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(631)
- News (133)
- Research (414)
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- March 2025
- Case
Calyx Global: Rating Carbon Credits
By: Michael W. Toffel and Adam Chen
This case describes how rating agencies and other organizations are seeking to improve the quality of carbon credits sold in the voluntary carbon market to organizations seeking to use them to supplement their internal decarbonization efforts to meet their net zero... View Details
Keywords: Service Design; Certification; Auditing; Auditor Reputation; Carbon Credits; Carbon; Rating Agency Disagreement; Ratings; Climate Change; Business Model; Environmental Sustainability; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Conflict of Interests; Reputation; Business Strategy
Toffel, Michael W., and Adam Chen. "Calyx Global: Rating Carbon Credits." Harvard Business School Case 625-102, March 2025.
- Fall 2024
- Article
The Credit Rating Agency Market in Africa: Landscape and Future Research Directions
By: Saveshen Pillay and Anywhere Sikochi
We explore the role of credit ratings in global markets and highlight potential opportunities for research on the African credit rating agency market. We trace the evolution of credit ratings and conduct a comprehensive literature review of existing studies globally... View Details
Keywords: Credit Rating; Credit Rating Agencies; Credit; Conflict of Interests; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Financial Markets; Africa
Pillay, Saveshen, and Anywhere Sikochi. "The Credit Rating Agency Market in Africa: Landscape and Future Research Directions." Journal of Financial Reporting 9, no. 2 (Fall 2024): 103–122.
- December 2021
- Article
Partisan Professionals: Evidence from Credit Rating Analysts
By: Elisabeth Kempf and Margarita Tsoutsoura
Partisan perception affects the actions of professionals in the financial sector. Using a novel dataset linking credit rating analysts to party affiliations from voter records, we show that analysts who are not affiliated with the U.S. president’s party downward-adjust... View Details
Keywords: Political Affiliation; Credit Rating Agencies; Political Partisanship; Political Elections; Perception; Credit
Kempf, Elisabeth, and Margarita Tsoutsoura. "Partisan Professionals: Evidence from Credit Rating Analysts." Journal of Finance 76, no. 6 (December 2021): 2805–2856.
- 2021
- Working Paper
International Evidence on the Effects of a Local Presence by U.S. Credit Rating Agencies
By: Liran Eliner, Michael Machokoto and Anywhere Sikochi
Major U.S. credit rating agencies are criticized for failing to understand developments in other economies and thereby impeding capital access by assigning lower ratings. Consistent with this, we find that Moody's and S&P credit ratings are more favorable after the... View Details
Keywords: Credit Rating Agencies; Credit Ratings; Rating Adjustments; Rating Disagreement; Geographic Proximity; Soft Information; Credit; Geographic Location; Local Range
Eliner, Liran, Michael Machokoto, and Anywhere Sikochi. "International Evidence on the Effects of a Local Presence by U.S. Credit Rating Agencies." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 20-083, February 2020. (Revised August 2021.)
- 2016
- Working Paper
Credit Migration and Covered Interest Rate Parity
By: Gordon Y Liao
I document economically large and persistent discrepancies in the pricing of credit risk between corporate bonds denominated in different currencies. The discrepancies amount to 50-100 basis points on trillions of dollars of debt notional. I relate this violation of... View Details
Keywords: Market Segmentation; Debt Issuance; Covered Interest Rate Parity; Cross-currency Basis; Credit Risk; Financial Markets; Credit
Liao, Gordon Y. "Credit Migration and Covered Interest Rate Parity." Working Paper, October 2016.
- September 2008 (Revised September 2011)
- Background Note
Note: Credit Rating Agencies
The note examines the role of credit rating agencies in capital markets, with emphasis on the role of these agencies in the recent credit crisis and recommendations for change. View Details
Keywords: Financial Crisis; Capital Markets; Credit; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Standards
Fruhan, William E. "Note: Credit Rating Agencies." Harvard Business School Background Note 209-056, September 2008. (Revised September 2011.)
- May 2025
- Teaching Note
Calyx Global: Rating Carbon Credits
By: Michael W. Toffel and Adam Chen
Teaching note to support the Calyx Global: Ratinng Carbon Credits case (HBS No. 625-102) View Details
- 2015
- Working Paper
Implied Materiality and Material Disclosures of Credit Ratings
By: Robert G. Eccles and Tim Youmans
This first of three papers in our series on materiality in credit ratings will examine the materiality of credit ratings from an "implied materiality" and governance disclosure perspective. In the second paper, we will explore the materiality of environmental, social,... View Details
Eccles, Robert G., and Tim Youmans. "Implied Materiality and Material Disclosures of Credit Ratings." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 15-079, April 2015.
- January 2020
- Article
The Job Rating Game: Revolving Doors and Analyst Incentives
By: Elisabeth Kempf
Investment banks frequently hire analysts from rating agencies. While many argue that this "revolving door" creates captured analysts, it can also create incentives to improve accuracy. To study this issue, I construct an original dataset, linking analysts to their... View Details
Keywords: Credit Rating Agencies; Investment Banking; Recruitment; Performance Evaluation; Financial Services Industry
Kempf, Elisabeth. "The Job Rating Game: Revolving Doors and Analyst Incentives." Journal of Financial Economics 135, no. 1 (January 2020): 41–67.
- August 2023
- Article
Do Rating Agencies Behave Defensively for Higher Risk Issuers?
By: Samuel B. Bonsall IV, Kevin Koharki, Pepa Kraft, Karl A. Muller III and Anywhere Sikochi
We examine whether rating agencies act defensively toward issuers with a higher likelihood of default. We find that agencies' qualitative soft rating adjustments are more accurate as issuers' default risk grows, as evidenced by the adjustments leading to lower Type I... View Details
Keywords: Credit Rating Agencies; Soft Rating Adjustments; Default; Credit; Performance Evaluation; Measurement and Metrics; Financial Institutions; Risk Management
Bonsall, Samuel B., IV, Kevin Koharki, Pepa Kraft, Karl A. Muller III, and Anywhere Sikochi. "Do Rating Agencies Behave Defensively for Higher Risk Issuers?" Management Science 69, no. 8 (August 2023): 4864–4887.
- 31 Aug 2009
- Research & Ideas
Why Competition May Not Improve Credit Rating Agencies
In the run-up to the global financial crisis, credit rating agencies gave high marks to such risky financial vehicles as collateralized debt obligations, which few people understood. It has been argued that... View Details
- 13 Apr 2015
- Working Paper Summaries
Implied Materiality and Material Disclosures of Credit Ratings
- April 2012
- Case
Credit Rating Agency Reform in the US and EU
By: Robert C. Pozen and Brian Conroy
The purpose of this note is to explore reform options for the credit rating industry. The note examines the ways in which credit rating agencies contributed to the recent financial crisis, particularly through ratings of securitized products and sovereign debt. It... View Details
Keywords: Debt Securities; Financial Condition; Standards; Financial Crisis; Corporate Finance; Financial Services Industry; United States; European Union
Pozen, Robert C., and Brian Conroy. "Credit Rating Agency Reform in the US and EU." Harvard Business School Case 312-127, April 2012.
- 22 Jul 2009
- Working Paper Summaries
Reputation and Competition: Evidence from the Credit Rating Industry
- January 2005 (Revised October 2005)
- Case
Private Capital and Public Policy: Standard & Poor's Sovereign Credit Ratings
By: Rawi E. Abdelal and Christopher Bruner
Describes Standard & Poor's sovereign credit ratings business. Provides background on the history of credit ratings agencies, the meaning of credit ratings, the expansion of the sovereign ratings business over recent decades, and the market for credit ratings. Also,... View Details
Keywords: Sovereign Finance; History; Policy; Business and Government Relations; International Finance; Country; Globalized Economies and Regions; Decision Choices and Conditions; Capital Markets; Debates; Financial Services Industry; United States
Abdelal, Rawi E., and Christopher Bruner. "Private Capital and Public Policy: Standard & Poor's Sovereign Credit Ratings." Harvard Business School Case 705-026, January 2005. (Revised October 2005.)
- 13 Jun 2012
- HBS Case
HBS Cases: A Startup Takes On the Credit Ratings Giants
For most of the 20th century, three bond ratings agencies—Moody's, Fitch, and Standard & Poor's—dominated the credit ratings industry, recently controlling 97 percent of... View Details
- Research Summary
Credit markets
Bond market; Bank lending; Credit markets institutions; Credit ratings View Details
- Article
Survive Another Day: Using Changes in the Composition of Investments to Measure the Cost of Credit Constraints
By: Luis Garicano and Claudia Steinwender
We introduce a novel empirical strategy to measure the size of credit shocks. Theoretically, we show that credit shocks reduce the value of long-term relative to short-term investments. Empirically, we can therefore compare the reduction of long-term relative to... View Details
Keywords: Credit Constraints; Credit Crunch; Spain; Investment Behavior; Credit Squeeze; Financial Crisis; Economic Growth; Investment; Credit; Manufacturing Industry; Spain; European Union
Garicano, Luis, and Claudia Steinwender. "Survive Another Day: Using Changes in the Composition of Investments to Measure the Cost of Credit Constraints." Review of Economics and Statistics 98, no. 5 (December 2016): 913–924.
- 2015
- Chapter
Just Who Put You in Charge? We Did: Credit Rating Agencies and the Politics of Ratings
By: Rawi Abdelal and Mark Blyth
Abdelal, Rawi, and Mark Blyth. "Just Who Put You in Charge? We Did: Credit Rating Agencies and the Politics of Ratings." In Ranking the World: Grading States as a Tool of Global Governance, edited by Alexander Cooley and Jack Snyder, 39–59. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.
- May 2005 (Revised November 2005)
- Background Note
Note on Credit Derivatives
Provides the basic underlying model for credit risk analysis, as well as covers basic credit risk derivatives, such as asset swaps, credit default swaps, total return of rate swaps, and credit spread options. View Details
Chacko, George C., Peter A. Hecht, Anders Sjoman, and Kate Hao. "Note on Credit Derivatives." Harvard Business School Background Note 205-111, May 2005. (Revised November 2005.)