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- 2024
- Working Paper
Private Equity Fund Valuation Management during Fundraising
By: Brian K. Baik
I investigate whether and how private equity fund managers (GPs) inflate their interim fund valuations (net asset values or NAVs) during fundraising periods. Specifically, I study the extent to which the GPs inflate NAVs by managing valuation assumptions (e.g.,... View Details
Keywords: Private Equity; Institutional Investors; Valuation Multiples; Earnings Management; Private Firms; Valuation; Investment Funds
Baik, Brian K. "Private Equity Fund Valuation Management during Fundraising." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 23-013, August 2022. (Revised May 2024.)
- August 2012 (Revised July 2015)
- Background Note
A Note on Valuation in Private Equity
By: Paul A. Gompers
This note will provide an overview of valuation methodologies in private equity. View Details
Gompers, Paul A. "A Note on Valuation in Private Equity." Harvard Business School Background Note 213-034, August 2012. (Revised July 2015.)
- Research Summary
Equity Valuation
Professor Wang’s research utilizes valuation theory to explain how firm fundamentals are related to the expected rates of equity returns and their term structures. His research provides strong evidence that valuation-based proxies of expected returns outperform the... View Details
- July 2017 (Revised January 2020)
- Background Note
Primer on Multiples Valuation and Its Use in the Private Equity Industry
By: Victoria Ivashina and Henrik Boe
This note explores the mechanics of multiples, different types of multiples, when and how to use them, and common pitfalls associated with multiples valuation. While a multiples approach is a very convenient valuation method, breaking down the underlying assumptions... View Details
Ivashina, Victoria, and Henrik Boe. "Primer on Multiples Valuation and Its Use in the Private Equity Industry." Harvard Business School Background Note 218-017, July 2017. (Revised January 2020.)
- January 2022
- Background Note
Residual Income Valuation Model
By: Charles C.Y. Wang and Albert Shin
This note explains the residual income valuation model (RIM), how it relates to "traditional" valuation models, the intuition behind its use, and empirical research related to its value relevance. RIM is theoretically equivalent to the dividend discount model and the... View Details
Keywords: Residual Income Valuation; Valuation; Research; Theory; Measurement and Metrics; Performance; Financial Management; Business Strategy
Wang, Charles C.Y., and Albert Shin. "Residual Income Valuation Model." Harvard Business School Background Note 122-070, January 2022.
- September 2012 (Revised June 2017)
- Technical Note
Private Equity Valuation in Emerging Markets
By: Paul A. Gompers, Victoria Ivashina and Timothy Dore
This note provides an opportunity to understand how private equity investors need to adapt to emerging markets. View Details
Gompers, Paul A., Victoria Ivashina, and Timothy Dore. "Private Equity Valuation in Emerging Markets." Harvard Business School Technical Note 213-043, September 2012. (Revised June 2017.)
- June 1985 (Revised December 2002)
- Background Note
Basic Ratio Analysis and Equity Valuation
By: David F. Hawkins
Describes the use of common financial ratios to analyze a firm's performance and financial condition. Discusses fundamentals of equity valuation. Based on an earlier note by the same author. View Details
Hawkins, David F. "Basic Ratio Analysis and Equity Valuation." Harvard Business School Background Note 185-149, June 1985. (Revised December 2002.)
- July 2001
- Technical Note
Technical Note on LBO Valuation (B): The Equity Cash Flow Method of Valuation using CAPM
Explains the equity cash flow method of valuation as it applies to leveraged buyouts. Also explains how to implement the changing cost of equity method using the CAPM. View Details
Keywords: Leveraged Buyouts; Forecasting and Prediction; Cash Flow; Cost of Capital; Equity; Valuation
Baldwin, Carliss Y. "Technical Note on LBO Valuation (B): The Equity Cash Flow Method of Valuation using CAPM." Harvard Business School Technical Note 902-005, July 2001.
- October 2012 (Revised June 2015)
- Case
Grantham, Mayo, and Van Otterloo, 2012: Estimating the Equity Risk Premium
Hanson, Samuel, Erik Stafford, and Luis Viceira. "Grantham, Mayo, and Van Otterloo, 2012: Estimating the Equity Risk Premium." Harvard Business School Case 213-051, October 2012. (Revised June 2015.)
- October 2014
- Case
Grantham, Mayo, and Van Otterloo, 2012: Estimating the Equity Risk Premium (Abridged)
Hanson, Samuel, Erik Stafford, and Luis Viceira. "Grantham, Mayo, and Van Otterloo, 2012: Estimating the Equity Risk Premium (Abridged)." Harvard Business School Case 215-025, October 2014.
- March 2018
- Supplement
Hatch Startup Equity Valuation Exercise (Student Version)
By: Christopher Stanton and Shikhar Ghosh
- October 1996 (Revised March 2011)
- Background Note
Note on Valuation in Private Equity Settings, A
By: Josh Lerner and John Willinge
This note discusses several ways in which venture-backed firms can be valued, including comparables, net present value, decision-tree analysis, and the "venture capital method." View Details
Lerner, Josh, and John Willinge. "Note on Valuation in Private Equity Settings, A." Harvard Business School Background Note 297-050, October 1996. (Revised March 2011.)
- March 2018
- Supplement
Hatch Startup Equity Valuation exercise for Instructor Use
By: Christopher Stanton and Shikhar Ghosh
- February 2018 (Revised October 2019)
- Technical Note
The Art and Science of Brand Valuation
By: Jill Avery
Brand valuation, the art and science of calculating the economic value accruing to a firm from its use of an intangible brand asset, yields frustratingly inconsistent, discrepant, and, therefore, controversial results. While it is widely accepted that brands are... View Details
Keywords: Brand Valuation; Brand Value; Brand; Brand Management; Marketing ROI; Brand Equity; Analytics; Return On Investment; Brands and Branding; Valuation; Marketing; Marketing Strategy; Investment Return; Consumer Behavior; Advertising Industry; Consumer Products Industry; Apparel and Accessories Industry; Auto Industry; Beauty and Cosmetics Industry; Electronics Industry; Fashion Industry; Food and Beverage Industry
Avery, Jill. "The Art and Science of Brand Valuation." Harvard Business School Technical Note 518-086, February 2018. (Revised October 2019.)
- 31 Mar 2023
- News
Are Private Equity Valuations Too High—and Would We Know?
- August 2012
- Course Overview Note
Introduction to Private Equity Finance
By: Paul A. Gompers and Paul A. Gompers
This note will aid in introducing students to the Private Equity Finance course. View Details
Gompers, Paul A. "Introduction to Private Equity Finance." Harvard Business School Course Overview Note 213-033, August 2012.
- May 2013
- Teaching Note
Coca-Cola: Residual Income Valuation
By: Suraj Srinivasan and Edward J. Riedl
Teaching note for a case of the same title that introduces students to the residual income (also known as the abnormal earnings) valuation model using the firm Coca-Cola. Students are provided with the primary financial statements (through fiscal 2010) and forecast... View Details
- February 2003 (Revised March 2011)
- Background Note
Between a Rock and a Hard Place: Valuation and Distribution in Private Equity
By: G. Felda Hardymon, Josh Lerner and Ann Leamon
Introduces the issues attendant to valuing privately held portfolios and distributing thinly traded stock. Although they have existed since the beginning of the formal venture capital industry, they have received increasing amounts of attention as the money invested in... View Details
Keywords: Venture Capital; Private Equity; Stocks; Investment Portfolio; Valuation; Financial Services Industry
Hardymon, G. Felda, Josh Lerner, and Ann Leamon. "Between a Rock and a Hard Place: Valuation and Distribution in Private Equity." Harvard Business School Background Note 803-161, February 2003. (Revised March 2011.)
- December 2012
- Case
Coca-Cola: Residual Income Valuation
By: Suraj Srinivasan, Beiting Cheng and Edward J. Riedl
The case illustrates the use of the residual income (also known as the abnormal earnings) valuation approach. Students are asked to provide a valuation of Coca-Cola Company using the residual income valuation methodology and understand how it maps into the discounted... View Details
Srinivasan, Suraj, Beiting Cheng, and Edward J. Riedl. "Coca-Cola: Residual Income Valuation." Harvard Business School Case 113-056, December 2012.
- March 1996 (Revised April 2006)
- Case
Global Equity Markets: The Case of Royal Dutch and Shell
By: Kenneth A. Froot and Andre F. Perold
Royal Dutch and Shell common stocks are securities with linked cash flow, so that the ratio of their stock prices should be fixed. In fact, the ratio is highly variable, moving with the markets where the securities are intensively traded. Royal Dutch trades more... View Details
Keywords: International Equity Markets; International Cost Of Capital; Cross-border Valuation; International Finance; Equity; Cost of Capital; Valuation; Cash Flow
Froot, Kenneth A., and Andre F. Perold. "Global Equity Markets: The Case of Royal Dutch and Shell." Harvard Business School Case 296-077, March 1996. (Revised April 2006.)