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      • June 1994 (Revised September 1994)
      • Background Note

      Commercializing Technology: Imaginative Understanding of User Needs

      By: Dorothy A. Leonard
      The transformation of technology into commercially successful products is a process fraught with risk and uncertainty, and increasing pressure on time to market is exacerbating the difficulties. This note first describes a study conducted by Hewlett-Packard to improve... View Details
      Keywords: Transformation; Communication Strategy; Customers; Design; Marketing; Consumer Behavior; Product Development; Research; Risk and Uncertainty; Commercialization; Technology Adoption
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      Leonard, Dorothy A. "Commercializing Technology: Imaginative Understanding of User Needs." Harvard Business School Background Note 694-102, June 1994. (Revised September 1994.)
      • June 1994 (Revised September 1995)
      • Case

      Leland O'Brien Rubinstein Associates, Inc.: SuperTrust

      By: Peter Tufano
      Leland O'Brien Rubinstein Associates, Inc. (LOR), which profited by selling portfolio insurance to institutional investors, attempts to rebuild itself after the 1987 stock market crash by creating new products to meet the unsatisfied needs of equity investors. LOR... View Details
      Keywords: Product Development; Financial Services Industry; United States
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      Tufano, Peter, and Barbara Kyrillos. "Leland O'Brien Rubinstein Associates, Inc.: SuperTrust." Harvard Business School Case 294-050, June 1994. (Revised September 1995.)
      • April 1994 (Revised August 1996)
      • Case

      American Express (A)

      By: Jay W. Lorsch
      In January 1993, the American Express board met to decide who would succeed James D. Robinson, III as chairman and CEO. The board needed to act in the spotlight of intense media and investor scrutiny, and after leaks had revealed that there was a conflict among the... View Details
      Keywords: Decision Making; Corporate Governance; Resignation and Termination; Leadership; Management Succession; Performance Evaluation
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      Lorsch, Jay W. "American Express (A)." Harvard Business School Case 494-093, April 1994. (Revised August 1996.)
      • April 1994 (Revised October 2002)
      • Case

      Frito-Lay, Inc.: A Strategic Transition (1987-1989)

      By: Lynda M. Applegate
      Describes the actions taken by the new CEO to return the company to profitability, to clarify the vision, and then to build the infrastructure (human, capital, and information) needed to support the long-term change in strategy and organization. Ends with senior... View Details
      Keywords: Transition; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Information Technology; Management Teams; Business Strategy; Food and Beverage Industry
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      Applegate, Lynda M. "Frito-Lay, Inc.: A Strategic Transition (1987-1989)." Harvard Business School Case 194-108, April 1994. (Revised October 2002.)
      • April 1994 (Revised September 1994)
      • Case

      KENETECH Corporation

      By: William E. Fruhan Jr.
      Involves a strategic decision about how fast to ramp up sales. Improvements in technology have driven down the cost of electric power generated from wind turbines to the point where they are competitive with fossil-fuel plants. KENETECH needs to raise equity capital to... View Details
      Keywords: Renewable Energy; Borrowing and Debt; Equity; Initial Public Offering; Growth and Development Strategy; Market Entry and Exit; Going Public; Sales; Competition; Energy Industry
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      Fruhan, William E., Jr. "KENETECH Corporation." Harvard Business School Case 294-111, April 1994. (Revised September 1994.)
      • March 1994 (Revised October 1994)
      • Case

      Reading Energy

      By: Forest L. Reinhardt
      Reading Energy builds facilities that produce energy from nontraditional fuels. A privately held, entrepreneurial organization, it has spent six years developing a plan to build a waste-to-energy plant in the town of Robbins, Illinois. The plant would burn municipal... View Details
      Keywords: Energy Generation; Wastes and Waste Processing; Business and Community Relations; Business Plan; Agreements and Arrangements; Contracts; Risk and Uncertainty; Government and Politics; Environmental Sustainability; Business Strategy; Energy Industry; Utilities Industry; Illinois
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      Reinhardt, Forest L. "Reading Energy." Harvard Business School Case 794-102, March 1994. (Revised October 1994.)
      • January 1994 (Revised August 1994)
      • Case

      Ocean Spray Cranberries: Environmental Risk Management

      By: Richard H.K. Vietor
      Ocean Spray Cranberries, one of the nation's most successful agricultural cooperatives, faces some difficult environmental management problems associated with water usage and wetlands development. Because of federal and state wetlands laws, new bogs for expansion had... View Details
      Keywords: Agribusiness; Innovation and Invention; Risk Management; Cooperative Ownership; Environmental Sustainability; Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry
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      Vietor, Richard H.K. "Ocean Spray Cranberries: Environmental Risk Management." Harvard Business School Case 794-088, January 1994. (Revised August 1994.)
      • 1994
      • Chapter

      Competition Policy and Privatization: An Organizational Perspective

      By: James Langenfeld and Dennis Yao
      Competition (antitrust) policies in Central and Eastern Europe need to address both short-term problems associated with the transition to a market economy as well as the development of institutions suitable for a mature market economy. In this paper we employ an... View Details
      Keywords: Economic Systems; Policy; Development Economics; Emerging Markets
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      Langenfeld, James, and Dennis Yao. "Competition Policy and Privatization: An Organizational Perspective." Chap. 10 in Government and Markets: Establishing a Democratic Order and a Market Economy In Former Socialist Countries. 32, by Hendrikus Blommestein and Bernard Steunenberg, 195–218. International Studies in Economics and Econometrics. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1994.
      • December 1993 (Revised January 1994)
      • Case

      Montana Land Reliance

      By: Forest L. Reinhardt and Thomas Patterson
      The Montana Land Reliance is a small not-for-profit organization in the business of creating conservation easements on private lands in Montana. The easements preserve the scenic character and recreational value of the lands by precluding subdivision and other forms of... View Details
      Keywords: Private Ownership; Motivation and Incentives; Business or Company Management; Natural Environment; Nonprofit Organizations; Property; Environmental Sustainability; Government and Politics; Montana
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      Reinhardt, Forest L., and Thomas Patterson. "Montana Land Reliance." Harvard Business School Case 794-050, December 1993. (Revised January 1994.)
      • October 1993 (Revised September 1994)
      • Background Note

      Accounting for Productivity Growth

      By: Forest L. Reinhardt
      Introduces students to the arithmetic of the accounting for national productivity growth. It defines labor productivity, capital productivity, and total factor productivity, describes the relationships among them, and discusses the phenomena that cause them to change... View Details
      Keywords: Performance Productivity; Macroeconomics; Analytics and Data Science; Government and Politics; Mathematical Methods; United States; Singapore
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      Reinhardt, Forest L. "Accounting for Productivity Growth." Harvard Business School Background Note 794-051, October 1993. (Revised September 1994.)
      • August 1993 (Revised August 1994)
      • Background Note

      Rhetoric of Change

      By: Nitin Nohria
      Describes the ways in which managers communicate the need to change, specifically the way in which they use vision, crisis, and transition as rhetorical strategies to mobilize change. Also discusses strategies used by those trying to resist change, setting up what may... View Details
      Keywords: Change; Communication Strategy
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      Nohria, Nitin. "Rhetoric of Change." Harvard Business School Background Note 494-036, August 1993. (Revised August 1994.)
      • July 1993 (Revised November 1993)
      • Case

      European Bank for Reconstruction and Development: Marketing Strategy for the Debut Bond Offering

      By: Jeffrey F. Rayport
      The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the first supranational financial institution of the post-Cold War era, is planning its debut in the international capital markets through a bond issuance of $500 million. The bank must determine its marketing... View Details
      Keywords: Bonds; Marketing Strategy; Capital Markets; Banks and Banking; Banking Industry; Europe
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      Rayport, Jeffrey F. "European Bank for Reconstruction and Development: Marketing Strategy for the Debut Bond Offering." Harvard Business School Case 594-005, July 1993. (Revised November 1993.)
      • December 1992 (Revised October 1993)
      • Case

      BMW: The Ultimate Driving Machine Seeks to De-Yuppify Itself

      By: Stephen A. Greyser and Wendy Smith Schille
      Tracks changes in the luxury auto market during the 1980s and early 1990s. Shifts in target consumer behavior--particularly the yuppie lifestyle--serve as the basis for manufacturer modifications of product line, positioning, and advertising. The climax of the case is... View Details
      Keywords: Advertising; Change Management; Transformation; Brands and Branding; Product Positioning; Production; Luxury; Segmentation; Auto Industry
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      Greyser, Stephen A., and Wendy Smith Schille. "BMW: The Ultimate Driving Machine Seeks to De-Yuppify Itself." Harvard Business School Case 593-046, December 1992. (Revised October 1993.)
      • November 1992 (Revised May 1993)
      • Case

      American Mobile Satellite Corporation

      By: Frank V. Cespedes and Laura Goode
      American Mobile Satellite Corp. (AMSC) has a license to provide wireless mobile communications via satellite throughout the United States and 200 miles of coastal waters. The first satellite launch is scheduled for 1994 and, in the interim, AMSC is providing limited... View Details
      Keywords: Wireless Technology; Decisions; Distribution Channels; Marketing Strategy; Product Development; Sales; Emerging Markets; Resource Allocation; Performance Capacity; Communications Industry; Information Technology Industry; United States
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      Cespedes, Frank V., and Laura Goode. "American Mobile Satellite Corporation." Harvard Business School Case 593-038, November 1992. (Revised May 1993.)
      • September 1992
      • Case

      Vintage Directions, Inc.

      By: Howard H. Stevenson
      Focuses on the problem of determining whether to continue with a start-up after the first market test. The company has seen product success but is far from break-even and needs additional financing. Focuses on opportunity analysis and the use of market data to assess... View Details
      Keywords: Product Launch; Product Marketing; Marketing Strategy; Forecasting and Prediction; Corporate Entrepreneurship; Business Startups; Business or Company Management
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      Stevenson, Howard H. "Vintage Directions, Inc." Harvard Business School Case 393-043, September 1992.
      • September 1992 (Revised November 1996)
      • Case

      Royal Automobile Club Rescue Services Division: Transformation Through Technology

      By: W. Earl Sasser and Roger H. Hallowell
      The Royal Automobile Club uses a new computer and telephone system to improve its service standards and profitability. After the initial impact of changes from technology, the organization faces a need to choose between future technological development or... View Details
      Keywords: Technological Innovation; Decision Choices and Conditions; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Information Technology; Corporate Strategy; Service Industry; Auto Industry; United Kingdom
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      Sasser, W. Earl, and Roger H. Hallowell. "Royal Automobile Club Rescue Services Division: Transformation Through Technology." Harvard Business School Case 693-029, September 1992. (Revised November 1996.)
      • May 1992
      • Supplement

      Fabtek (B)

      By: Rowland T. Moriarty Jr. and Benson P. Shapiro
      Presents an urgent order for repair service from an important customer who had purchased an item from a competitor. The item, which TiFab had bid on, went out at a price that TiFab predicted was below the amount necessary to ensure quality manufacture. Now the customer... View Details
      Keywords: Price; Bids and Bidding; Production; Quality; Competitive Strategy
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      Moriarty, Rowland T., Jr., and Benson P. Shapiro. "Fabtek (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 592-096, May 1992.
      • May 1992 (Revised August 1993)
      • Case

      Forest Policy in Malaysia

      By: Forest L. Reinhardt
      The governments of Malaysia and the Malaysian State of Sarawak need to assess possible changes in forest policy. Environmentalist pressure threatens traditional market relationships and patterns of business-government interaction. Harvest regulations, subsidies, trade... View Details
      Keywords: Natural Environment; Policy; Government and Politics; Environmental Sustainability; Trade; Business and Government Relations; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Forestry Industry; Forest Products Industry; Malaysia
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      Reinhardt, Forest L. "Forest Policy in Malaysia." Harvard Business School Case 792-099, May 1992. (Revised August 1993.)
      • May 1992
      • Article

      Coordination in Split-Award Auctions

      By: James J. Anton and Dennis Yao
      We analyze split award procurement auctions in which a buyer divides full production between two suppliers or awards all production to a single supplier, and suppliers have private cost information. An intriguing feature of split awards is that the equilibrium bids are... View Details
      Keywords: Supply Chain Management; Balance and Stability; Cost; Auctions; Bids and Bidding; Production; Five Forces Framework; Supply and Industry; Situation or Environment; Information; Manufacturing Industry
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      Anton, James J., and Dennis Yao. "Coordination in Split-Award Auctions." Quarterly Journal of Economics 107, no. 2 (May 1992): 681–707. (Reprinted in P. Klemperer, ed., The Economic Theory of Auctions, Elgar, 2000.) Harvard users click here for full text.)
      • January 1992 (Revised March 1993)
      • Case

      Maison Bouygues

      By: John A. Quelch
      The vice president of marketing is reviewing the 1991 marketing plan and budget for Maison Bouygues, the leading builder of new single family homes in France. Due to recession, the company's sales are forecast to be flat and adjustments may need to be made in the... View Details
      Keywords: Housing; Marketing Strategy; Forecasting and Prediction; Brands and Branding; Construction Industry; France
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      Quelch, John A. "Maison Bouygues." Harvard Business School Case 592-059, January 1992. (Revised March 1993.)
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