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      • Article

      Beyond the Reach of the Invisible Hand: Impediments to Economic Activity, Market Failures, and Profitability

      By: Dennis Yao
      In this paper it is argued that failures of the competitive market are necessary conditions for supranormal profitability. Three fundamental causes of these market failures-production economies and sunk costs, transactions costs, and imperfect information-are developed... View Details
      Keywords: Economics; Markets; Failure; Profit; Cost; Information; Market Transactions; Competition; Strategy; Production
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      Yao, Dennis. "Beyond the Reach of the Invisible Hand: Impediments to Economic Activity, Market Failures, and Profitability." Strategic Management Journal 9 (Summer 1988): 59–70. (Harvard users click here for full text.)
      • May 1988 (Revised November 1990)
      • Case

      Airbus vs. Boeing (B): The Storm Intensifies

      By: Malcolm S. Salter
      Discusses the growing competition faced by U.S. producers of civil aircraft due to the success and expanding product line of Airbus Industries. Designed to foster discussion of international trade policy as it affects producers in the industry and to encourage firm... View Details
      Keywords: Trade; Policy; Negotiation; Competition; Competitive Strategy; Aerospace Industry; United States
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      Salter, Malcolm S. "Airbus vs. Boeing (B): The Storm Intensifies." Harvard Business School Case 388-145, May 1988. (Revised November 1990.)
      • May 1988 (Revised March 1990)
      • Case

      Matsushita Electric Industrial (MEI) in 1987

      By: Christopher A. Bartlett and Sumantra Ghoshal
      Describes the development of Matsushita's international operations and the building of its dominant competitive position in the consumer electronics industry. Picks up the major challenges facing the company in 1987 as both its product focus and geographic posture are... View Details
      Keywords: Global Strategy; Goods and Commodities; Product Positioning; Problems and Challenges; Business Strategy; Competitive Strategy; Value; Electronics Industry
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      Bartlett, Christopher A., and Sumantra Ghoshal. "Matsushita Electric Industrial (MEI) in 1987." Harvard Business School Case 388-144, May 1988. (Revised March 1990.)
      • spring 1988
      • Article

      Product Market Competition and Managerial Slack

      By: David S. Scharfstein
      Keywords: Product; Markets; Competition; Management
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      Scharfstein, David S. "Product Market Competition and Managerial Slack." RAND Journal of Economics 19, no. 1 (spring 1988): 147–155.
      • November 1987
      • Background Note

      The Magic Matrix: Products and Accounts

      By: Benson P. Shapiro
      Describes an interfunctional approach to product mix management and account selection. The approach uses a matrix of products and accounts. Also describes the concepts and implementation of the approach. View Details
      Keywords: Marketing Strategy; Product Marketing; Customers
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      Shapiro, Benson P. "The Magic Matrix: Products and Accounts." Harvard Business School Background Note 588-006, November 1987.
      • November 1987 (Revised March 1988)
      • Case

      Searching for Trade Remedies: The U.S. Machine Tool Industry--1983

      By: David B. Yoffie
      In 1983 the National Machine Tools Builder Association was predicting a declining market for the United States and rising imports. Machine tool manufacturers had to decide if they should ask the U.S. government for help, and if they did, which administrative channels... View Details
      Keywords: Economic Slowdown and Stagnation; Machinery and Machining; Government and Politics; Law; Production; Business and Government Relations; Competition; Manufacturing Industry; Japan; Germany; United States
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      Yoffie, David B. "Searching for Trade Remedies: The U.S. Machine Tool Industry--1983." Harvard Business School Case 388-071, November 1987. (Revised March 1988.)
      • June 1987 (Revised August 1988)
      • Case

      American Bank

      By: Robert S. Kaplan
      American Bank is developing a new system to compute product costs. The deregulated, more competitive environment for commercial banks has created both problems and opportunities for banking operations. In order to price existing products and assess the desirability of... View Details
      Keywords: System; Consolidation; Commercial Banking; SWOT Analysis; Fair Value Accounting; Cost Management; Price; Banking Industry; North and Central America; United States
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      Kaplan, Robert S. "American Bank." Harvard Business School Case 187-194, June 1987. (Revised August 1988.)
      • April 1987
      • Supplement

      Inland Steel Co. Product Policy, Video 5: Strategy and Capital Budgeting

      By: Benson P. Shapiro and Lawrence B. Levine
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      Shapiro, Benson P., and Lawrence B. Levine. "Inland Steel Co. Product Policy, Video 5: Strategy and Capital Budgeting." Harvard Business School Video Supplement 887-543, April 1987.
      • spring 1987
      • Article

      Second-Sourcing and the Experience Curve: Price Competition in Defense Procurement

      By: James J. Anton and Dennis A. Yao
      We examine a dynamic model of price competition in defense procurement that incorporates the experience curve, asymmetric cost information, and the availability of a higher cost alternative system. We model acquisition as a two-stage process in which initial production... View Details
      Keywords: Acquisition; Government and Politics; Price; Competition; Mathematical Methods
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      Anton, James J., and Dennis A. Yao. "Second-Sourcing and the Experience Curve: Price Competition in Defense Procurement." RAND Journal of Economics 18, no. 1 (spring 1987): 57–76. (Harvard users click here for full text.)
      • December 1986 (Revised December 1987)
      • Case

      Hewlett-Packard: Manufacturing Productivity Division (B)

      By: Benson P. Shapiro and Lawrence B. Levine
      Asks where in the Hewlett-Packard (HP) network of groups and sectors the Manufacturing Productivity Division should be placed. Provides a great deal of background regarding marketing, sales, and engineering at HP. It is thus possible to expand and broaden the... View Details
      Keywords: Business Divisions; Marketing; Production; Networks; Sales; Expansion; Manufacturing Industry
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      Shapiro, Benson P., and Lawrence B. Levine. "Hewlett-Packard: Manufacturing Productivity Division (B)." Harvard Business School Case 587-102, December 1986. (Revised December 1987.)
      • December 1986 (Revised January 1988)
      • Case

      Hewlett-Packard: Manufacturing Productivity Division (C)

      By: Benson P. Shapiro and Lawrence B. Levine
      Focuses on the development of a "market driven" culture at Hewlett-Packard (HP); the conflict between autonomous, well integrated divisions making products responsive to their own markets and a greater degree of systems integration at the corporate level; and the... View Details
      Keywords: Business Divisions; Marketing; Marketing Strategy; Production; Organizational Culture; Research and Development; Sales; Integration; Manufacturing Industry
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      Shapiro, Benson P., and Lawrence B. Levine. "Hewlett-Packard: Manufacturing Productivity Division (C)." Harvard Business School Case 587-103, December 1986. (Revised January 1988.)
      • December 1986 (Revised March 1991)
      • Supplement

      Caterpillar-Komatsu in 1986

      By: Christopher A. Bartlett
      Provides an update to the global competitive interaction between Caterpillar and Komatsu described in companion cases Caterpillar Tractor and Komatsu Ltd. Caterpillar's response to Komatsu's growing market share is outlined, then the impact of rapidly changing... View Details
      Keywords: Competition; Currency Exchange Rate; Price; Global Strategy; Policy; Market Participation; Strategy; Industrial Products Industry; Industrial Products Industry; Industrial Products Industry
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      Bartlett, Christopher A. "Caterpillar-Komatsu in 1986." Harvard Business School Supplement 387-095, December 1986. (Revised March 1991.)
      • August 1986 (Revised May 1993)
      • Case

      Rohm and Haas (A): New Product Marketing Strategy

      By: V. Kasturi Rangan and Lesley Susan
      Joan Macey, Rohm and Haas' market manager for Metalworking Fluid Biocides, found that sales of a new biocide, Kathon MWX, was utterly disappointing. This was all the more puzzling since sales of her other product--Kathon 886 MW, a liquid biocide used only in... View Details
      Keywords: Communication Strategy; Marketing Strategy; Product Launch; Distribution; Performance; Sales
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      Rangan, V. Kasturi, and Lesley Susan. "Rohm and Haas (A): New Product Marketing Strategy." Harvard Business School Case 587-055, August 1986. (Revised May 1993.)
      • July 1986 (Revised April 1989)
      • Background Note

      Note on Sources of Comparative Advantage

      By: David B. Yoffie and John J. Coleman
      After Eli Heckscher and Bertil Ohlin's propositions about the sources of comparative advantage were empirically challenged by Wassily Leontief, scholars set out to explain the "Leontief paradox" by developing alternative theories on the sources of comparative... View Details
      Keywords: Competitive Advantage
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      Yoffie, David B., and John J. Coleman. "Note on Sources of Comparative Advantage." Harvard Business School Background Note 387-024, July 1986. (Revised April 1989.)
      • July 1986 (Revised October 1987)
      • Case

      Ampex Corp.: Product Matrix Engineering (Revised)

      By: Steven C. Wheelwright
      Keywords: Competition; Quality; Management; Electronics Industry
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      Wheelwright, Steven C. "Ampex Corp.: Product Matrix Engineering (Revised)." Harvard Business School Case 687-002, July 1986. (Revised October 1987.)
      • July 1986 (Revised July 1991)
      • Case

      Nippon-WTI Ltd.

      By: W. Carl Kester and Glynn Ferguson
      A Japanese joint venture between a U.S. parent and a Japanese parent has proposed that 100% of the U.S. parent's product be produced in Japan rather than the 40% currently being manufactured there. This would require the U.S. parent to give up a dollar profit earned on... View Details
      Keywords: Joint Ventures; Currency Exchange Rate; Profit; Product; Production; Strategy; Manufacturing Industry; Asia; Japan; United States
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      Kester, W. Carl, and Glynn Ferguson. "Nippon-WTI Ltd." Harvard Business School Case 287-006, July 1986. (Revised July 1991.)
      • May 1986 (Revised October 1993)
      • Case

      Moet-Hennessy Group

      By: Malcolm S. Salter
      Presents the strategic and organizational problems of a venerable French firm pursuing product and financial diversification in an international context. View Details
      Keywords: Globalization; Product Marketing; Organizations; Diversification; France
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      Salter, Malcolm S. "Moet-Hennessy Group." Harvard Business School Case 386-191, May 1986. (Revised October 1993.)
      • April 1986 (Revised May 1988)
      • Case

      Sun Microsystems, Inc. (B)

      By: Kim B. Clark
      Dissects the manufacturing process and procedures of a high-end computer manufacturer. The main issue is how to introduce new products and ramp them up quickly in a competitive environment where time-to-market is crucial. Focuses on engineering change orders--how they... View Details
      Keywords: Factories, Labs, and Plants; Time Management; Product Launch; Production; Business Processes; Competitive Strategy; Computer Industry
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      Clark, Kim B. "Sun Microsystems, Inc. (B)." Harvard Business School Case 686-134, April 1986. (Revised May 1988.)
      • April 1986 (Revised September 1993)
      • Case

      Sun Microsystems, Inc. (A)

      By: Steven C. Wheelwright
      Sun Microsystems managers must decide whether to launch a new product into manufacturing. Teaching objectives include: 1) an analysis of the competitive environment, 2) examination of technological choices, 3) understanding of the new product development process, and... View Details
      Keywords: Decision Choices and Conditions; Product Launch; Product Development; Production; Competitive Strategy; Computer Industry
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      Wheelwright, Steven C. "Sun Microsystems, Inc. (A)." Harvard Business School Case 686-133, April 1986. (Revised September 1993.)
      • January 1986 (Revised March 1997)
      • Case

      Horizon Group

      By: William A. Sahlman
      Contains a description of a situation confronting the co-founder of a company planning to produce software for microcomputers. The company has just completed raising money from some wealthy investors by forming an R&D Limited Partnership. Development of the program (an... View Details
      Keywords: Business or Company Management; Venture Capital; Partners and Partnerships; Business Plan; Outcome or Result; Research and Development; Financial Strategy; Corporate Finance; Information Technology Industry
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      Sahlman, William A. "Horizon Group." Harvard Business School Case 286-058, January 1986. (Revised March 1997.)
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