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- Article
Pseudo-Set Framing
By: Kate Barasz, Leslie John, Elizabeth A. Keenan and Michael I. Norton
Pseudo-set framing—arbitrarily grouping items or tasks together as part of an apparent “set”—motivates people to reach perceived completion points. Pseudo-set framing changes gambling choices (Study 1), effort (Studies 2 and 3), giving behavior (Field Data and Study... View Details
Keywords: Framing Effects; Gestalt Psychology; Judgment; Judgments; Decision Making; Perception; Behavior
Barasz, Kate, Leslie John, Elizabeth A. Keenan, and Michael I. Norton. "Pseudo-Set Framing." Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 146, no. 10 (October 2017): 1460–1477.
- 05 Jul 2006
- Working Paper Summaries
The Framing Effect of Price Format
Keywords: by Marco Bertini & Luc R. Wathieu
- 2006
- Working Paper
The Framing Effect of Price Format
By: Marco Bertini and Luc Wathieu
Bertini, Marco, and Luc Wathieu. "The Framing Effect of Price Format." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 06-055, May 2006.
- August 1999
- Article
A Social Categorization Explanation for Framing Effects in Nested Social Dilemmas
By: J. Polzer, K. Stewart and J. Simmons
Keywords: Problems and Challenges
Polzer, J., K. Stewart, and J. Simmons. "A Social Categorization Explanation for Framing Effects in Nested Social Dilemmas." Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 79, no. 2 (August 1999): 154–178.
- 10 Jun 2002
- Research & Ideas
Disruption: The Art of Framing
When we perceive a competitor's groundbreaking innovation as a threat, we may act defensively and hastily. But if we see that same event as an opportunity, our response might be more deliberate and unhurried. As a leader, how you frame... View Details
Keywords: by Clark Gilbert & Joseph L. Bower
- Article
Getting the Most Out of Giving: Concretely Framing a Prosocial Goal Maximizes Happiness
By: Melanie Rudd, Jennifer Aaker and Michael I. Norton
Across six field and laboratory experiments, participants assigned a more concretely-framed prosocial goal (e.g., making someone smile or increasing recycling) felt happier and reported creating greater personal happiness after performing a goal-directed act of... View Details
Keywords: Prosocial Behavior; Goal Framing; Affective Forecasting; Goals and Objectives; Happiness; Philanthropy and Charitable Giving
Rudd, Melanie, Jennifer Aaker, and Michael I. Norton. "Getting the Most Out of Giving: Concretely Framing a Prosocial Goal Maximizes Happiness." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 54 (September 2014): 11–24.
- April 1995 (Revised March 1996)
- Background Note
Framing and Negotiation
How can framing--alternative description of an object, event, or situation--can be used effectively in negotiation? A real estate dialog is used to illustrate three common varieties of framing: losses versus gains; short and long horizons; and aggregation and... View Details
Keywords: Negotiation Tactics
Wu, George. "Framing and Negotiation." Harvard Business School Background Note 895-023, April 1995. (Revised March 1996.)
- 2023
- Working Paper
Efficient Discovery of Heterogeneous Quantile Treatment Effects in Randomized Experiments via Anomalous Pattern Detection
By: Edward McFowland III, Sriram Somanchi and Daniel B. Neill
In the recent literature on estimating heterogeneous treatment effects, each proposed method makes its own set of restrictive assumptions about the intervention’s effects and which subpopulations to explicitly estimate. Moreover, the majority of the literature provides... View Details
Keywords: Causal Inference; Program Evaluation; Algorithms; Distributional Average Treatment Effect; Treatment Effect Subset Scan; Heterogeneous Treatment Effects
McFowland III, Edward, Sriram Somanchi, and Daniel B. Neill. "Efficient Discovery of Heterogeneous Quantile Treatment Effects in Randomized Experiments via Anomalous Pattern Detection." Working Paper, 2023.
- July 2003
- Article
The Effects of Monetary Magnitude and Level of Aggregation on the Temporal Framing of Price
Keywords: Price
Gourville, John T. "The Effects of Monetary Magnitude and Level of Aggregation on the Temporal Framing of Price." Marketing Letters 14, no. 2 (July 2003): 125–135.
- March 2011
- Article
Talking Past Each Other?: Cultural Framing of Skeptical and Convinced Logics in the Climate Change Debate
By: Andrew J. Hoffman
This article analyzes the extent to which two institutional logics around climate change—the climate change “convinced” and the climate change “skeptical” logics—are truly competing or talking past each other in a way that can be described as a logic schism. Drawing on... View Details
Hoffman, Andrew J. "Talking Past Each Other? Cultural Framing of Skeptical and Convinced Logics in the Climate Change Debate." Organization & Environment 24, no. 1 (March 2011): 3–33. (Winner of the 2014 Organization & Environment Best Paper Award.)
- August 2014
- Article
What Makes Annuitization More Appealing?
By: John Beshears, James J. Choi, David Laibson, Brigitte C. Madrian and Stephen P. Zeldes
We conduct and analyze two large surveys of hypothetical annuitization choices. We find that allowing individuals to annuitize a fraction of their wealth increases annuitization relative to a situation where annuitization is an "all or nothing" decision. Very few... View Details
Beshears, John, James J. Choi, David Laibson, Brigitte C. Madrian, and Stephen P. Zeldes. "What Makes Annuitization More Appealing?" Special Issue on NBER Pensions. Journal of Public Economics 116 (August 2014): 2–16.
- Article
Selfishly Benevolent or Benevolently Selfish? When Self-interest Undermines versus Promotes Prosocial Behavior
By: Julian Zlatev and Dale T. Miller
Existing research shows that appeals to self-interest sometimes increase and sometimes decrease prosocial behavior. We propose that this inconsistency is in part due to the framings of these appeals. Different framings generate different salient reference points,... View Details
Keywords: Altruism; Charitable Giving; Framing; Prosocial Behavior; Reference Points; Self-interest; Philanthropy and Charitable Giving; Framework; Behavior
Zlatev, Julian, and Dale T. Miller. "Selfishly Benevolent or Benevolently Selfish? When Self-interest Undermines versus Promotes Prosocial Behavior." Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 137 (November 2016): 112–122.
- Research Summary
Self-environment relationship and its effect on decisions under risk and uncertainty
My research seek to better understand the main cognitive and social abilities that guide our judgments, and the ways they interact with aspects of the situation to shape humans' decisions. It is currently comprised of three related... View Details
- 2017
- Working Paper
Salience through Information Technology: The Effect of Balance Availability on the Smoothing of SNAP Benefits
By: Andrew Hillis
Recipients of the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) run out of most benefits before halfway through a benefit deposit cycle. I study the introduction of a mobile software application, Fresh EBT, that enables beneficiaries to check their available balance... View Details
Hillis, Andrew. "Salience through Information Technology: The Effect of Balance Availability on the Smoothing of SNAP Benefits." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 18-038, October 2017.
- 06 May 2010
- Working Paper Summaries
Introductory Reading For Being a Leader and The Effective Exercise of Leadership: An Ontological Model
- 2009
- Working Paper
Walking the Talk in Multiparty Bargaining: An Experimental Investigation
By: Kathleen L. McGinn, Katherine L Milkman and Markus Noth
We study the framing effects of communication in multiparty bargaining. Communication has been shown to be more truthful and revealing than predicted in equilibrium. Because talk is preference-revealing, it may effectively frame bargaining around a logic of fairness or... View Details
Keywords: Equality and Inequality; Competition; Negotiation Process; Negotiation Types; Fairness; Interpersonal Communication; Game Theory; Cooperation
McGinn, Kathleen L., Katherine L Milkman, and Markus Noth. "Walking the Talk in Multiparty Bargaining: An Experimental Investigation." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 10-039, November 2009.
- February 2012
- Article
Walking the Talk in Multiparty Bargaining: An Experimental Investigation
By: Kathleen L. McGinn, Katherine L. Milkman and Markus Noth
We study the framing effects of communication on payoffs in multiparty bargaining. Communication has been shown to be more truthful and revealing than predicted in equilibrium. Because talk is preference revealing, it may effectively frame bargaining around a logic of... View Details
Keywords: Competition; Negotiation Process; Fairness; Negotiation Types; Interpersonal Communication; Game Theory; Cooperation
McGinn, Kathleen L., Katherine L. Milkman, and Markus Noth. "Walking the Talk in Multiparty Bargaining: An Experimental Investigation." Journal of Economic Psychology 33, no. 1 (February 2012).
- Article
Gender Bias, Social Impact Framing, and Evaluation of Entrepreneurial Ventures
By: Matthew Lee and Laura Huang
Recent studies find that female-led ventures are penalized relative to male-led ventures due to role incongruity, or a perceived “lack of fit,” between female stereotypes and expected personal qualities of business entrepreneurs. We examine whether social impact... View Details
Keywords: Entrepreneurship; Gender; Prejudice and Bias; Framework; Perception; Performance Evaluation
Lee, Matthew, and Laura Huang. "Gender Bias, Social Impact Framing, and Evaluation of Entrepreneurial Ventures." Organization Science 29, no. 1 (January–February 2018): 1–16.
- Article
Using Fresh Starts to Nudge Increased Retirement Savings
By: John Beshears, Hengchen Dai, Katherine L. Milkman and Shlomo Benartzi
We conducted a field experiment to study the effect of framing future moments in time as new beginnings (or “fresh starts”). University employees (N=6,082) received mailings with an opportunity to choose between increasing their contributions to a savings plan... View Details
Keywords: Choice Architecture; Randomized Field Experiment; Savings; New Beginning; Fresh Start; Saving; Retirement; Behavior
Beshears, John, Hengchen Dai, Katherine L. Milkman, and Shlomo Benartzi. "Using Fresh Starts to Nudge Increased Retirement Savings." Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 167 (November 2021): 72–87.
- August 1996 (Revised December 1996)
- Background Note
Two Psychological Traps in Negotiation
Two psychological traps, anchoring and framing, and their role in negotiation are described. The anchoring section describes how first or opening offers can be used effectively in negotiation. Examines how opening offers serve as an anchor, changing one side's... View Details
Keywords: Negotiation Tactics
Wu, George. "Two Psychological Traps in Negotiation." Harvard Business School Background Note 897-036, August 1996. (Revised December 1996.)