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- June 2013 (Revised March 2014)
- Technical Note
Strategic Complements and Substitutes
The framework of strategic complements and substitutes can help companies anticipate competitors' responses. It is particularly helpful in deciding on price- or capacity-commitments (or pre-emption), but it can provide more general guidance for analyzing the potential... View Details
Keywords: Competition; Strategic Substitutes; Strategic Complements; Puppy Dog Strategy; Competitive Strategy; Game Theory; Strategy; Economics
Van den Steen, Eric. "Strategic Complements and Substitutes." Harvard Business School Technical Note 713-542, June 2013. (Revised March 2014.)
- 11 Sep 2008
- Working Paper Summaries
Competing Complements
- 2010
- Working Paper
Competing Complements
By: Ramon Casadesus-Masanell, Barry Nalebuff and David B. Yoffie
In Cournot's model of complements, the producers of A and B are both monopolists. This paper extends Cournot's model to allow for competition between complements on one side of the market. Consider two complements, A and B, where the A + B bundle is valuable only when... View Details
Casadesus-Masanell, Ramon, Barry Nalebuff, and David B. Yoffie. "Competing Complements." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 09-009, July 2008. (Revised March 2010.)
- April 2013
- Article
Information and Subsidies: Complements or Substitutes?
By: Nava Ashraf, B. Kelsey Jack and Emir Kamenica
Does providing information about a product affect the impact of price subsidies on purchases of new or unfamiliar products? This question is particularly relevant for the introduction of health products in developing countries where consumers may be uncertain about... View Details
Ashraf, Nava, B. Kelsey Jack, and Emir Kamenica. "Information and Subsidies: Complements or Substitutes?" Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 88 (April 2013): 133–139.
- 2012
- White Paper
Robust Enforcement Should Complement Voluntary Regulation
By: Jodi L. Short and Michael W. Toffel
Spurred by the anti-regulation movement that started in the 1970s, voluntary self-regulation programs have emerged in many regulatory agencies, seeking to increase cooperation between government and industry to achieve greater and more cost-effective compliance.... View Details
Short, Jodi L., and Michael W. Toffel. "Robust Enforcement Should Complement Voluntary Regulation." Georgetown University Economic Policy Vignette, September 2012.
- 2005
- Chapter
Wi-Fi: Complement or Substitute for 3G?
- June 2005
- Article
How the Balanced Scorecard Complements the McKinsey 7-S Model
By: R. S. Kaplan
Keywords: Balanced Scorecard
Kaplan, R. S. "How the Balanced Scorecard Complements the McKinsey 7-S Model." Strategy & Leadership 33, no. 3 (June 2005): 41–46.
- Research Summary
Complement Distribution on Platforms: Browser Wars from an Industry Perspective
Empirical analysis of diffusion of new technolgoies, such as the browser, accounting for quality and distribution channels. Joint work with Tim Bresnahan. Exploits discrepancies in survey data to examine the role of information and awareness in consumer choice for... View Details
- Aug 2013
- Conference Presentation
Going into the Field: How Experiential Methods Complement Case-Based Teaching
By: Ranjay Gulati
- June 14, 2019
- Article
Social Media Should Be a Complement to Real Life. Not a Substitute
By: Arthur C. Brooks
Brooks, Arthur C. "Social Media Should Be a Complement to Real Life. Not a Substitute." Washington Post (June 14, 2019).
- 2009
- Working Paper
Strategic Interactions in Two-Sided Market Oligopolies
By: Emmanuel Farhi and Andrei Hagiu
Strategic interactions between two-sided platforms depend not only on whether their decision variables are strategic complements or substitutes as for one-sided firms, but also -and crucially so- on whether or not the platforms subsidize one side of the market in... View Details
Keywords: Two-Sided Markets; Strategic Complements; Strategic Substitutes; Cost; Investment; Profit; One-Sided Platforms; Two-Sided Platforms; Duopoly and Oligopoly; Competitive Advantage
Farhi, Emmanuel, and Andrei Hagiu. "Strategic Interactions in Two-Sided Market Oligopolies." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 08-011, August 2007. (Revised February 2009.)
- August 2013 (Revised July 2024)
- Case
Amazon in 2024
By: Sunil Gupta and Margaret L. Rodriguez
Amazon launched its website in July 1995 to sell books online and by 2020 it has grown to become a digital giant with over $280 billion in annual sales. A large part of its growth came from expanding into a variety of businesses that some see as unrelated. Has it... View Details
Keywords: Platforms; Complements; Showrooming; Ecosystem; Growth Strategy; Competitive Advantage; Network Effects; Internet and the Web; Business Model; Competitive Strategy; Growth and Development Strategy; Digital Platforms; Retail Industry; Publishing Industry
Gupta, Sunil, and Margaret L. Rodriguez. "Amazon in 2024." Harvard Business School Case 514-025, August 2013. (Revised July 2024.)
- Article
Platform Competition: Betfair and the U.K. Market for Sports Betting
By: Ramon Casadesus-Masanell and Neil Campbell
We examine two episodes of strategic interaction in the U.K. betting industry: (i) Betfair (an entrant multi-sided platform or MSP) vs. Flutter (also an MSP) and (ii) Betfair vs. traditional bookmakers. We find that although Betfair was an underfunded second mover in... View Details
Keywords: Platform Design; Betting; Complements; Competing Business Models; Co-opetition; Entry; Multi-Sided Platforms; Design; Network Effects; Business Model; Competition; Cooperation
Casadesus-Masanell, Ramon, and Neil Campbell. "Platform Competition: Betfair and the U.K. Market for Sports Betting." Special Issue on Platforms. Journal of Economics & Management Strategy 28, no. 1 (Spring 2019): 29–40.
- Summer 2014
- Article
When Does a Platform Create Value by Limiting Choice?
By: Ramon Casadesus-Masanell and Hanna Halaburda
We present a theory for why it might be rational for a platform to limit the number of applications available on it. Our model is based on the observation that even if users prefer application variety, applications often also exhibit direct network effects. When there... View Details
Keywords: Platform Governance; Direct Network Effects; Indirect Network Effects; Complements; Tragedy Of The Commons; Equilibrium Selection; Coordination; Foresight; Strategy; Value Creation; Digital Platforms; Balance and Stability; Decision Choices and Conditions; Consumer Behavior; Applications and Software; Network Effects
Casadesus-Masanell, Ramon, and Hanna Halaburda. "When Does a Platform Create Value by Limiting Choice?" Journal of Economics & Management Strategy 23, no. 2 (Summer 2014): 259–293.
- April 2011
- Supplement
Reinsurance Negotiation: Confidential Information for Auburn Re (CW)
By: Robert C. Pozen and Henoch Senbetta
Excel model to complement a three-party negotiation exercise. View Details
- April 2011
- Supplement
Reinsurance Negotiation: Confidential Information for JLT Insurance Company (CW)
By: Robert C. Pozen and Henoch Senbetta
Excel model to complement a three-party negotiation exercise. View Details
- April 2011
- Supplement
Reinsurance Negotiation: Confidential Information for Brack Re (CW)
By: Robert C. Pozen and Henoch Senbetta
Excel model to complement a three-party negotiation exercise. View Details
- September 2019
- Supplement
Accounting Fraud at Tesco Stores (B)
By: Jonas Heese, Suraj Srinivasan and Julia Kelley
This case serves as a complement to the case "Accounting Fraud at Tesco Stores (A)". View Details
Heese, Jonas, Suraj Srinivasan, and Julia Kelley. "Accounting Fraud at Tesco Stores (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 120-033, September 2019.
- September 2019
- Supplement
Accounting Fraud at Tesco Stores (C)
By: Jonas Heese, Suraj Srinivasan and Julia Kelley
This case serves as a complement to the case "Accounting Fraud at Tesco Stores (A)". View Details
Heese, Jonas, Suraj Srinivasan, and Julia Kelley. "Accounting Fraud at Tesco Stores (C)." Harvard Business School Supplement 120-034, September 2019.
- March 2019
- Supplement
Fair Value Accounting at Berkshire Hathaway Inc. (B)
By: Jonas Heese, Suraj Srinivasan and Francois Brochet
This case serves as a complement to the case "Fair Value Accounting at Berkshire Hathaway, Inc. (A)". View Details
Heese, Jonas, Suraj Srinivasan, and Francois Brochet. "Fair Value Accounting at Berkshire Hathaway Inc. (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 119-090, March 2019.