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  • All HBS Web  (39)
    • Faculty Publications  (13)

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    • All HBS Web  (39)
      • Faculty Publications  (13)

      Diversification DiscountRemove Diversification Discount →

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      • June 2024
      • Case

      SnapTravel: Betting on 'Super.com'

      By: Reza Satchu and Tom Quinn
      This case explores SnapTravel, a travel startup offering discounted hotel rooms, and its founders’ desire to pivot to a “super app” that saved customers money across many different purchase types. During the COVID-19 pandemic, Hussein Fazal and Henry Shi saw SnapTravel... View Details
      Keywords: Business Growth and Maturation; Business Plan; Business Startups; Change Management; Disruption; Transformation; Volatility; Customer Focus and Relationships; Customer Value and Value Chain; Decisions; Income; Entrepreneurship; Geographic Scope; Cross-Cultural and Cross-Border Issues; Health Pandemics; Surveys; Knowledge Acquisition; Knowledge Use and Leverage; Leading Change; Crisis Management; Goals and Objectives; Risk Management; Consumer Behavior; Game Theory; Risk and Uncertainty; Adaptation; Diversification; Expansion; System Shocks; Accommodations Industry; Technology Industry; Canada; United States; Las Vegas
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      Satchu, Reza, and Tom Quinn. "SnapTravel: Betting on 'Super.com'." Harvard Business School Case 824-196, June 2024.
      • December 2021 (Revised May 2025)
      • Case

      Bed Bath & Beyond: The New Strategy to Drive Shareholder Value

      By: Benjamin C. Esty and Daniel W. Fisher
      At one time, Bed Bath & Beyond was one of the most successful specialty retailers in the United States—its growth and profit margins far exceeded both peer retailers in the home goods market as well as many other discount retailers. But in 2014, its stock price peaked,... View Details
      Keywords: Competitive Strategy; Competitive Advantage; Value Creation; Diversification; Corporate Governance; Leading Change; Performance Evaluation; Valuation; Investment Activism; Retail Industry; Consumer Products Industry; United States
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      Esty, Benjamin C., and Daniel W. Fisher. "Bed Bath & Beyond: The New Strategy to Drive Shareholder Value." Harvard Business School Case 722-408, December 2021. (Revised May 2025.)
      • November 2019
      • Supplement

      United Technologies Corp.: Are the Parts Worth More Than the Whole?

      By: Benjamin C. Esty and Daniel Fisher
      After spending more than 50 years creating a diversified industrial conglomerate that Fortune Magazine described as “arguably the most profitable conglomerate in America” in 2014, UTC’s CEO Greg Hayes was under pressure from activist investors (Dan Loeb and Bill... View Details
      Keywords: Corporate Strategy; Business Conglomerates; Financial Management; Corporate Governance; Organizational Structure; Diversification; Valuation; Investment Activism; Financial Strategy; Investment Funds; Value Creation; Aerospace Industry; Electronics Industry; Industrial Products Industry; United States
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      Esty, Benjamin C., and Daniel Fisher. "United Technologies Corp.: Are the Parts Worth More Than the Whole?" Harvard Business School Spreadsheet Supplement 220-714, November 2019.
      • December 2017 (Revised January 2018)
      • Teaching Note

      Bega Cheese: Bidding to Bring Vegemite Back Home

      By: Benjamin C. Esty, Lauren G. Pickle and Greg Saldutte
      In January 2017, the leadership team of Bega Cheese—the Australian dairy company—was considering a bid for Mondelēz International’s Australia and New Zealand (ANZ) grocery business which included several leading consumer brands such as Vegemite, the iconic Australian... View Details
      Keywords: Mergers & Acquisitions; Value Drivers; Discounted Cash Flow (DCF); Dairy Industry; Corporate Scope; Diversification; Consumer Goods; Iconic Brands; Australia; Corporate Finance; Bidding Strategy; Cross Border; Financing; Mergers and Acquisitions; Valuation; Value Creation; Business Divisions; Capital Structure; Food; Bids and Bidding; Consumer Products Industry; Food and Beverage Industry; Australia; United States
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      Ivashina, Victoria, Alexey Tuzikov, and Abhijit Tagade. "Valuation Techniques in Private Equity: LBO Model." Harvard Business School Background Note 218-106, June 2018.
      • December 2017 (Revised January 2022)
      • Supplement

      Bega Cheese: Bidding to Bring Vegemite Back Home

      By: Benjamin C. Esty and Lauren G. Pickle
      In January 2017, the leadership team of Bega Cheese—the Australian dairy company—was considering a bid for Mondelēz International’s Australia and New Zealand (ANZ) grocery business which included several leading consumer brands including Vegemite, the iconic Australian... View Details
      Keywords: Mergers & Acquisitions; Value Drivers; Discounted Cash Flow (DCF); Dairy Industry; Corporate Scope; Consumer Goods; Iconic Brands; Bidding Strategy; Cross Border; Financing; Mergers and Acquisitions; Valuation; Value Creation; Business Divisions; Capital Structure; Food; Bids and Bidding; Diversification; Brands and Branding; Corporate Finance; Consumer Products Industry; Food and Beverage Industry; Australia; United States
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      Esty, Benjamin C., and Lauren G. Pickle. "Bega Cheese: Bidding to Bring Vegemite Back Home." Harvard Business School Spreadsheet Supplement 218-713, December 2017. (Revised January 2022.)
      • December 2017
      • Supplement

      Bega Cheese: Bidding to Bring Vegemite Back Home

      By: Benjamin C. Esty and Lauren G. Pickle
      In January 2017, the leadership team of Bega Cheese—the Australian dairy company—was considering a bid for Mondelēz International’s Australia and New Zealand (ANZ) grocery business which included several leading consumer brands (Vegemite—the iconic Australian spread,... View Details
      Keywords: Mergers & Acquisitions; Value Drivers; Discounted Cash Flow (DCF); Dairy Industry; Corporate Scope; Diversification; Consumer Goods; Iconic Brands; Australia; Corporate Finance; Bidding Strategy; Cross Border; Mergers and Acquisitions; Valuation; Value Creation; Business Divisions; Capital Structure; Food; Bids and Bidding; Retail Industry; Consumer Products Industry; Food and Beverage Industry; Australia; United States
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      Esty, Benjamin C., and Lauren G. Pickle. "Bega Cheese: Bidding to Bring Vegemite Back Home." Harvard Business School Spreadsheet Supplement 218-701, December 2017.
      • December 2017 (Revised February 2021)
      • Case

      Bega Cheese: Bidding to Bring Vegemite Back Home

      By: Benjamin C. Esty and Lauren G. Pickle
      In January 2017, the leadership team of Bega Cheese—the Australian dairy company—was considering a bid for Mondelēz International’s Australia and New Zealand (ANZ) grocery business, which included several leading consumer brands such as Vegemite, the iconic Australian... View Details
      Keywords: Mergers & Acquisitions; Value Drivers; Discounted Cash Flow (DCF); Dairy Industry; Corporate Scope; Consumer Goods; Iconic Brands; Bidding Strategy; Cross Border; Financing; Mergers and Acquisitions; Valuation; Value Creation; Diversification; Business Divisions; Corporate Finance; Capital Structure; Food; Bids and Bidding; Consumer Products Industry; Food and Beverage Industry; Australia; United States
      Citation
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      Esty, Benjamin C., and Lauren G. Pickle. "Bega Cheese: Bidding to Bring Vegemite Back Home." Harvard Business School Case 218-001, December 2017. (Revised February 2021.)
      • 2018
      • Working Paper

      Global Portfolio Diversification for Long-Horizon Investors

      By: Luis M. Viceira and Zixuan (Kevin) Wang
      This paper conducts a theoretical and empirical investigation of global portfolio diversification for long-horizon investors in the presence of permanent cash flow shocks and transitory discount rate shocks to asset prices and returns. An increase in the cross-country... View Details
      Keywords: Investment Portfolio; Risk and Uncertainty; Diversification; Capital Markets; Global Range
      Citation
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      Viceira, Luis M., and Zixuan (Kevin) Wang. "Global Portfolio Diversification for Long-Horizon Investors." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 17-085, March 2017. (Revised July 2018.)
      • October 2014
      • Article

      Do Analysts Add Value When They Most Can? Evidence from Corporate Spinoffs

      By: Emilie Feldman, Stuart C. Gilson and Belen Villalonga
      This paper investigates how securities analysts help investors understand the value of diversification. By studying the research that analysts produce about companies that have announced corporate spinoffs, we gain unique insights into how analysts portray diversified... View Details
      Keywords: Analysts; Spin-offs; Diversification Discount; Information Asymmetry; Value Creation; Business Subsidiaries; Diversification; Corporate Strategy; Investment
      Citation
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      Feldman, Emilie, Stuart C. Gilson, and Belen Villalonga. "Do Analysts Add Value When They Most Can? Evidence from Corporate Spinoffs." Strategic Management Journal 35, no. 10 (October 2014): 1446–1463. (Winner, "Distinguished Paper Award," 2012 Academy of Management Meetings (Business Policy & Strategy Division.))
      • Article

      The Effect of Institutional Factors on the Value of Corporate Diversification

      By: Venkat Kuppuswamy, George Serafeim and Belen Villalonga
      Using a large sample of diversified firms from 38 countries we investigate the influence of several national-level institutional factors or 'institutional voids' on the value of corporate diversification. Specifically, we explore whether the presence of frictions in a... View Details
      Keywords: Diversification Discount; Institutions; Labor Market; Competition; Human Capital; Diversification; Value; Capital Markets
      Citation
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      Kuppuswamy, Venkat, George Serafeim, and Belen Villalonga. "The Effect of Institutional Factors on the Value of Corporate Diversification." Advances in Strategic Management 31 (2014).
      • 2008
      • Other Paper

      Diversification and Firm Value: How Important is the Diversification Discount versus Systematic Heterogeneity?

      By: Bharat Anand and Dmitri Byzalov
      Citation
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      Anand, Bharat, and Dmitri Byzalov. "Diversification and Firm Value: How Important is the Diversification Discount versus Systematic Heterogeneity?"
      • January 1995 (Revised August 1997)
      • Background Note

      Cross-Border Valuation

      By: Kenneth A. Froot and W. Carl Kester
      Provides a review of valuation techniques used to assess cross-border investments. Discusses the discounting of free cash flows with a weighted average cost of capital and the use of adjusted present value. Special concerns such as foreign-exchange risk, country risks,... View Details
      Keywords: Valuation; Cross-Cultural and Cross-Border Issues
      Citation
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      Froot, Kenneth A., and W. Carl Kester. "Cross-Border Valuation." Harvard Business School Background Note 295-100, January 1995. (Revised August 1997.)
      • January 1994 (Revised November 2002)
      • Case

      Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.

      By: Stephen P. Bradley and Pankaj Ghemawat
      Focuses on the evolution of Wal-Mart's remarkably successful discount operations and describes the company's more recent attempts to diversify into other businesses. The company has entered the warehouse club industry with its Sam's Clubs and the grocery business with... View Details
      Keywords: Stocks; Price; Marketing Channels; Competitive Strategy; Diversification; Information Technology
      Citation
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      Bradley, Stephen P., and Pankaj Ghemawat. "Wal-Mart Stores, Inc." Harvard Business School Case 794-024, January 1994. (Revised November 2002.)
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