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- February 1984 (Revised March 1990)
- Background Note
Risk Adjusted Discount Rates
By: David E. Bell
Bell, David E. "Risk Adjusted Discount Rates." Harvard Business School Background Note 184-151, February 1984. (Revised March 1990.)
- August 19, 2012
- Article
A Realistic Discount Rate for Pensions
By: Robert C. Pozen and Theresa Hamacher
- June 2005 (Revised November 2006)
- Background Note
Valuation Methods and Discount Rate Issues: A Comprehensive Example
By: Marc L. Bertoneche and Fausto Federicic
Presents a comprehensive review of the valuation methods based on discounting cash flows or value creation metrics and shows, through simple example and a straightforward "how-to-do" framework, the perfect consistency and identity of their results under similar... View Details
Keywords: Valuation
Bertoneche, Marc L., and Fausto Federicic. "Valuation Methods and Discount Rate Issues: A Comprehensive Example." Harvard Business School Background Note 205-116, June 2005. (Revised November 2006.)
- 1972
- Chapter
Risk and the Discount Rate for Public Investment
By: Michael C. Jensen and Martin J. Bailey
Jensen, Michael C., and Martin J. Bailey. "Risk and the Discount Rate for Public Investment." In Studies in the Theory of Capital Markets, edited by M. C. Jensen. New York: Praeger, 1972.
- Article
No Evidence for an Effect of Testosterone Administration on Delay Discounting in Male University Students
By: Georgia Rada Ortner, Matthias Wibral, Anke Becker, Thomas Dohmen, Dietrich Klingmüller, Armin Falk and Bernd Weber
Intertemporal choices between a smaller sooner and a larger delayed reward are one of the most important types of decisions humans face in their everyday life. The degree to which individuals discount delayed rewards correlates with impulsiveness. Steep delay... View Details
Keywords: Delay Discounting; Impulsiveness; Intertemporal Choice; Testosterone; Decision Making; Behavior; Personal Characteristics
Rada Ortner, Georgia, Matthias Wibral, Anke Becker, Thomas Dohmen, Dietrich Klingmüller, Armin Falk, and Bernd Weber. "No Evidence for an Effect of Testosterone Administration on Delay Discounting in Male University Students." Psychoneuroendocrinology 38, no. 9 (September 2013): 1814–1818.
- February 1991 (Revised November 1993)
- Exercise
Valuation and Discounted Cash Flows
A set of five exercises in valuation of simple fixed income securities. No capital budgeting. Students use present value analysis to compute discounted cash flows. Situations/concepts covered include: future value; mortgage payment and repayment; calculating implicit... View Details
Keywords: Finance
"Valuation and Discounted Cash Flows." Harvard Business School Exercise 291-028, February 1991. (Revised November 1993.)
- Article
Forward Discount Bias: Is It an Exchange Risk Premium?
By: K. A. Froot and J. Frankel
Keywords: Currencies; Exchange Rates; International Macroeconomics; Monetary Policy; Currency Controls; Fixed Exchange Rates; Floating Exchange Rates; Currency Bands; Currency Zones; Currency Areas; Rational Expectations; Asset Pricing
Froot, K. A., and J. Frankel. "Forward Discount Bias: Is It an Exchange Risk Premium?" Quarterly Journal of Economics 104, no. 1 (February 1989): 139–161. (Revision of "Findings of Forward Discount Bias Interpreted in Light of Exchange Rate Survey Data," NBER Working Paper No. 1963 and Sloan Working Paper No. 1906-87, August 1987. Reprinted in Advances in Behavioral Finance, edited by Richard Thaler. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1993: 359-382 and in Speculation and Financial Markets, edited by M. Taylor and L. Gallagher. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2001.)
- November 2024
- Article
Price Discounts and Cheapflation During the Post-Pandemic Inflation Surge
By: Alberto Cavallo and Oleksiy Kryvtsov
We study how within-store price variation changes with inflation, and whether households exploit it to attenuate the inflation burden. We use micro price data for food products sold by 91 large multi-channel retailers in ten countries between 2018 and 2024. Measuring... View Details
Keywords: Macroeconomics; Inflation and Deflation; Price; Consumer Behavior; Personal Finance; Product Positioning
Cavallo, Alberto, and Oleksiy Kryvtsov. "Price Discounts and Cheapflation During the Post-Pandemic Inflation Surge." Journal of Monetary Economics 148 (November 2024).
- August 1972 (Revised September 2000)
- Background Note
Introduction to Accumulated Value, Present Value, and Internal Rate of Return
A simple, intuitive introduction to the usually-difficult topics of discounting and present value. While the mechanics of computing present value and internal rate of return are covered well, the emphasis is more about how to think about these concepts (for example,... View Details
Keywords: Accounting
Hammond, John S. "Introduction to Accumulated Value, Present Value, and Internal Rate of Return." Harvard Business School Background Note 173-003, August 1972. (Revised September 2000.)
- 07 May 2018
- Research & Ideas
Why Online Retailers Should Hide Their Best Discounts
through the aisles to buy something at full price, increasing the store’s bottom line. When it comes to the online environment, however, retailers have fallen all over themselves to do the opposite—putting discounted items front and... View Details
- January – March 2012
- Article
Bond Risk, Bond Return Volatility, and the Term Structure of Interest Rates
By: Luis M. Viceira
This paper explores time variation in bond risk, as measured by the covariation of bond returns with stock returns and with consumption growth, and in the volatility of bond returns. A robust stylized fact in empirical finance is that the spread between the yield on... View Details
Keywords: Bonds; Volatility; Forecasting and Prediction; Interest Rates; Inflation and Deflation; Investment Return; Risk and Uncertainty; Currency Exchange Rate; Cash Flow; Stocks
Viceira, Luis M. "Bond Risk, Bond Return Volatility, and the Term Structure of Interest Rates." International Journal of Forecasting 28, no. 1 (January–March 2012): 97–117.
- January 2014 (Revised February 2016)
- Case
U.S. Government Debt and the Debate over a Balanced Budget Amendment
By: Matthew Weinzierl, Katrina Flanagan and Alastair Su
In the first decade of the 21st century, national debt as a share of GDP rose dramatically in the United States and across the developed world. This case consists of excerpts from leading commentators explaining and commenting on this trend and the economic and moral... View Details
Keywords: National Debt; Social Discount Rate; Ricardian Equivalence; Government and Politics; Macroeconomics; United States
Weinzierl, Matthew, Katrina Flanagan, and Alastair Su. "U.S. Government Debt and the Debate over a Balanced Budget Amendment." Harvard Business School Case 714-031, January 2014. (Revised February 2016.)
- 2015
- Article
Percentage Cost Discounts Always Beat Percentage Benefit Bonuses: Helping Consumers Evaluate Nominally Equivalent Percentage Changes
By: Bhavya Mohan, Pierre Chandon and Jason Riis
Marketing offers that are framed as a "percentage change" in consumer cost vs. benefit can have highly non-linear impacts in terms of actual value for consumers. Even though two offers might appear identical, we show that consumers are better off choosing the offer... View Details
Mohan, Bhavya, Pierre Chandon, and Jason Riis. "Percentage Cost Discounts Always Beat Percentage Benefit Bonuses: Helping Consumers Evaluate Nominally Equivalent Percentage Changes." Journal of Marketing Behavior 1, no. 1 (2015): 75–107.
- August 2017 (Revised December 2017)
- Case
Accounting for Nuclear Power Provisions at RWE
By: Paul Healy and Jonas Heese
In early 2016, RWE, a utility that operates nuclear power plants in Germany, came under scrutiny from regulators and the media over the adequacy of its provisions for costs of decommissioning and dismantling (D&D) its nuclear power plants. Accounting standards required... View Details
Keywords: Liabilities; Provisions For Long-term Obligations; Discounting; Accounting; Energy Generation; Energy Industry; Germany
Healy, Paul, and Jonas Heese. "Accounting for Nuclear Power Provisions at RWE." Harvard Business School Case 118-013, August 2017. (Revised December 2017.)
- Article
The Cross Section of Expected Holding Period Returns and Their Dynamics: A Present Value Approach
By: Matthew R. Lyle and Charles C.Y. Wang
We provide a tractable model of firm-level expected holding period returns using two firm fundamentals—book-to-market ratio and ROE—and study the cross-sectional properties of the model-implied expected returns. We find that 1) firm-level expected returns and expected... View Details
Keywords: Expected Returns; Discount Rates; Holding Period Returns; Fundamental Valuation; Present Value; Valuation; Investment Return
Lyle, Matthew R., and Charles C.Y. Wang. "The Cross Section of Expected Holding Period Returns and Their Dynamics: A Present Value Approach." Journal of Financial Economics 116, no. 3 (June 2015): 505–525.
- September 2012
- Teaching Note
Stryker Corporation: Capital Budgeting (TN)
By: Timothy A. Luehrman
This case examines some parts of Stryker Corporation's systems and procedures for approving and authorizing capital spending of many different types, including buildings, machinery, and working capital for existing businesses, as well as transactions with third parties... View Details
- April 2010
- Case
Groupe Ariel S.A.: Parity Conditions and Cross-Border Valuation
By: Timothy A. Luehrman and James Quinn
Groupe Ariel evaluates a proposal from its Mexican subsidiary to purchase and install cost-saving equipment at a manufacturing facility in Monterrey. The improvements will allow the plant to automate recycling and remanufacturing of toner and printer cartridges, an... View Details
Keywords: Exchange Rates; Securities Analysis; Project Evaluation; International Finance; Debt Securities; Currency Exchange Rate; Cash Flow; Cross-Cultural and Cross-Border Issues; Capital Budgeting; Europe; Mexico
Luehrman, Timothy A., and James Quinn. "Groupe Ariel S.A.: Parity Conditions and Cross-Border Valuation." Harvard Business School Brief Case 104-194, April 2010.
- Article
Expected Stock Returns Worldwide: A Log-Linear Present-Value Approach
By: Akash Chattopadhyay, Matthew R. Lyle and Charles C.Y. Wang
This study provides the first large-scale study of the performance of expected-return proxies (ERPs) internationally. Analyst-forecast-based ICCs are sparsely populated and not robustly associated with future returns. Earnings-model-forecast-based ICCs are... View Details
Keywords: Expected Returns; Discount Rates; Fundamental Valuation; Implied Cost Of Capital; International Equity Markets; Present Value; Investment Return; Equity; Markets; Global Range
Chattopadhyay, Akash, Matthew R. Lyle, and Charles C.Y. Wang. "Expected Stock Returns Worldwide: A Log-Linear Present-Value Approach." Accounting Review 97, no. 2 (March 2022): 107–133.
- November 2016 (Revised December 2016)
- Module Note
Strategy Execution Module 7: Designing Asset Allocation Systems
By: Robert Simons
This module reading provides tools and analyses for acquiring and allocating resources. The module begins by reviewing the importance of setting strategic boundaries as a basis for asset acquisitions. Next, a distinction is made between new assets acquired to meet... View Details
Keywords: Management Control Systems; Implementing Strategy; Execution; Asset Allocation Systems; Payback; Discounted Cash Flow; Internal Rate Of Return; Strategic Investments; Analyzing Acquisitions; Strategy; Capital Budgeting
Simons, Robert. "Strategy Execution Module 7: Designing Asset Allocation Systems." Harvard Business School Module Note 117-107, November 2016. (Revised December 2016.)
- September 2016
- Article
History-based versus Uniform Pricing in Growing and Declining Markets
By: Oz Shy, Rune Stenbacka and David Hao Zhang
We analyze the Markov Perfect Equilibria of an infinite-horizon overlapping generations model with consumer lock-in to compare the performance of history-based and uniform pricing in growing and declining markets. Under history-based pricing, firms charge higher prices... View Details
Keywords: History-based Pricing; Introductory Discount; Uniform Pricing; Consumer Lock-in; High Switching Costs; Demand and Consumers; Competition; Price; Market Entry and Exit; Product Marketing
Shy, Oz, Rune Stenbacka, and David Hao Zhang. "History-based versus Uniform Pricing in Growing and Declining Markets." International Journal of Industrial Organization 48 (September 2016): 88–117.