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(655)
- News (181)
- Research (362)
- Events (3)
- Multimedia (10)
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- July 2021
- Article
Consumers—Especially Women—Avoid Buying from Firms with Higher Gender Pay Gaps
By: Tobias Schlager, Bhavya Mohan, Katherine DeCelles and Michael I. Norton
We document a unique driver of consumer behavior: the public disclosure of a firm’s gender pay gap. Four experiments provide causal evidence that when firms are revealed to have gender pay gaps, consumers are less willing to pay for their goods, a reaction driven by... View Details
Keywords: Pay Gap; Perceived Wage Fairness; Purchase Intention; Gender; Wages; Fairness; Perception; Consumer Behavior
Schlager, Tobias, Bhavya Mohan, Katherine DeCelles, and Michael I. Norton. "Consumers—Especially Women—Avoid Buying from Firms with Higher Gender Pay Gaps." Special Issue on Consumer Psychology for the Greater Good. Journal of Consumer Psychology 31, no. 3 (July 2021): 518–531.
- August 2022
- Article
The Gender Gap in Self-Promotion
By: Christine L. Exley and Judd B. Kessler
In applications, interviews, performance reviews, and many other environments, individuals are explicitly asked or implicitly invited to assess their own performance. In a series of experiments, we find that women rate their performance less favorably than equally... View Details
Exley, Christine L., and Judd B. Kessler. "The Gender Gap in Self-Promotion." Quarterly Journal of Economics 137, no. 3 (August 2022): 1345–1381.
- June 2025
- Article
Gender Diversity Performance and Voluntary Disclosure: Mind the (Gender Pay) Gap
By: June Huang and Shirley Lu
We study whether voluntary gender diversity disclosure is predictive of gender diversity performance. Exploiting a mandate in the United Kingdom that requires firms to disclose 2017 gender pay gap ("GPG") data for the first time, we find that providing voluntary gender... View Details
Huang, June, and Shirley Lu. "Gender Diversity Performance and Voluntary Disclosure: Mind the (Gender Pay) Gap." Accounting, Organizations and Society 114 (June 2025).
- January 2022
- Article
Determinants of Gender Differences in Change in Pay among Job-Switching Executives
By: Boris Groysberg, Paul M. Healy and Eric Lin
The authors investigate what determines differences in change in pay between men and women executives who move to new employers. Using proprietary data of 2,034 executive placements from a global search firm, the authors observe narrower pay differences between men and... View Details
Keywords: Executive Pay; Executive Labor Market; Gender Pay Gap; External Recruitment; Executive Compensation; Gender; Human Capital
Groysberg, Boris, Paul M. Healy, and Eric Lin. "Determinants of Gender Differences in Change in Pay among Job-Switching Executives." Industrial & Labor Relations Review 75, no. 1 (January 2022): 168–199.
- May–June 2021
- Article
How to Close the Gender Gap
By: Colleen Ammerman and Boris Groysberg
Most companies say they’re committed to advancing women into leadership roles. What they may fail to recognize, though, is that systemic barriers are holding women back. As a result, women remain disadvantaged at every stage of their employment and underrepresented in... View Details
Keywords: Gender Discrimination; Employment; Gender; Prejudice and Bias; Talent and Talent Management; Organizational Change and Adaptation
Ammerman, Colleen, and Boris Groysberg. "How to Close the Gender Gap." Harvard Business Review 99, no. 3 (May–June 2021): 124–133.
- 2016
- Working Paper
Equal Opportunity? Gender Gaps in CEO Appointments and Executive Pay
By: Matti Keloharju, Samuli Knüpfer and Joacim Tåg
This paper uses exceptionally rich data on Swedish corporate executives and their personal characteristics to study gender gaps in CEO appointments and pay. Both gaps are sizeable: 18% for CEO appointments and 27% for pay. At most one-eighth of the gaps can be... View Details
Keloharju, Matti, Samuli Knüpfer, and Joacim Tåg. "Equal Opportunity? Gender Gaps in CEO Appointments and Executive Pay." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 16-092, February 2016.
- November 2021
- Article
The Dynamics of Gender and Alternatives in Negotiation
By: Jennifer E. Dannals, Julian J. Zlatev, Nir Halevy and Margaret A. Neale
A substantial body of prior research documents a gender gap in negotiation performance. Competing accounts suggest that the gap is due either to women’s stereotype-congruent behavior in negotiations or to backlash enacted toward women for stereotype-incongruent... View Details
Dannals, Jennifer E., Julian J. Zlatev, Nir Halevy, and Margaret A. Neale. "The Dynamics of Gender and Alternatives in Negotiation." Journal of Applied Psychology 106, no. 11 (November 2021): 1655–1672.
- January 2025
- Module Note
Understanding and Addressing Gender Gaps
This module provides a framework for students to analyze how gender stereotypes, through their impact on beliefs about others and beliefs about ourselves, contribute to gender gaps in the workplace. The module proceeds in three parts. First, through a case and an... View Details
Coffman, Katherine. "Understanding and Addressing Gender Gaps." Harvard Business School Module Note 925-021, January 2025.
- November 11, 2022
- Editorial
Finally Companies Have to Be Upfront about Job Pay Ranges
The significance of pay transparency laws is their role in moving American workplaces away from bias and closer to equal opportunity. View Details
Keywords: Pay; Salary; Pay Gap; Transparency; Wages; Compensation and Benefits; Recruitment; Equality and Inequality
Kanter, Rosabeth Moss. "Finally Companies Have to Be Upfront about Job Pay Ranges." CNN.com (November 11, 2022). (Opinion.)
- 13 Nov 2019
- Working Paper Summaries
The Gender Gap in Self-Promotion
- May 2023
- Article
Equilibrium Effects of Pay Transparency
By: Zoë B. Cullen and Bobak Pakzad-Hurson
The public discourse around pay transparency has focused on the direct effect: how workers seek
to rectify newly-disclosed pay inequities through renegotiations. The question of how wage-setting
and hiring practices of the firm respond in equilibrium has received... View Details
Keywords: Pay Transparency; Online Labor Market; Privacy; Wage Gap; Corporate Disclosure; Wages; Negotiation
Cullen, Zoë B., and Bobak Pakzad-Hurson. "Equilibrium Effects of Pay Transparency." Econometrica 91, no. 3 (May 2023): 765–802. (Lead Article.)
- 2025
- Working Paper
Global Evidence on Gender Gaps and Generative AI
By: Nicholas G. Otis, Solène Delecourt, Katelynn Cranney and Rembrand Koning
Generative AI has the potential to transform productivity and reduce inequality, but only if adopted broadly. In this paper, we show that recently identified gender gaps in generative AI use are nearly universal. Synthesizing data from 18 studies covering more than... View Details
Otis, Nicholas G., Solène Delecourt, Katelynn Cranney, and Rembrand Koning. "Global Evidence on Gender Gaps and Generative AI." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 25-023, October 2024. (Revised January 2025.)
- 2021
- Working Paper
The Old Boys' Club: Schmoozing and the Gender Gap
By: Zoë B. Cullen and Ricardo Perez-Truglia
Offices are social places. Employees and managers take breaks together and talk about
family and hobbies. In this study, we show that employees’ social interactions with their managers
can be advantageous for their careers, and that this phenomenon contributes to the... View Details
Keywords: Career; Promotions; Social Interactions; Networking; Gender; Personal Development and Career; Wages; Social and Collaborative Networks
Cullen, Zoë B., and Ricardo Perez-Truglia. "The Old Boys' Club: Schmoozing and the Gender Gap." Working Paper, June 2021. (American Economic Review 2023, 113(7): 1703–1740. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20210863.)
- March 2022
- Article
Gender Gaps in Venture Capital Performance
By: Paul A. Gompers, Vladimir Muhkarlyamov, Emily Weisburst and Yuhai Xuan
We explore gender differences in performance in a comprehensive sample of venture capital investments in the United States. Investments by female venture capital investors have significantly lower success rates than investments by their male colleagues when controlling... View Details
Gompers, Paul A., Vladimir Muhkarlyamov, Emily Weisburst, and Yuhai Xuan. "Gender Gaps in Venture Capital Performance." Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 57, no. 2 (March 2022): 485–513.
- 2021
- Working Paper
Equilibrium Effects of Pay Transparency
By: Zoë B. Cullen and Bobak Pakzad-Hurson
The public discourse around pay transparency has focused on the direct effect: how workers seek
to rectify newly-disclosed pay inequities through renegotiations. The question of how wage-setting
and hiring practices of the firm respond in equilibrium has received... View Details
- July 2023
- Article
The Old Boys' Club: Schmoozing and the Gender Gap
By: Zoë B. Cullen and Ricardo Perez-Truglia
Offices are social places. Employees and managers take breaks together and talk about
family and hobbies. In this study, we show that employees’ social interactions with their managers
can be advantageous for their careers, and that this phenomenon contributes to the... View Details
Keywords: Career; Promotions; Social Interactions; Networking; Interpersonal Communication; Familiarity; Equality and Inequality; Gender
Cullen, Zoë B., and Ricardo Perez-Truglia. "The Old Boys' Club: Schmoozing and the Gender Gap." American Economic Review 113, no. 7 (July 2023): 1703–1740. (Lead Article.)
- 2022
- Working Paper
The Gender Gap in Confidence: Expected But Not Accounted For
By: Christine L. Exley and Kirby Nielsen
We investigate how the gender gap in confidence affects the views that evaluators (e.g., employers) hold about men and women. If evaluators fail to account for the confidence gap, it may cause overly pessimistic views about women. Alternatively, if evaluators expect... View Details
Keywords: Confidence; Experiments; Gender; Perception; Values and Beliefs; Performance Evaluation; Analysis
Exley, Christine L., and Kirby Nielsen. "The Gender Gap in Confidence: Expected But Not Accounted For." Working Paper, October 2022.
- 2022
- Working Paper
The Gender Minority Gaps in Confidence and Self-Evaluations
By: Billur Aksoy, Christine L. Exley and Judd B. Kessler
An increasing share of the population identifies as something other than male or female. Yet, we know very little about the economic preferences and beliefs of gender minorities. In this paper, we document a “gender minority gap” in confidence and in self-evaluations.... View Details
Aksoy, Billur, Christine L. Exley, and Judd B. Kessler. "The Gender Minority Gaps in Confidence and Self-Evaluations." Working Paper, October 2022.
- September 2018 (Revised February 2025)
- Background Note
The Gender Gap In U.S. History
By: Zoë B. Cullen, Tom Nicholas and Sophie Kainen
- 23 Apr 2018
- Research & Ideas
Sponsorship Programs Could Actually Widen the Gender Gap
FabioFilzi Key aspects of corporate sponsorship programs, while designed to advance women’s careers, may end up widening the gender gap rather than narrowing it, according to new experimental research.... View Details
Keywords: by Carmen Nobel