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      • January 1991 (Revised October 1994)
      • Exercise

      Bidding Exercises

      By: David E. Bell
      Illustrates different issues in the analysis of a bidding situation, including the celebrated problem of the winner's curse. View Details
      Keywords: Bids and Bidding
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      Bell, David E. "Bidding Exercises." Harvard Business School Exercise 191-133, January 1991. (Revised October 1994.)
      • 1 Jan 1991
      • Conference Presentation

      Gender Difference: What Difference Does it Make?

      By: R. J. Ely
      Keywords: Gender
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      Ely, R. J. "Gender Difference: What Difference Does it Make?" Paper presented at the Academy of Management Annual Meeting, January 01, 1991. (Winner of Dorothy Harlow Best Paper Award Given annually to the author of the best paper submitted to the Annual Academy of Management Meeting presented by Academy of Management.)
      • November 1990 (Revised May 1994)
      • Case

      Microsoft Corp.: Office Business Unit

      By: Marco Iansiti
      Describes the development of a new word processing software package, Word for Windows. The major focus is how the development process should be improved to reduce schedule slips and cost overruns. Some of the issues raised are: the use of schedules in managing... View Details
      Keywords: Communication Strategy; Cost Management; Business or Company Management; Time Management; Product Development; Programs; Projects; Information Infrastructure; Applications and Software; Information Technology Industry
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      Iansiti, Marco. "Microsoft Corp.: Office Business Unit." Harvard Business School Case 691-033, November 1990. (Revised May 1994.)
      • July 22, 1990
      • Article

      Japan Isn't Playing by Different Rules

      By: M. E. Porter
      Keywords: Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Japan
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      Porter, M. E. "Japan Isn't Playing by Different Rules." New York Times (July 22, 1990).
      • May 1990 (Revised April 1995)
      • Teaching Note

      Karen Green, Teaching Note

      By: Linda A. Hill
      The video depicts Karen Green, a manager in her early thirties, on a company retreat. She is being considered for a project manager position, a promotion she does not receive. During the retreat, the circumstances that influenced the decision become evident. The... View Details
      Keywords: Work-Life Balance; Personal Development and Career; Gender; Power and Influence
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      Hill, Linda A. "Karen Green, Teaching Note." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 490-095, May 1990. (Revised April 1995.)
      • 1990
      • Book

      A Force for Change: How Leadership Differs from Management

      By: J. P. Kotter
      Keywords: Leading Change; Management
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      Kotter, J. P. A Force for Change: How Leadership Differs from Management. New York: Free Press, 1990.
      • March 1990 (Revised October 1994)
      • Case

      IBM-Fujitsu Dispute

      By: Joseph L. Badaracco Jr.
      Describes a dispute between IBM and Fujitsu over allegations that Fujitsu stole proprietary IBM software for controlling mainframe computers. Also describes a novel arbitration agreement intended to resolve the dispute, an overview of intellectual property law in the... View Details
      Keywords: Trade; Ethics; Intellectual Property; Law; Negotiation Process; Relationships; Software; Information Technology Industry
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      Badaracco, Joseph L., Jr. "IBM-Fujitsu Dispute." Harvard Business School Case 390-168, March 1990. (Revised October 1994.)
      • March 1990 (Revised October 1999)
      • Case

      Turner Construction Company: Project Management Control Systems

      By: Robert L. Simons and Hilary Weston
      After providing a brief overview of Turner Construction Co.'s structure and project work, the case gives a detailed description of its project management control system, the IOR system. In addition to explaining the mechanics of the IOR system, the case identifies the... View Details
      Keywords: Mission and Purpose; Cost Management; Performance Evaluation; Risk Management; Strategic Planning; Planning; Management Systems; Management Teams; Construction Industry
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      Simons, Robert L., and Hilary Weston. "Turner Construction Company: Project Management Control Systems." Harvard Business School Case 190-128, March 1990. (Revised October 1999.)
      • March 1990 (Revised July 1991)
      • Case

      Digital Equipment Corp.: Complex Order Management

      By: Janice H. Hammond
      Describes the proposed creation of a low end 3000 configuration workstation using Digital's competitive advantage of offering a la carte configuration capability and ability to build different options for customers. Disadvantages of this 3000 configuration workstation... View Details
      Keywords: Customer Focus and Relationships; Cost; Management Practices and Processes; Distribution; Competitive Advantage
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      Hammond, Janice H. "Digital Equipment Corp.: Complex Order Management." Harvard Business School Case 690-081, March 1990. (Revised July 1991.)
      • February 1990 (Revised August 2001)
      • Case

      Merloni Elettrodomestici SpA: The Transit Point Experiment

      By: Janice H. Hammond and Maura G Kelly
      Merloni Elettrodomestici is a leading Italian manufacturer of domestic appliances. In 1986, an exposition for Merloni customers is scheduled at its Milano regional warehouse. During the two-month period preceding the event, when the warehouse must be free of inventory,... View Details
      Keywords: Logistics; Marketing Channels; Planning; Time Management; Distribution Channels; Competitive Advantage; Customer Relationship Management; Information Technology; Consumer Products Industry; Italy
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      Hammond, Janice H., and Maura G Kelly. "Merloni Elettrodomestici SpA: The Transit Point Experiment." Harvard Business School Case 690-003, February 1990. (Revised August 2001.)
      • January 1990 (Revised March 1991)
      • Case

      American Red Cross Blood Services: Northeast Region

      By: Robert L. Simons
      Recounts the financial difficulties and management changes experienced by American Red Cross Blood Services: Northeast Region (NER) during the 1980s. After summarizing industry-wide changes in the collection, testing, and distribution of blood and blood products, the... View Details
      Keywords: Change Management; Budgets and Budgeting; Financial Management; Restructuring; Health; SWOT Analysis; Social Enterprise; Marketplace Matching; Management Style; Organizational Culture; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Medical Devices and Supplies Industry; Health Industry; North and Central America
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      Simons, Robert L. "American Red Cross Blood Services: Northeast Region." Harvard Business School Case 190-078, January 1990. (Revised March 1991.)
      • December 1989
      • Background Note

      Note on How Organizations Can be Structured

      By: D. Q. Mills
      Describes four basic organizational forms--hierarchy, division, matrix, and cluster. Diagrams of each are included. Their strengths and weaknesses under different business environment conditions are detailed. There is a table comparing the forms on several key... View Details
      Keywords: Management Practices and Processes; Organizational Culture; Organizational Design; Organizational Structure
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      Mills, D. Q. "Note on How Organizations Can be Structured." Harvard Business School Background Note 490-040, December 1989.
      • December 1989
      • Article

      On the Consistency of Short-Run and Long-Run Exchange Rate Expectations

      By: K. A. Froot and T. Ito
      This paper examines whether short-term exchange rate expectations 'overreact' by comparing them with long-term expectations. We develop a set of nonlinear restrictions linking expectations at different forecast horizons. The restrictions impose consistency, a property... View Details
      Keywords: Currencies; Exchange Rates; International Macroeconomics; Monetary Policy; Currency Controls; Fixed Exchange Rates; Floating Exchange Rates; Currency Bands; Currency Zones; Currency Areas; Rational Expectations; Asset Pricing
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      Froot, K. A., and T. Ito. "On the Consistency of Short-Run and Long-Run Exchange Rate Expectations." Journal of International Money and Finance 8, no. 4 (December 1989): 487–510. (Revised from NBER Working Paper No. 2577, May 1988.)
      • August 1989 (Revised November 1994)
      • Case

      Nissan Motor Co. Ltd.: Marketing Strategy for the European Market

      By: John A. Quelch
      Nissan executives are reviewing their European marketing strategy in light of the 1992 European Community (EC) market integration program and the likely end of bilateral import quotas on Japanese cars by some EC countries. Having recently established a manufacturing... View Details
      Keywords: Marketing Strategy; Resource Allocation; Market Entry and Exit; Trade; Auto Industry; Japan; United Kingdom; Europe
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      Quelch, John A. "Nissan Motor Co. Ltd.: Marketing Strategy for the European Market." Harvard Business School Case 590-018, August 1989. (Revised November 1994.)
      • July 1989
      • Article

      Immunizing Children Against the Negative Effects of Reward

      By: B. A. Hennessey, T. M. Amabile and M. Martinage
      Two studies were conducted to examine the effect of intrinsic motivation training on children's subsequent motivational orientation and creativity in an expected reward situation. Past research has demonstrated the overjustification effect: Children who work on an... View Details
      Keywords: Creativity; Motivation and Incentives; Training; Early Childhood Education; Learning; Teaching
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      Hennessey, B. A., T. M. Amabile, and M. Martinage. "Immunizing Children Against the Negative Effects of Reward." Contemporary Educational Psychology 14, no. 3 (July 1989): 212–227.
      • June 1989
      • Background Note

      Mastering the Art of Change: Managing Convergence and Upheaval

      By: Rosabeth M. Kanter and Leonard A. Schlesinger
      Outlines the differences between convergent change, which is a process of incremental innovation and continuous improvement, and divergent change, which involves revolutionary changes. Discusses how to manage each type of change and the consequences associated with... View Details
      Keywords: Change Management; Change
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      Kanter, Rosabeth M., and Leonard A. Schlesinger. "Mastering the Art of Change: Managing Convergence and Upheaval." Harvard Business School Background Note 389-168, June 1989.
      • May 1989 (Revised August 2006)
      • Case

      RJR Nabisco

      By: Richard S. Ruback
      Gives students the opportunity to explore issues facing the board of directors in a leveraged buyout. RJR Nabisco is valued under different operating strategies and the source of gains in leveraged buyouts is stressed. View Details
      Keywords: Leveraged Buyouts; Profit; Operations; Problems and Challenges; Strategy; Valuation
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      Ruback, Richard S. "RJR Nabisco." Harvard Business School Case 289-056, May 1989. (Revised August 2006.)
      • April 1989
      • Case

      Norton Auto Supply

      By: Janice H. Hammond
      Describes a multiechelon distribution system for the distribution of automobile spare parts. An analyst has been hired by the Norton Auto Supply Co. to improve the company's inventory planning and control techniques. Includes demand, cost, weight, and supplier lead... View Details
      Keywords: Business or Company Management; Operations; Distribution Channels; Management Practices and Processes; Management; Strategy; Industrial Products Industry; Auto Industry
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      Hammond, Janice H. "Norton Auto Supply." Harvard Business School Case 689-084, April 1989.
      • 1989
      • Article

      The Creative Environment Scales: The Work Environment Inventory

      By: T. M. Amabile and N. Gryskiewicz
      The Creative Environment Scales Work Environment Inventory (WEI) is a new paper-and-pencil instrument designed to assess stimulants and obstacles to creativity in the work environment. Unlike many instruments that are designed as comprehensive descriptions of the work... View Details
      Keywords: Creativity; Innovation and Invention; Working Conditions; Management Analysis, Tools, and Techniques
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      Amabile, T. M., and N. Gryskiewicz. "The Creative Environment Scales: The Work Environment Inventory." Creativity Research Journal 2 (1989): 231–254.
      • November 1988 (Revised July 1997)
      • Case

      Technology Transfer at a Defense Contractor

      By: Linda A. Hill
      At a time of great changes in the corporate environment, Larry Yoshino, a design lab manager at Parsons Controls Corp., faces a delay in a costly defense project due to the inability of one of his subordinates to gain the cooperation of engineers at Parsons'... View Details
      Keywords: Organizational Change and Adaptation; Change Management; Conflict Management; Managerial Roles; Management Teams; Employees; Competitive Strategy; Projects
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      Hill, Linda A. "Technology Transfer at a Defense Contractor." Harvard Business School Case 489-084, November 1988. (Revised July 1997.)
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