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    • All HBS Web  (311)
      • Faculty Publications  (51)

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      • June 2025
      • Article

      Collusion in Brokered Markets

      By: John William Hatfield, Scott Duke Kominers and Richard Lowery
      High commissions in the U.S. residential real estate agency market present a puzzle for economic theory because brokerage is not a concentrated industry. We model brokered markets as a game in which agents post prices for customers and then choose which other agents to... View Details
      Keywords: Real Estate Agents; Real Estate; Realtors; Broker Networks; Brokerage; Brokerage Commissions; "Brokerage Industry; Brokered Markets; Brokering; Brokers; Industrial Organization; Repeated Game Framework; "Repeated Games"; Collusion; Antitrust; Microeconomics; Market Design; Theory; Game Theory; Real Estate Industry
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      Hatfield, John William, Scott Duke Kominers, and Richard Lowery. "Collusion in Brokered Markets." Journal of Finance 80, no. 3 (June 2025): 1417–1462.
      • 2025
      • Working Paper

      Pushing the Envelope: The Effects of Salary Negotiations

      By: Zoë B. Cullen, Bobak Pakzad-Hurson and Ricardo Perez-Truglia
      Salary negotiations are a widespread phenomenon that can shape key labor market outcomes, such as welfare and inequality. We provide novel empirical and theoretical insights into the causes and consequences of salary negotiations. We conducted two field experiments... View Details
      Keywords: Compensation and Benefits; Negotiation; Policy; Gender; Equality and Inequality; Welfare
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      Cullen, Zoë B., Bobak Pakzad-Hurson, and Ricardo Perez-Truglia. "Pushing the Envelope: The Effects of Salary Negotiations." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 33903, June 2025.
      • 2025
      • Working Paper

      Is Love Blind? AI-Powered Trading with Emotional Dividends

      By: De-Rong Kong and Daniel Rabetti
      We leverage the non-fungible tokens (NFTs) setting to assess the valuation of emotional dividends (LOVE), a long-standing empirical challenge in private-value markets such as art, antiques, and collectibles. Having created and validated our proxy, we use deep learning... View Details
      Keywords: NFTs; Non-fungible Tokens; AI and Machine Learning; Valuation; Financial Markets
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      Kong, De-Rong, and Daniel Rabetti. "Is Love Blind? AI-Powered Trading with Emotional Dividends." Working Paper, February 2025.
      • January 2025 (Revised April 2025)
      • Case

      Less Is More: Will Aldi's Expansion Plans Pay Off in a Crowded U.S. Grocery Market?

      By: David Collis and Haisley Wert
      In 2024, the discount grocery retailer Aldi announced bold U.S. expansion plans. Within five years, the German company would increase its store count by 30% to reach 3,200+ stores across the United States and approach becoming the fifth largest grocery retailer in the... View Details
      Keywords: Scope; Grocery; Corporate Strategy; Expansion; Business Model; Competitive Strategy; Retail Industry; United States
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      Collis, David, and Haisley Wert. "Less Is More: Will Aldi's Expansion Plans Pay Off in a Crowded U.S. Grocery Market?" Harvard Business School Case 725-416, January 2025. (Revised April 2025.)
      • Spring 2024
      • Article

      The Evolution of Banking in the 21st Century: Evidence and Regulatory Implications

      By: Samuel Gregory Hanson, Victoria Ivashina, Laura Nicolae, Jeremy C. Stein, Adi Sunderam and Daniel K. Tarullo
      As revealed by the failures of three regional banks in the spring of 2023, bank runs are not a thing of the past. To inform the ongoing discussion of the appropriate regulatory response, we examine trends in the banking industry over the last twenty-five years. On the... View Details
      Keywords: Financial Instruments; Financial Crisis; Assets; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Financial Condition; Banking Industry
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      Hanson, Samuel Gregory, Victoria Ivashina, Laura Nicolae, Jeremy C. Stein, Adi Sunderam, and Daniel K. Tarullo. "The Evolution of Banking in the 21st Century: Evidence and Regulatory Implications." Brookings Papers on Economic Activity (Spring 2024): 343–389.
      • September 2023 (Revised January 2024)
      • Case

      Icahn Enterprises: Ponzi Scheme or Sound Investment

      By: Aiyesha Dey, Jonas Heese and James Weber
      Icahn Enterprises, a publicly traded limited partnership founded and operated by famed activist investor Carl Icahn, had earned above market returns for over a decade. Between 2018 and early 2023, it had a compound annual return of 31%. Icahn invested in undervalued... View Details
      Keywords: Stock Shares; Investment Return; Business Model; Valuation; Financial Services Industry
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      Dey, Aiyesha, Jonas Heese, and James Weber. "Icahn Enterprises: Ponzi Scheme or Sound Investment." Harvard Business School Case 124-013, September 2023. (Revised January 2024.)
      • 2023
      • Working Paper

      Much Ado About Nothing? Overreaction to Random Regulatory Audits

      By: Samuel Antill and Joseph Kalmenovitz
      Regulators often audit firms to detect non-compliance. Exploiting a natural experiment in the lobbying industry, we show that firms overreact to audits and this response distorts prices and reduces welfare. Each year, federal regulators audit a random sample of... View Details
      Keywords: Governance Compliance; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Price
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      Antill, Samuel, and Joseph Kalmenovitz. "Much Ado About Nothing? Overreaction to Random Regulatory Audits." Working Paper, August 2023.
      • March 2023 (Revised September 2023)
      • Case

      Patagonia: 'Earth Is Now Our Only Shareholder'

      By: Brian Trelstad, Nien-hê Hsieh, Michael Norris and Susan Pinckney
      In September 2022, Yvon Chouinard, the iconoclastic founder of outdoor apparel company Patagonia, announced a new ownership model for his company. Chouinard and his family had held complete control of the company's voting and non-voting stock since its founding 50... View Details
      Keywords: Trusts; Business Ventures; Business Organization; Family Business; Restructuring; Change; Disruption; Transition; Decision Making; Ethics; Values and Beliefs; Finance; Financial Management; Governance; Corporate Governance; Investment Activism; Leadership; Labor; Law; Common Law; Management; Goals and Objectives; Organizations; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Mission and Purpose; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Organizational Culture; Ownership; Ownership Type; Family Ownership; Private Ownership; Social Enterprise; Nonprofit Organizations; Society; Social Issues; Wealth and Poverty; Value; Value Creation; Apparel and Accessories Industry; United States
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      Trelstad, Brian, Nien-hê Hsieh, Michael Norris, and Susan Pinckney. "Patagonia: 'Earth Is Now Our Only Shareholder'." Harvard Business School Case 323-057, March 2023. (Revised September 2023.)
      • 2023
      • Working Paper

      Complexity and Time

      By: Benjamin Enke, Thomas Graeber and Ryan Oprea
      We provide experimental evidence that core intertemporal choice anomalies -- including extreme short-run impatience, structural estimates of present bias, hyperbolicity and transitivity violations -- are driven by complexity rather than time or risk preferences. First,... View Details
      Keywords: Decision Choices and Conditions; Motivation and Incentives
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      Enke, Benjamin, Thomas Graeber, and Ryan Oprea. "Complexity and Time." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 31047, March 2023.
      • October 2022 (Revised August 2024)
      • Case

      Cigna-Express Scripts: Can a Vertical Merger Rescue an Industry Under Attack?

      By: Leemore Dafny
      In Fall 2019, Cigna Corporation – a global health services company with a significant presence in the U.S. employer-sponsored health insurance market - was digesting its $54 billion acquisition of Express Scripts, Inc. (ESI), a pharmacy benefit manager (PBM)... View Details
      Keywords: Mergers and Acquisitions; Business Model; Vertical Integration; Insurance Industry
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      Dafny, Leemore. "Cigna-Express Scripts: Can a Vertical Merger Rescue an Industry Under Attack?" Harvard Business School Case 323-038, October 2022. (Revised August 2024.)
      • January 2022
      • Background Note

      Residual Income Valuation Model

      By: Charles C.Y. Wang and Albert Shin
      This note explains the residual income valuation model (RIM), how it relates to "traditional" valuation models, the intuition behind its use, and empirical research related to its value relevance. RIM is theoretically equivalent to the dividend discount model and the... View Details
      Keywords: Residual Income Valuation; Valuation; Research; Theory; Measurement and Metrics; Performance; Financial Management; Business Strategy
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      Wang, Charles C.Y., and Albert Shin. "Residual Income Valuation Model." Harvard Business School Background Note 122-070, January 2022.
      • 2022
      • Working Paper

      Intertemporal Altruism

      By: Felix Chopra, Armin Falk and Thomas Graeber
      Most prosocial decisions involve intertemporal tradeoffs. Yet, the timing of prosocial utility flows is ambiguous and bypassed by most models of other-regarding preferences. We study the behavioral implications of the time structure of prosocial utility,... View Details
      Keywords: Altruism; Donation; Intertemporal Decision-making; Time Inconsistency
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      Chopra, Felix, Armin Falk, and Thomas Graeber. "Intertemporal Altruism." Working Paper, August 2022. (R&R at American Economic Journal Microeconomics.)
      • August 2020 (Revised February 2021)
      • Case

      Luckin Coffee (A): Caffeine-fueled Growth?

      By: Ramon Casadesus-Masanell and Karen Elterman
      This case describes the founding of Chinese coffee chain Luckin Coffee in 2017 and its path to surpassing Starbucks as the largest coffee chain in China (by number of stores) in 2019. Unlike Starbucks stores, which were designed to be welcoming “third places” for... View Details
      Keywords: Business Model; Business Earnings; Cost; Cost Management; Financial Statements; Financial Condition; Financial Management; Stocks; Profit; Revenue; Price; Food; Business History; Employment; Brands and Branding; Product Positioning; Marketing Strategy; Business Strategy; Expansion; Competitive Strategy; Food and Beverage Industry; Technology Industry; Asia; China
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      Casadesus-Masanell, Ramon, and Karen Elterman. "Luckin Coffee (A): Caffeine-fueled Growth?" Harvard Business School Case 721-370, August 2020. (Revised February 2021.)
      • September 2019 (Revised November 2019)
      • Case

      Pinduoduo

      By: Feng Zhu, Krishna G. Palepu, Bonnie Yining Cao and Dawn H. Lau
      Founded in 2015 by serial entrepreneur, Colin Huang, Pinduoduo Inc. (PDD) had become China’s fastest-growing e-commerce platform in history. PDD pioneered a new approach to online shopping that allowed shoppers to share products, invite friends to form shopping teams,... View Details
      Keywords: Digital Platforms; Business Model; Innovation and Invention; Competitive Advantage; Expansion; Strategy; E-commerce
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      Zhu, Feng, Krishna G. Palepu, Bonnie Yining Cao, and Dawn H. Lau. "Pinduoduo." Harvard Business School Case 620-040, September 2019. (Revised November 2019.)
      • 2020
      • Working Paper

      Collusion in Brokered Markets

      By: John William Hatfield, Scott Duke Kominers and Richard Lowery
      The U.S. residential real estate agency market presents a puzzle for economic theory: commissions on real estate transactions have remained high for decades even though entry is frequent and costs are low. We model the real estate agency market, and other brokered... View Details
      Keywords: Real Estate; "Repeated Games"; Collusion; Antitrust; Brokered Markets; Game Theory; Real Estate Industry
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      Hatfield, John William, Scott Duke Kominers, and Richard Lowery. "Collusion in Brokered Markets." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 20-023, September 2019. (Revised July 2020.)
      • March 2019
      • Case

      HOPI: Turkey's Shopping Companion

      By: Sunil Gupta, Donald Ngwe and Gamze Yucaoglu
      The case opens in 2017 as Onur Erbay, CEO of HOPI, a multi-vendor loyalty platform, is contemplating a critical decision. The case chronicles the origins of Boyner Group, the parent company of HOPI and a major retailer in Turkey, and development of retail and customer... View Details
      Keywords: Loyalty Programs; Multi-vendor Platform; Retail; Big Data; Customer Relationship Management; Mobile and Wireless Technology; Business Model; Analytics and Data Science; Competitive Strategy; Decision Making; Applications and Software; Digital Platforms; Technology Industry; Retail Industry; Turkey
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      Gupta, Sunil, Donald Ngwe, and Gamze Yucaoglu. "HOPI: Turkey's Shopping Companion." Harvard Business School Case 519-057, March 2019.
      • February 2018
      • Article

      Auctions versus Posted Prices in Online Markets

      By: Liran Einav, Chiara Farronato, Jonathan Levin and Neel Sundaresan
      Auctions were very popular in the early days of internet commerce, but today online sellers mostly use posted prices. We model the choice between auctions and posted prices as a trade-off between competitive price discovery and convenience. Evidence from eBay fits the... View Details
      Keywords: Internet and the Web; Auctions; Price
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      Einav, Liran, Chiara Farronato, Jonathan Levin, and Neel Sundaresan. "Auctions versus Posted Prices in Online Markets." Journal of Political Economy 126, no. 1 (February 2018): 178–215.
      • December 2017 (Revised January 2018)
      • Teaching Note

      Bega Cheese: Bidding to Bring Vegemite Back Home

      By: Benjamin C. Esty, Lauren G. Pickle and Greg Saldutte
      In January 2017, the leadership team of Bega Cheese—the Australian dairy company—was considering a bid for Mondelēz International’s Australia and New Zealand (ANZ) grocery business which included several leading consumer brands such as Vegemite, the iconic Australian... View Details
      Keywords: Mergers & Acquisitions; Value Drivers; Discounted Cash Flow (DCF); Dairy Industry; Corporate Scope; Diversification; Consumer Goods; Iconic Brands; Australia; Corporate Finance; Bidding Strategy; Cross Border; Financing; Mergers and Acquisitions; Valuation; Value Creation; Business Divisions; Capital Structure; Food; Bids and Bidding; Consumer Products Industry; Food and Beverage Industry; Australia; United States
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      Ivashina, Victoria, Alexey Tuzikov, and Abhijit Tagade. "Valuation Techniques in Private Equity: LBO Model." Harvard Business School Background Note 218-106, June 2018.
      • December 2017 (Revised January 2022)
      • Supplement

      Bega Cheese: Bidding to Bring Vegemite Back Home

      By: Benjamin C. Esty and Lauren G. Pickle
      In January 2017, the leadership team of Bega Cheese—the Australian dairy company—was considering a bid for Mondelēz International’s Australia and New Zealand (ANZ) grocery business which included several leading consumer brands including Vegemite, the iconic Australian... View Details
      Keywords: Mergers & Acquisitions; Value Drivers; Discounted Cash Flow (DCF); Dairy Industry; Corporate Scope; Consumer Goods; Iconic Brands; Bidding Strategy; Cross Border; Financing; Mergers and Acquisitions; Valuation; Value Creation; Business Divisions; Capital Structure; Food; Bids and Bidding; Diversification; Brands and Branding; Corporate Finance; Consumer Products Industry; Food and Beverage Industry; Australia; United States
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      Esty, Benjamin C., and Lauren G. Pickle. "Bega Cheese: Bidding to Bring Vegemite Back Home." Harvard Business School Spreadsheet Supplement 218-713, December 2017. (Revised January 2022.)
      • December 2017
      • Supplement

      Bega Cheese: Bidding to Bring Vegemite Back Home

      By: Benjamin C. Esty and Lauren G. Pickle
      In January 2017, the leadership team of Bega Cheese—the Australian dairy company—was considering a bid for Mondelēz International’s Australia and New Zealand (ANZ) grocery business which included several leading consumer brands (Vegemite—the iconic Australian spread,... View Details
      Keywords: Mergers & Acquisitions; Value Drivers; Discounted Cash Flow (DCF); Dairy Industry; Corporate Scope; Diversification; Consumer Goods; Iconic Brands; Australia; Corporate Finance; Bidding Strategy; Cross Border; Mergers and Acquisitions; Valuation; Value Creation; Business Divisions; Capital Structure; Food; Bids and Bidding; Retail Industry; Consumer Products Industry; Food and Beverage Industry; Australia; United States
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      Esty, Benjamin C., and Lauren G. Pickle. "Bega Cheese: Bidding to Bring Vegemite Back Home." Harvard Business School Spreadsheet Supplement 218-701, December 2017.
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