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  • All HBS Web  (1,028)
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    • News  (177)
    • Research  (579)
    • Events  (9)
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  • 2022
  • Working Paper

Category Kings or Commoners? Marketing Shaping and Its Consequences in Nascent Categories

By: Rory McDonald
For a new market category to materialize, someone must actively bring it into existence. Yet it remains a mystery how entrepreneurs, whose resources are stretched thin, can accomplish this task. Prior research emphasizes the importance of market-shaping... View Details
Keywords: Nascent Markets; New Categories; Innovation; Qualitative Methods; Emerging Markets; Strategy; Cultural Entrepreneurship; Innovation and Invention
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McDonald, Rory. "Category Kings or Commoners? Marketing Shaping and Its Consequences in Nascent Categories." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 16-095, February 2016. (Revised January 2022.)
  • October 2024
  • Article

Canary Categories

By: Eric Anderson, Chaoqun Chen, Ayelet Israeli and Duncan Simester
Past customer spending in a category is generally a positive signal of future customer spending. We show that there exist “canary categories” for which the reverse is true. Purchases in these categories are a signal that customers are less likely to return to that... View Details
Keywords: Churn; Churn Management; Churn/retention; Assortment Planning; Retail; Retailing; Retailing Industry; Preference Heterogeneity; Assortment Optimization; Customers; Retention; Consumer Behavior; Forecasting and Prediction; Retail Industry
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Anderson, Eric, Chaoqun Chen, Ayelet Israeli, and Duncan Simester. "Canary Categories." Journal of Marketing Research (JMR) 61, no. 5 (October 2024): 872–890.
  • Winter 2021
  • Article

How Would-Be Category Kings Become Commoners

By: Rory McDonald and Keith Krach
Category creation is the holy grail in business, but more often than not, the very companies that establish lucrative new markets don’t end up being the category kings. Why? Many executives undermine their own ventures’ standing by misinterpreting and misfiring on... View Details
Keywords: New Markets; Innovation and Invention; Innovation Strategy; Business Model
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McDonald, Rory, and Keith Krach. "How Would-Be Category Kings Become Commoners." MIT Sloan Management Review 62, no. 2 (Winter 2021): 76–82.
  • 10 Oct 2011
  • Research & Ideas

Retailing Revolution: Category Killers on the Brink

"Category killers," those highly focused retailers that specialize in a category of goods including Barnes & Noble, Best Buy, and Staples, were once the bane of mass-market retailers' existence. Their wide assortment, aggressive... View Details
Keywords: by Rajiv Lal & Jose B. Alvarez; Retail
  • December 2003
  • Article

Leveraging Information across Categories

By: Raghu Iyenger, Asim Ansari and Sunil Gupta
Keywords: Information
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Iyenger, Raghu, Asim Ansari, and Sunil Gupta. "Leveraging Information across Categories." Quantitative Marketing and Economics 1, no. 4 (December 2003): 425–465.
  • July 1997
  • Article

Perspectives on Multiple Category Choice

By: Gary Russell, David Bell, Anand Bodapati, Christina Brown, Joengwen Chiang, Gary Gaeth, Sunil Gupta and Puneet Manchanda
Keywords: Decision Choices and Conditions; Perspective
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Russell, Gary, David Bell, Anand Bodapati, Christina Brown, Joengwen Chiang, Gary Gaeth, Sunil Gupta, and Puneet Manchanda. "Perspectives on Multiple Category Choice." Marketing Letters 8, no. 3 (July 1997): 297–305.
  • Article

Casuistry and Social Category Bias.

By: Michael I. Norton, Joseph A. Vandello and John M. Darley
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Norton, Michael I., Joseph A. Vandello, and John M. Darley. "Casuistry and Social Category Bias." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 87, no. 6 (December 2004): 817–831.
  • December 1999 (Revised December 2000)
  • Case

Charles Schwab: A Category of One

By: Stephen P. Bradley and Thomas H. Esperson
Examines Charles Schwab's on-line discount brokerage firm and questions whether or not Schwab has effectively balanced the old and new world of stock trading, and has remained a leader between giants like Merrill Lynch and Internet pure plays like E-Trade. Also looks... View Details
Keywords: Financial Institutions; Banks and Banking; Technological Innovation; Goals and Objectives; Growth and Development Strategy; Growth Management; Competition; Competitive Strategy; Competitive Advantage; Banking Industry; Financial Services Industry
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Bradley, Stephen P., and Thomas H. Esperson. "Charles Schwab: A Category of One." Harvard Business School Case 700-043, December 1999. (Revised December 2000.)
  • Other Article

The Market That Wasn't: The Non-emergence of the Online Grocery Category

By: Chad Navis, Greg Fisher, Ryan Raffaelli and Mary Ann Glynn
We examine the non-emergence of a potential new market category. In the late 1990s the entrepreneurial firms that attempted to sell groceries online attracted significant resources, made meaningful technological advancements and generated immense publicity, yet online... View Details
Keywords: Internet and the Web; Food; Emerging Markets; Service Industry; Food and Beverage Industry
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Navis, Chad, Greg Fisher, Ryan Raffaelli, and Mary Ann Glynn. "The Market That Wasn't: The Non-emergence of the Online Grocery Category." Proceedings of the Frontiers in Managerial and Organizational Cognition Conference 1 (September 2012).
  • May 2020
  • Case

Peloton Interactive, Inc: Creating the Immersive Connected-Fitness Category

By: Robert J. Dolan
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Dolan, Robert J. "Peloton Interactive, Inc: Creating the Immersive Connected-Fitness Category." Harvard Business School Case 520-105, May 2020.
  • April 2002
  • Article

New Ways of Category Management

By: Alexander Kracklauer, Michael Leyk, D. Quinn Mills, Stefan Ruebke and Dirk Seifert
Keywords: Management
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Kracklauer, Alexander, Michael Leyk, D. Quinn Mills, Stefan Ruebke, and Dirk Seifert. "New Ways of Category Management." Harvard Business Manager (April 2002), 98–106.
  • 2024
  • Working Paper

Moral Incoherence During Category Emergence: The Contentious Case of Connected Toys

By: Ryann Noe
Through a longitudinal study of the emergence of connected toys – physical toys that interact with digital devices – I build theory about moral incoherence: when competing views about the moral worth of a category persist over time. During the course of their... View Details
Keywords: Technological Innovation; Technology Adoption; Moral Sensibility; Market Entry and Exit; Consumer Behavior
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Noe, Ryann. "Moral Incoherence During Category Emergence: The Contentious Case of Connected Toys." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 24-071, May 2024.
  • March 2022
  • Module Note

Navigating Nascent Industries and Product Categories

By: Rory McDonald
This Note introduces a module of cases used at Harvard Business School to teach fundamental concepts about navigating nascent industries and product categories. It elaborates a set of ‘innovation tensions’ that managers must address in these domains. In connecting the... View Details
Keywords: Nascent Industries; Product; Innovation and Management; Strategy
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McDonald, Rory. "Navigating Nascent Industries and Product Categories." Harvard Business School Module Note 622-097, March 2022.
  • 2023
  • Article

Moral Escalation: Contested Category Emergence and Its Consequences in the Toy Industry

By: Ryann Noe
Preexisting research has outlined the cognitive, competitive, and economic barriers to market category emergence. Yet scholars have paid scant attention to the processes and consequences of moral resistance to nascent categories. Through a longitudinal, qualitative... View Details
Keywords: Moral Sensibility; Market Entry and Exit; Product Positioning; Technology Industry; Consumer Products Industry
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Noe, Ryann. "Moral Escalation: Contested Category Emergence and Its Consequences in the Toy Industry." Academy of Management Proceedings (2023).
  • 2006
  • Working Paper

Worse but Equal: The Influence of Social Categories on Resource Allocations

By: Stephen M. Garcia, Max H. Bazerman, Shirli Kopelman and Dale T. Miller
This paper explores the influence of social categories on the perceived trade-off between relatively bad but equal distribution of resources between two parties and profit maximizing, yet asymmetric payoffs. Study 1 and 2 showed that people prefer to maximize profits... View Details
Keywords: Demographics; Fairness; Resource Allocation; Decision Choices and Conditions; Profit
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Garcia, Stephen M., Max H. Bazerman, Shirli Kopelman, and Dale T. Miller. "Worse but Equal: The Influence of Social Categories on Resource Allocations." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 06-033, February 2006. (Revised September 2008, June 2009. In press.)
  • January 2013
  • Article

'I'll Have One of Each': How Separating Rewards into (Meaningless) Categories Increases Motivation

By: F. Gino and S. Wiltermuth
We propose that separating rewards into categories can increase motivation, even when those categories are meaningless. Across six experiments, people were more motivated to obtain one reward from one category and another reward from another category than they were to... View Details
Keywords: Motivation and Incentives
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Gino, F., and S. Wiltermuth. "'I'll Have One of Each': How Separating Rewards into (Meaningless) Categories Increases Motivation." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 104, no. 1 (January 2013): 1–13.
  • December 2007
  • Article

Consumers' Price Sensitivities Across Complementary Categories

By: Sri Devi Duvvuri, Asim Ansari and Sunil Gupta
Keywords: Price; Customers
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Duvvuri, Sri Devi, Asim Ansari, and Sunil Gupta. "Consumers' Price Sensitivities Across Complementary Categories." Management Science 53, no. 12 (December 2007): 1933–1945.
  • July 2022 (Revised August 2022)
  • Case

Athletic Brewing Company: Crafting the U.S. Non-Alcoholic Beer Category

By: Ayelet Israeli and Anne V. Wilson
Athletic Brewing Company (“Athletic,” for short) was founded by Bill Shufelt and John Walker in 2017. In creating Athletic, Shufelt and Walker opened the first U.S. brewery and taproom fully devoted to the production of non-alcoholic (NA) craft beer. By 2021, Athletic... View Details
Keywords: Advertising; Brands and Branding; Product Development; Product Marketing; Product Positioning; Product Launch; Product Design; Product; Competition; Marketing; Entrepreneurship; Growth Management; Cultural Entrepreneurship; Culture; Food and Beverage Industry; United States
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Israeli, Ayelet, and Anne V. Wilson. "Athletic Brewing Company: Crafting the U.S. Non-Alcoholic Beer Category." Harvard Business School Case 523-021, July 2022. (Revised August 2022.)
  • February 2023
  • Teaching Note

Athletic Brewing Company: Crafting the U.S Non-Alcoholic Beer Category

By: Ayelet Israeli and Anne V. Wilson
Teaching Note for HBS Case No. 523-021. View Details
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Israeli, Ayelet, and Anne V. Wilson. "Athletic Brewing Company: Crafting the U.S Non-Alcoholic Beer Category." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 523-088, February 2023.
  • Article

The Price of Equality: Suboptimal Resource Allocations across Social Categories

By: Stephen M. Garcia, Max Bazerman, Shirli Kopelman, Avishalom Tor and Dale T. Miller
This paper explores the influence of social categories on the perceived trade-off between relatively bad but equal distribution of resources between two parties and profit maximizing, yet asymmetric, payoffs. Studies 1 and 2 show that people prefer to maximize profits... View Details
Keywords: Equality and Inequality; Resource Allocation; Societal Protocols; Profit; Decision Making; Prejudice and Bias; Market Transactions; Ethics; Power and Influence; Distribution; Organizations
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Garcia, Stephen M., Max Bazerman, Shirli Kopelman, Avishalom Tor, and Dale T. Miller. "The Price of Equality: Suboptimal Resource Allocations across Social Categories." Special Issue on Behavioral Ethics: A New Empirical Perspective on Business Ethics Research. Business Ethics Quarterly 20, no. 1 (January 2010): 75–88.
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