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    • All HBS Web  (1,085)
      • Faculty Publications  (124)

      Economic ComplexityRemove Economic Complexity →

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      • January 2025
      • Case

      Arsenal Capital Partners' Refinancing of Pinnacle

      By: Victoria Ivashina and Srimayi Mylavarapu
      Arsenal Capital Partners’ portfolio company, Pinnacle, a leading producer of high-performance adhesive technologies, has experienced rapid growth under Arsenal’s ownership. Over just two years, Pinnacle's EBITDA increased from $13.5 million to $60 million. By mid-2021,... View Details
      Keywords: Business Exit or Shutdown; Decision Choices and Conditions; Private Equity; Financing and Loans; Growth Management
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      Ivashina, Victoria, and Srimayi Mylavarapu. "Arsenal Capital Partners' Refinancing of Pinnacle." Harvard Business School Case 225-075, January 2025.
      • January 2025 (Revised April 2025)
      • Case

      Mercado Libre: The Best Is Yet to Come

      By: Krishna G. Palepu, Fernando Fragueiro, Carla Larangeira and Mariana Cal
      In 2024, Marcos Galperín, CEO and co-founder of Mercado Libre, reflected on its 25-year rise as Latin America’s largest marketplace, fintech leader, and most valuable public company. With operations spanning 18 countries and a robust ecosystem combining e-commerce,... View Details
      Keywords: Entrepreneurship; Multinational Firms and Management; Recruitment; Compensation and Benefits; Innovation Leadership; Innovation Strategy; Leadership Style; Business or Company Management; Management Practices and Processes; Management Succession; E-commerce; Emerging Markets; Distribution; Logistics; Organizational Culture; Organizational Design; Business Strategy; Competition; Growth and Development Strategy; Corporate Strategy; Technology Industry; Financial Services Industry; Retail Industry; Latin America; Mexico; Brazil; Argentina
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      Palepu, Krishna G., Fernando Fragueiro, Carla Larangeira, and Mariana Cal. "Mercado Libre: The Best Is Yet to Come." Harvard Business School Case 325-065, January 2025. (Revised April 2025.)
      • December 2024
      • Case

      Enerjisa Üretim: The Digital Era of Electricity Generation

      By: Prithwiraj Choudhury and Sadika El Hariri
      Launched in 2017, Enerjisa Üretim was one of Türkiye’s largest private sector electricity companies. In its early days, the company faced some financial and operational troubles. When İhsan Erbil Bayçöl, the current CEO of Enerjisa Üretim, joined the business in 2018,... View Details
      Keywords: Private Sector; Performance Improvement; Renewable Energy; Growth and Development Strategy; Business Units; Partners and Partnerships; Leadership; Energy Industry; Utilities Industry; Turkey
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      Choudhury, Prithwiraj, and Sadika El Hariri. "Enerjisa Üretim: The Digital Era of Electricity Generation." Harvard Business School Case 625-022, December 2024.
      • 2024
      • Working Paper

      Scaling Core Earnings Measurement with Large Language Models

      By: Matthew Shaffer and Charles CY Wang
      We study the application of large language models (LLMs) to the estimation of core earnings, i.e., a firm's persistent profitability from its core business activities. This construct is central to investors' assessments of economic performance and valuations. However,... View Details
      Keywords: Large Language Models; AI and Machine Learning; Accounting; Profit; Corporate Disclosure; Analytics and Data Science; Measurement and Metrics
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      Shaffer, Matthew, and Charles CY Wang. "Scaling Core Earnings Measurement with Large Language Models." Working Paper, November 2024.
      • March 2024 (Revised February 2025)
      • Case

      Doing Business in São Paulo, Brazil

      By: Laura Alfaro, Hise O. Gibson, Leonard A. Schlesinger and Pedro Levindo
      The case gives readers an overview of key factors of doing business in Brazil, including Brazil’s economic transformation since its colonial years until 2023, when leftist President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva was sworn in for his third term, after the most polarized... View Details
      Keywords: Business Cycles; Developing Countries and Economies; Economic Growth; Economic Sectors; Economy; Macroeconomics; Business History; International Relations; Political Elections; Taxation; Consumer Behavior; Brazil; Latin America; Sao Paulo
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      Alfaro, Laura, Hise O. Gibson, Leonard A. Schlesinger, and Pedro Levindo. "Doing Business in São Paulo, Brazil." Harvard Business School Case 324-079, March 2024. (Revised February 2025.)
      • 2024
      • Book

      Deals: The Economic Structure of Business Transactions

      By: Guhan Subramanian and Michael Klausner
      Drawing on real-life cases from a wide range of industries, two acclaimed experts offer a sophisticated but accessible guide to business deals, designed to maximize value for your side.

      Business transactions take widely varying forms—from multibillion-dollar... View Details
      Keywords: Negotiation; Contracts
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      Subramanian, Guhan, and Michael Klausner. Deals: The Economic Structure of Business Transactions. Harvard University Press, 2024.
      • February 2024
      • Module Note

      Collaborate on the Core, Compete on the Edges

      By: Frank Nagle
      In the rapidly evolving environment of modern business, the digitization of economic activity and the ubiquitous integration of technology across industries are fundamentally altering how companies develop and implement strategy. The rise of digital technologies has... View Details
      Keywords: Technology Adoption; Competition; Cooperation; Collaborative Innovation and Invention
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      Nagle, Frank. "Collaborate on the Core, Compete on the Edges." Harvard Business School Module Note 724-453, February 2024.
      • January 2024
      • Technical Note

      The ICARUS Principles: What It Takes to Tackle the World

      By: Debora L. Spar and Julia M. Comeau
      Over the course of the 20th century, most of the world’s major multinational corporations framed their mission around Milton Friedman’s famous mantra: that the sole purpose of the firm is to maximize its shareholders’ profits. Recently, however, growing numbers of... View Details
      Keywords: Purpose; Mission; Social Business; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Mission and Purpose; Social Enterprise; For-Profit Firms
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      Spar, Debora L., and Julia M. Comeau. "The ICARUS Principles: What It Takes to Tackle the World." Harvard Business School Technical Note 324-055, January 2024.
      • December 2023
      • Article

      When Should the Off-Grid Sun Shine at Night? Optimum Renewable Generation and Energy Storage Investments

      By: Christian Kaps, Simone Marinesi and Serguei Netessine
      Globally, 1.5 billion people live off the grid, their only access to electricity often limited to operationally-expensive fossil fuel generators. Solar power has risen as a sustainable and less costly option, but its generation is variable during the day and... View Details
      Keywords: Energy; Renewable Energy
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      Kaps, Christian, Simone Marinesi, and Serguei Netessine. "When Should the Off-Grid Sun Shine at Night? Optimum Renewable Generation and Energy Storage Investments." Management Science 69, no. 12 (December 2023): 7633–7650.
      • 2023
      • Working Paper

      The Complexity of Economic Decisions

      By: Xavier Gabaix and Thomas Graeber
      We propose a theory of the complexity of economic decisions. Leveraging a macroeconomic framework of production functions, we conceptualize the mind as a cognitive economy, where a task’s complexity is determined by its composition of cognitive operations. Complexity... View Details
      Keywords: Decisions; Complexity; Perception; Consumer Behavior; Production
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      Gabaix, Xavier, and Thomas Graeber. "The Complexity of Economic Decisions." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 24-049, February 2024.
      • 2023
      • Chapter

      Economic Globalization and Populism in Latin America and Beyond

      By: Paula Rettl
      Both populism and economic globalization have been on the rise in the last decades, motivating increasing scholarly attention to the phenomena and their relationship (see Rodrik 2021 for a recent review). However, the relationship between populism and economic... View Details
      Keywords: Populism; Economic Globalization; Latin America; Economy; Macroeconomics; Economics; Globalized Economies and Regions; Globalization; Political Elections; Government and Politics; Finance; Geographic Location; Latin America
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      Rettl, Paula. "Economic Globalization and Populism in Latin America and Beyond." Chap. 5 in Right-Wing Populism in Latin America and Beyond, edited by Anthony W. Pereira, 1967–1987. Routledge, 2023.
      • 2023
      • Working Paper

      El Dorado Lost: Local Elites, Real Estate and the Education Business in China

      By: Geoffrey Jones and Yuhai Wu
      This working paper examines the evolving, complex and multifaceted relationship between the real estate industry and the education sector in China. The current crises in the private education and real estate sectors caused by policy shifts reflect the inter-meshing of... View Details
      Keywords: Business and Government Relations; Policy; Government and Politics; Economic Sectors; Education Industry; Real Estate Industry; China
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      Jones, Geoffrey, and Yuhai Wu. "El Dorado Lost: Local Elites, Real Estate and the Education Business in China." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 23-065, May 2023.
      • 2023
      • Working Paper

      How Wicked Problems Drive Business Performance: A Review of the Academic Literature

      By: Caroline Adelson, Charlotte Kuller, Cate Tompkins, Ellora Sarkar, Samantha Price and Marco Iansiti
      Recent years have seen a rise in the number of businesses engaged in the pursuit of “purposeful” activities – that is, activities that engage with the broader community in ways that expand beyond the pursuit of shareholder value. Many of these activities involve... View Details
      Keywords: Wicked Problems; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Social Issues; Performance
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      Adelson, Caroline, Charlotte Kuller, Cate Tompkins, Ellora Sarkar, Samantha Price, and Marco Iansiti. "How Wicked Problems Drive Business Performance: A Review of the Academic Literature." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 23-064, April 2023.
      • February 2023 (Revised March 2025)
      • Case

      Doing Business in Accra, Ghana

      By: Hakeem Belo-Osagie, Leonard Schlesinger and Namrata Arora
      This case examines the challenges and opportunities of doing business in Ghana. It highlights Ghana economic transformation in the decades leading up to 2024 in the context of its history, culture, and politics. The case gives an overview of some of the main obstacles... View Details
      Keywords: Business History; Business and Government Relations; Technological Innovation; Foreign Direct Investment; Economic Growth; Financial Crisis; Agribusiness; Food and Beverage Industry; Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry; Ghana
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      Belo-Osagie, Hakeem, Leonard Schlesinger, and Namrata Arora. "Doing Business in Accra, Ghana." Harvard Business School Case 323-090, February 2023. (Revised March 2025.)
      • February 2023 (Revised February 2024)
      • Case

      Doing Business in Istanbul, Turkey

      By: Prithwiraj Choudhury, Leonard A. Schlesinger, Namrata Arora and Umut Arslan
      This case examines the challenges and opportunities of doing business in Turkey. It highlights Turkey's economic transformation in the decades leading up to 2024 in the context of its history, culture, and politics. The case gives an overview of some of the main... View Details
      Keywords: Business History; Business and Government Relations; Technological Innovation; Foreign Direct Investment; Economic Growth; Financial Crisis; Technology Industry; Tourism Industry; Turkey
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      Choudhury, Prithwiraj, Leonard A. Schlesinger, Namrata Arora, and Umut Arslan. "Doing Business in Istanbul, Turkey." Harvard Business School Case 323-081, February 2023. (Revised February 2024.)
      • February 2023 (Revised June 2023)
      • Case

      Doing Business in São Paulo, Brazil

      By: Hise O. Gibson, Leonard A. Schlesinger, Ruth Costas and Pedro Levindo
      The case uses the example of a large investment made by French retail group Carrefour in Brazil to discuss the opportunities and challenges of doing business in the country. It gives readers an overview of Brazil’s economic transformation since its colonial years until... View Details
      Keywords: Business Cycles; Development Economics; Developing Countries and Economies; Economic Growth; Economic Sectors; Economy; Macroeconomics; Business History; Brazil; Latin America
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      Gibson, Hise O., Leonard A. Schlesinger, Ruth Costas, and Pedro Levindo. "Doing Business in São Paulo, Brazil." Harvard Business School Case 323-084, February 2023. (Revised June 2023.)
      • 2022
      • White Paper

      The Options Multiplier: Decoding the CareerWise Youth Apprentice Journey

      By: Joseph B. Fuller, Rachel Lipson, Farah Mallah, Girish Pendse and Rachel Snyder
      As more Americans question the appeal of costly higher education programs, earn-and-learn models, like apprenticeship, are attracting increasing attention from policymakers and employers alike. While apprenticeship is widespread in many parts of Europe,... View Details
      Keywords: Apprenticeship; Higher Education; Training; Personal Development and Career; Cost vs Benefits; Success; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms
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      Fuller, Joseph B., Rachel Lipson, Farah Mallah, Girish Pendse, and Rachel Snyder. "The Options Multiplier: Decoding the CareerWise Youth Apprentice Journey." White Paper, Project on Workforce at Harvard, November 2022.
      • 2022
      • Chapter

      Buying Time? The Vietnam War and Southeast Asia

      By: Mattias Fibiger
      This article examines the “buying time thesis”—the idea that the American war in Vietnam bought time for the rest of Southeast Asia to build up political, economic, military, and diplomatic defenses against communism. It finds that there is some truth to claims that... View Details
      Keywords: Vietnam War; Impact; Legacy; Geopolitics; War; History; Government and Politics; Southeast Asia
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      Fibiger, Mattias. "Buying Time? The Vietnam War and Southeast Asia." In The Vietnam War in the Pacific World, edited by Brian Cuddy and Fredrik Logevall, 231–256. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2022.
      • March 2022
      • Case

      DealShare: Social E-Commerce for the Indian Mass Market

      By: Krishna G. Palepu and Malini Sen
      Launched in September 2018, e-retail startup DealShare has created a tech-enabled model for the Indian mass market that allows customers to buy together, save money on good quality goods, and at the same time have fun. It targets customers who are still getting used to... View Details
      Keywords: Business Model; Disruption; Trends; Talent and Talent Management; Customer Focus and Relationships; Value; Cost vs Benefits; Value Creation; Internet and the Web; India
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      Palepu, Krishna G., and Malini Sen. "DealShare: Social E-Commerce for the Indian Mass Market." Harvard Business School Case 322-099, March 2022.
      • March 2022 (Revised April 2023)
      • Case

      Pittsburgh: A Successful City?

      By: Karen Mills, Caroline Elkins, Vikram Gandhi, Gabriella Elanbeck and Zeke Gillman
      Pittsburgh, PA, was once the crown jewel of American heavy industry. During the 19th and 20th centuries, the city was an undisputed leader in steel production, boasting some of the largest companies and wealthiest individuals in the world. Its abundance of... View Details
      Keywords: Economic And Social Disparities; Economic Development; Local Economic Development; Contextual Intelligence; Contextual Knowledge; Context; City Growth; City Innovation; City Leadership; Pittsburgh; Local Government; Local Stakeholders; Business And Community; Business And Community Relations; Community Engagement; Community Relations; Cross-sector Collaboration; Innovation; Innovation Economy; Innovation Clusters; Innovation Ecosystems; Shared Prosperity; Equality Of Opportunity; Equity; Inclusion; Business And Government; Business & Government Relations; Business And Government Relations; Business And Society; Neighborhoods; Race And Ethnicity; Innovation & Entrepreneurship; Diversity; Ethnicity; Race; Household; Income; Economic Growth; Economic Sectors; Economics; Local Range; Urban Development; Urban Scope; City; Cross-Cultural and Cross-Border Issues; Government and Politics; Government Administration; Growth and Development; History; Leadership; Goals and Objectives; Philanthropy and Charitable Giving; Society; Civil Society or Community; Culture; Human Needs; Public Opinion; Public Sector; Social Issues; Poverty; Equality and Inequality; Manufacturing Industry; Steel Industry; Education Industry; Medical Devices and Supplies Industry; Technology Industry; United States; Pittsburgh; Pennsylvania
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      Mills, Karen, Caroline Elkins, Vikram Gandhi, Gabriella Elanbeck, and Zeke Gillman. "Pittsburgh: A Successful City?" Harvard Business School Case 322-080, March 2022. (Revised April 2023.)
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