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- People (5)
- News (55)
- Research (198)
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- June 2020
- Teaching Note
Understanding the Brand Equity of Nestlé Crunch Bar
By: Jill Avery and Gerald Zaltman
Teaching Note for HBS Case Nos. 519-061 and 519-062. In early 2018, Nestlé announced the sale of its U.S. candy-making division and a select collection of twenty of its confectionery brands, including the Nestlé Crunch Bar, to Ferrero SpA for $2.8 billion. Under the... View Details
- July 2001
- Technical Note
Technical Note on LBO Valuation (B): The Equity Cash Flow Method of Valuation using CAPM
Explains the equity cash flow method of valuation as it applies to leveraged buyouts. Also explains how to implement the changing cost of equity method using the CAPM. View Details
Keywords: Leveraged Buyouts; Forecasting and Prediction; Cash Flow; Cost of Capital; Equity; Valuation
Baldwin, Carliss Y. "Technical Note on LBO Valuation (B): The Equity Cash Flow Method of Valuation using CAPM." Harvard Business School Technical Note 902-005, July 2001.
- August 2020
- Technical Note
Discounted Cash Flows (DCF) Valuation Methods and Their Application in Private Equity
Ivashina, Victoria. "Discounted Cash Flows (DCF) Valuation Methods and Their Application in Private Equity." Harvard Business School Technical Note 221-012, August 2020.
- July 2017 (Revised January 2020)
- Background Note
Primer on Multiples Valuation and Its Use in the Private Equity Industry
By: Victoria Ivashina and Henrik Boe
This note explores the mechanics of multiples, different types of multiples, when and how to use them, and common pitfalls associated with multiples valuation. While a multiples approach is a very convenient valuation method, breaking down the underlying assumptions... View Details
Ivashina, Victoria, and Henrik Boe. "Primer on Multiples Valuation and Its Use in the Private Equity Industry." Harvard Business School Background Note 218-017, July 2017. (Revised January 2020.)
- May 1995 (Revised October 1995)
- Background Note
Introduction to Cash Flow Valuation Methods
Provides an introduction to three cash flow valuation methods. The three methods differ in their measure of cash flows and the discount rate applied to those cash flows. The names for the three methods correspond to the type of cash flow that is used in the valuation:... View Details
Ruback, Richard S. "Introduction to Cash Flow Valuation Methods." Harvard Business School Background Note 295-155, May 1995. (Revised October 1995.)
- January 2008
- Background Note
Equity Options
By: Joshua Coval and Erik Stafford
The goal of this simulation is to understand the reliance of option values on volatility. When an investor trades an option, they are essentially trading volatility. Therefore, much of the focus in this lesson is on forecasting volatility. Students are able to use two... View Details
Keywords: Volatility; Forecasting and Prediction; Stock Options; Investment Return; Price; Market Transactions; Mathematical Methods; Value
Coval, Joshua, and Erik Stafford. "Equity Options." Harvard Business School Background Note 208-118, January 2008.
- Research Summary
Long-Run Performance Following Equity Issue
By: Paul A. Gompers
In an effort to establish how the transition from private to public firm
affects performance, Paul A. Gompers is examining the long-run performance
of companies that issue equity in an initial public or seasoned offering.
He is also attempting to determine whether... View Details
- March 2001
- Background Note
Valuing the Option Component of Debt and Its Relevance to DCF-Based Valuation Methods
The flows-to-equity or equity cash flows valuation method is a discounted cash flow method used to estimate the equity portion of the capital structure. It is closely related to the venture capital/buyout valuation method, which estimates the IRR of the stream of cash... View Details
Meulbroek, Lisa K. "Valuing the Option Component of Debt and Its Relevance to DCF-Based Valuation Methods." Harvard Business School Background Note 201-110, March 2001.
- January 2019
- Supplement
Understanding the Brand Equity of Nestlé Crunch Bar (B): Data Analysis
By: Jill Avery and Gerald Zaltman
In early 2018, Nestlé announced the sale of its U.S. candy-making division and a select collection of 20 of its confectionery brands, including the Nestlé Crunch Bar, to Ferrero SpA for $2.8 billion. Luckily, an old consumer research study on the Nestlé Crunch Bar... View Details
Keywords: Brand Management; Market Research; Brand Positioning; Value Proposition; Consumer Products; Fast Moving Consumer Goods; Qualitative Methods; Zaltman Metaphor Elicitation Technique; ZMET; Data Analysis; Marketing; Marketing Strategy; Brands and Branding; Consumer Behavior; Marketing Communications; Analytics and Data Science; Analysis; Consumer Products Industry; Food and Beverage Industry; Advertising Industry; United States; North America; Italy
Avery, Jill, and Gerald Zaltman. "Understanding the Brand Equity of Nestlé Crunch Bar (B): Data Analysis." Harvard Business School Supplement 519-062, January 2019.
- July 2001
- Technical Note
Technical Note on LBO Valuation (A): LBO Structure and the Target IRR Method of Valuation
Explains the equity cash flow method of valuation as it applies to leveraged buyouts. Also explains: 1) earnings and cash flow forecasts, 2) debt structure and the cash sweep, 3) the cashing out horizon and terminal valuation, and 4) the target IRR method of valuation. View Details
Keywords: Valuation; Leveraged Buyouts; Capital Budgeting; Borrowing and Debt; Cash Flow; Equity; Profit; Price; Forecasting and Prediction
Baldwin, Carliss Y. "Technical Note on LBO Valuation (A): LBO Structure and the Target IRR Method of Valuation." Harvard Business School Technical Note 902-004, July 2001.
- August 2017 (Revised September 2023)
- Case
Altoona State Investment Board & Bain Capital Fund XI
By: Josh Lerner and Ted Berk
Considers the decision faced by state pension fund manager Rod Calhoun as he decides whether to invest $200 million in Bain Capital's eleventh global buyout fund: Bain Capital Fund XI. For the fund, Bain was offering its limited partners a choice among three different... View Details
Keywords: Equity Method; Leveraged Buyout; Management Buyout; Capital; Design; Entrepreneurship; Finance; Leveraged Buyouts; Management; Private Equity; Venture Capital; Banking Industry; Massachusetts
Lerner, Josh, and Ted Berk. "Altoona State Investment Board & Bain Capital Fund XI." Harvard Business School Case 218-022, August 2017. (Revised September 2023.)
- June 2002
- Background Note
Note on the Equivalency of Methods for Discounting Cash Flows
Uses a numerical example to demonstrate that when you discount the cash flows to capital from a project at the weighted average cost of capital, you get same net present value result as you obtain when discounting the cash flows to equity at the cost of equity. Also... View Details
Fruhan, William E., Jr. "Note on the Equivalency of Methods for Discounting Cash Flows." Harvard Business School Background Note 202-128, June 2002.
- 2024
- Working Paper
Does the Case for Private Equity Still Hold?
By: Nori Gerardo Lietz and Philipp Chvanov
Private Equity (“PE”) received a 10-fold increase in capital flows since the Great Financial Crisis (“GFC”) Investors sought higher nominal returns relative to those they could obtain in the public capital markets. This paper questions the fundamental assumptions... View Details
Lietz, Nori Gerardo, and Philipp Chvanov. "Does the Case for Private Equity Still Hold?" Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 24-066, January 2024.
- 2012
- Other Unpublished Work
The Efficacy of Shareholder Voting: Evidence from Equity Compensation Plans
By: Ian D. Gow, Christopher S. Armstrong and David F. Larcker
This study examines the effects of shareholder support for equity compensation plans on subsequent chief executive officer (CEO) compensation. Using cross-sectional regression, instrumental variable, and regression discontinuity research designs, we find little... View Details
- 2001
- Working Paper
When Does the Market Matter? Stock Prices and the Investment of Equity Dependent Firms
By: Malcolm Baker, Jeremy Stein and Jeffrey Wurgler
We use a simple model of corporate investment to determine when investment will be sensitive to non-fundamental movements in stock prices. The key cross-sectional prediction of the model is that stock prices will have a stronger impact on the investment of firms that... View Details
Baker, Malcolm, Jeremy Stein, and Jeffrey Wurgler. "When Does the Market Matter? Stock Prices and the Investment of Equity Dependent Firms." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 8750, December 2001. (First draft in 2001.)
- February 2018 (Revised October 2019)
- Technical Note
The Art and Science of Brand Valuation
By: Jill Avery
Brand valuation, the art and science of calculating the economic value accruing to a firm from its use of an intangible brand asset, yields frustratingly inconsistent, discrepant, and, therefore, controversial results. While it is widely accepted that brands are... View Details
Keywords: Brand Valuation; Brand Value; Brand; Brand Management; Marketing ROI; Brand Equity; Analytics; Return On Investment; Brands and Branding; Valuation; Marketing; Marketing Strategy; Investment Return; Consumer Behavior; Advertising Industry; Consumer Products Industry; Apparel and Accessories Industry; Auto Industry; Beauty and Cosmetics Industry; Electronics Industry; Fashion Industry; Food and Beverage Industry
Avery, Jill. "The Art and Science of Brand Valuation." Harvard Business School Technical Note 518-086, February 2018. (Revised October 2019.)
- February 2005 (Revised January 2012)
- Case
Liston Mechanics Corporation
By: Marc L. Bertoneche
Reviews, through a rather simple and straightforward situation, the various methods of valuation--free cash flow, weighted average cost of capital, equity cash flow, adjusted present value, multiples, etc. View Details
Bertoneche, Marc L. "Liston Mechanics Corporation." Harvard Business School Case 205-070, February 2005. (Revised January 2012.)
- 2012
- Casebook
Venture Capital & Private Equity: A Casebook (5th Edition)
By: Josh Lerner, Felda Hardymon and Ann Leamon
Venture Capital & Private Equity: A Casebook, 5th edition provides an understanding of the ways in which private equity groups work. The casebook builds an understanding of the key distinctions in the industry and reviews and applies key ideas of corporate finance. The... View Details
Lerner, Josh, Felda Hardymon, and Ann Leamon. Venture Capital & Private Equity: A Casebook (5th Edition). New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2012. (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2001 (second edition) (with Felda Hardymon). Beijing: Economic Science Press, 2002 (Chinese translation of the second edition). Tokyo: Toyo Keizai Shinposha, 2003 (Japanese translation of the second edition). New York: John Wiley and Sons, 2004 (third edition) (with Felda Hardymon and Ann Leamon). New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2008 (fourth edition) (with Felda Hardymon and Ann Leamon). Beijing: CITIC Press, 2013 (Chinese translation of the fifth edition).)
- March 2010
- Article
Correcting for Cross-Sectional and Time-Series Dependence in Accounting Research
By: Ian D. Gow, Daniel Taylor and Gaizka Ormazabal
We review and evaluate the methods commonly used in the accounting literature to correct for cross-sectional and time-series dependence. While much of the accounting literature studies settings in which variables are cross-sectionally and serially correlated, we find... View Details
Keywords: History; Cost of Capital; Activity Based Costing and Management; Performance Evaluation; Cost Accounting; Time Management; Research; Mathematical Methods; Equity; Borrowing and Debt; Accounting Audits; Accounting Industry
Gow, Ian D., Daniel Taylor, and Gaizka Ormazabal. "Correcting for Cross-Sectional and Time-Series Dependence in Accounting Research." Accounting Review 85, no. 2 (March 2010): 483–512.
- January 1989 (Revised October 1993)
- Background Note
Note: Valuing a Business Acquisition Opportunity
Describes how to value an acquisition opportunity as a capital budgeting problem. Cash flows are discounted at the cost of capital and debt is deducted to value the equity capital of the target company. A key contribution of the note is the discussion of five methods... View Details
Fruhan, William E., Jr. "Note: Valuing a Business Acquisition Opportunity." Harvard Business School Background Note 289-039, January 1989. (Revised October 1993.)