field. It notes the continuing importance of country differences to international strategy and how geographic scope contributes to... View Details
Collis, David J. "The Value of Breadth and the Importance of Differences." In Emerging Economies and Multinational Enterprises. Vol. 28, edited by Laszlo Tihanyi, Elitsa R. Banalieva, Timothy M. Devinney, and Torben Pedersen, 29–33. Advances in International Management. Emerald Group Publishing, 2015.
- October 1991 (Revised August 1993)
- Case
Acid Rain: Burlington Northern, Inc. (A)
Burlington Northern (BN) hauls low-sulfur coal from the northern Great Plains to electric utilities in the Midwest. Acid rain legislation may affect the geographic scope of BN's markets. Railroad managers need to assess the economic effects of acid rain controls and... View Details
Keywords: Rail Transportation; Environmental Sustainability; Development Economics; Government Legislation; Natural Environment; Policy; Metals and Minerals; Industry Growth; Industry Structures; Rail Industry; United States
Reinhardt, Forest L. "Acid Rain: Burlington Northern, Inc. (A)." Harvard Business School Case 792-018, October 1991. (Revised August 1993.)
- October 1988 (Revised May 1989)
- Case
General Electric: Consumer Electronics Group
By: David J. Collis and Nancy Donohue
Highlights the General Electric takeover of RCA and the consolidation of the two companies' consumer electronic groups. Starting first with a history of the television industry in the United States, Europe, and Japan, and then a brief discussion of the main competitors... View Details
Collis, David J., and Nancy Donohue. "General Electric: Consumer Electronics Group." Harvard Business School Case 389-048, October 1988. (Revised May 1989.)
- 2017
- Book
Geography, Location, and Strategy
By: Juan Alcácer, Bruce Kogut, Catherine Thomas and Bernard Yin Yeung
Changes in both technology and global political economy have vastly accelerated the pace of globalization in the last 40 years, eroding barriers that limited firms' geographic scope and unleashing a seemingly unlimited set of new threats, challenges, and opportunities... View Details
Alcácer, Juan, Bruce Kogut, Catherine Thomas and Bernard Yin Yeung, eds. Geography, Location, and Strategy. Vol. 36, Advances in Strategic Management. Emerald Publishing Limited, 2017.
- July 2021
- Case
Y Combinator
By: John R. Wells
Y Combinator (YC) was a business startup accelerator based in Mountain View, California. Originally founded in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 2005, by 2021, YC listed 2,830 companies amongst its alumni. More than 80% of these companies were still active, had been... View Details
Wells, John R. "Y Combinator." Harvard Business School Case 721-498, July 2021.
- 2018
- Chapter
Transportation Cost and the Geography of Foreign Investment
By: Laura Alfaro and Maggie Chen
Falling transportation costs and rapid technological progress in recent decades have precipitated an explosion of cross-border flows in goods, services, investments, and ideas led by multinational firms. Extensive research has sought to understand the geographic... View Details
Alfaro, Laura, and Maggie Chen. "Transportation Cost and the Geography of Foreign Investment." In Handbook of International Trade and Transportation, edited by Bruce Blonigen and Wesley W. Wilson. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2018.
- November 2004 (Revised January 2007)
- Case
Ice-Fili (Abridged)
By: John R. Wells, Pai-Ling Yin and Michael G. Rukstad
Designed as an overview of all aspects of the strategy process: industry analysis, positioning, dynamics and sustainability, and scope issues of corporate strategy, including vertical integration, horizontal diversification, and location issues. Ice-Fili is the largest... View Details
Keywords: Product Positioning; Geographic Location; Competition; Vertical Integration; Corporate Strategy; Retail Industry; Food and Beverage Industry; Russia
Wells, John R., Pai-Ling Yin, and Michael G. Rukstad. "Ice-Fili (Abridged)." Harvard Business School Case 705-441, November 2004. (Revised January 2007.)
- Article
Managing Climate Change: Lessons from the U.S. Navy
By: Forest Reinhardt and Michael W. Toffel
The U.S. Navy operates on the front lines of climate change. It manages tens of billions of dollars in assets on every continent and on every ocean, which take many years to design and build and then have decades of useful life. This means that it needs to understand... View Details
Keywords: Climate Change; Environment; Military; Disaster Relief; Refugees; Environmental Impact; Environmental Strategy; Sustainability; Energy; Energy Conservation; Energy Sources; Energy Generation; Globalization; Innovation and Invention; Leadership; Strategic Planning; Problems and Challenges; Risk and Uncertainty; Supply Chain; Operations; Logistics; Infrastructure; Strategy; Environmental Sustainability; Service Industry
Reinhardt, Forest, and Michael W. Toffel. "Managing Climate Change: Lessons from the U.S. Navy." Harvard Business Review 95, no. 4 (July–August 2017): 102–111.
- June 1986 (Revised July 1990)
- Case
OTISLINE (A)
By: F. Warren McFarlan and Donna B. Stoddard
Describes the company's use of information technology to strengthen its position in the elevator sales and service market. Also demonstrates how information technology can be used to better manage and control a large geographically dispersed service organization. View Details
Keywords: Information Technology; Technology Adoption; Sales; Marketing; Rank and Position; Salesforce Management; Service Operations; Management Analysis, Tools, and Techniques; Global Range; Accounting; Business Ventures; Industry Growth
McFarlan, F. Warren, and Donna B. Stoddard. "OTISLINE (A)." Harvard Business School Case 186-304, June 1986. (Revised July 1990.)
- June 2017
- Case
AKB48: Going Global? (A)
By: Juan Alcácer, Kotaro Sasamoto, Tee Chayakul and Mayuka Yamazaki
After a remarkable success in Japan, the producer of the Japanese female singing group AKB48 evaluates market opportunities overseas for his artistic creation. This case introduces the business model behind the AKB48 concept and allows students to identify what... View Details
Keywords: Brand Building; Brand Extension; Culture-based Products; Global Products; Differentiation; Intellectual Property; International Business; Local Products; Strategy; Value Capture; Market Entry and Exit; Music Entertainment; Business Model; Global Strategy; Global Range; Brands and Branding; Value Creation; Expansion; Music Industry; Japan; China; Indonesia; Taiwan; Philippines; Thailand; South Korea
Alcácer, Juan, Kotaro Sasamoto, Tee Chayakul, and Mayuka Yamazaki. "AKB48: Going Global? (A)." Harvard Business School Case 717-445, June 2017.
- January 2021 (Revised March 2021)
- Case
Jumia's Path to Profitability
By: Ramon Casadesus-Masanell, Pippa Tubman Armerding and Gamze Yucaoglu
The case opens in September 2019 as Sacha Poignonnec and Jeremy Hodara, co-founders and co-CEOs of Jumia, the leading Pan-African e-commerce platform, are contemplating the company’s path to profitability in the aftermath of a fragile investor sentiment, as the company... View Details
Keywords: Retail; Business Models; Business Model; Business Startups; Emerging Markets; For-Profit Firms; Strategy; Digital Platforms; Information Technology; Technology Adoption; Value Creation; Globalization; Entrepreneurship; Competition; Expansion; Logistics; Profit; Resource Allocation; Diversification; Corporate Strategy; Retail Industry; Technology Industry; Africa
Casadesus-Masanell, Ramon, Pippa Tubman Armerding, and Gamze Yucaoglu. "Jumia's Path to Profitability." Harvard Business School Case 721-355, January 2021. (Revised March 2021.)