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      • June 2024 (Revised December 2024)
      • Case

      Climate Governance at Linde plc (A)

      By: Lynn S. Paine, Suraj Srinivasan, Emilie Billaud and Vincent Dessain
      In July 2023, the Linde plc board of directors' sustainability committee convened in London to review the company's environmental performance, with a focus on decarbonization and clean energy. Linde was the world's largest industrial gas supplier, with a workforce of... View Details
      Keywords: Climate Change; Environmental Sustainability; Green Technology; Multinational Firms and Management; Corporate Accountability; Corporate Disclosure; Corporate Governance; Governing and Advisory Boards; Compensation and Benefits; Innovation Strategy; Leading Change; Goals and Objectives; Business and Shareholder Relations; Chemical Industry; United States; Germany; Europe; North America; London
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      Paine, Lynn S., Suraj Srinivasan, Emilie Billaud, and Vincent Dessain. "Climate Governance at Linde plc (A)." Harvard Business School Case 324-140, June 2024. (Revised December 2024.)
      • June 2024
      • Supplement

      Climate Governance at Linde plc (B)

      By: Lynn S. Paine, Suraj Srinivasan, Emilie Billaud and Vincent Dessain
      In July 2023, the Linde plc board of directors' sustainability committee convened in London to review the company's environmental performance, with a focus on decarbonization and clean energy. Linde was the world's largest industrial gas supplier, with a workforce of... View Details
      Keywords: Climate Change; Environmental Sustainability; Green Technology; Multinational Firms and Management; Corporate Accountability; Corporate Disclosure; Corporate Governance; Governing and Advisory Boards; Compensation and Benefits; Innovation Strategy; Leading Change; Goals and Objectives; Business and Shareholder Relations; Chemical Industry; Energy Industry; United States; Germany; Europe; North America; London
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      Paine, Lynn S., Suraj Srinivasan, Emilie Billaud, and Vincent Dessain. "Climate Governance at Linde plc (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 324-141, June 2024.
      • June 2024 (Revised September 2024)
      • Case

      Driving Scale with Otto

      By: Rebecca Karp, David Allen and Annelena Lobb
      This case asks how startup founders make scaling decisions in light of their priorities for their business and for themselves. Otto was a technology company that applied artificial intelligence technology to sales. It deployed natural language processing to find sales... View Details
      Keywords: Artificial Intelligence; Natural Language Processing; B2B; B2B Innovation; Scaling; Scaling Tech Ventures; Business Startups; AI and Machine Learning; Finance; Sales; Business Strategy; Growth and Development Strategy; Entrepreneurship; Information Technology Industry; United States; Cambridge; New York (city, NY); Spain
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      Karp, Rebecca, David Allen, and Annelena Lobb. "Driving Scale with Otto." Harvard Business School Case 724-407, June 2024. (Revised September 2024.)
      • 2024
      • Working Paper

      Demographically Biased Technological Change

      By: Victor Manuel Bennett, John-Paul Ferguson, Masoomeh Kalantari and Rembrand Koning
      Who gets the jobs that automation creates? A consensus has begun to emerge that said technologies complement rather than substitute for labor. However, they also shift the demand for specific types of skills and other worker competencies. Such shifts imply unequal... View Details
      Keywords: Technological Innovation; Employment; Equality and Inequality; Demographics
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      Bennett, Victor Manuel, John-Paul Ferguson, Masoomeh Kalantari, and Rembrand Koning. "Demographically Biased Technological Change." Working Paper, June 2024.
      • June 2024
      • Case

      Building Innovation at VINCI

      By: Dennis Campbell, Aluna Wang and Carlota Moniz
      This case study explores how the VINCI Group, a French multinational operating in concessions, energy, and construction, bolstered awareness and adoption rates of new technologies within the organization. Through its separate innovation hub, Leonard, VINCI aimed to... View Details
      Keywords: Business Model; Business Organization; Decisions; Business Earnings; Business Strategy; Competition; Energy; Corporate Entrepreneurship; Values and Beliefs; Global Range; Global Strategy; Cross-Cultural and Cross-Border Issues; Multinational Firms and Management; Globalized Markets and Industries; Corporate Accountability; Collaborative Innovation and Invention; Disruptive Innovation; Innovation and Management; Innovation Strategy; Technological Innovation; Knowledge Sharing; Organizational Culture; Technology Adoption; Innovation Leadership; Organizational Structure; Construction Industry; Energy Industry; Technology Industry; France; Europe
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      Campbell, Dennis, Aluna Wang, and Carlota Moniz. "Building Innovation at VINCI." Harvard Business School Case 124-092, June 2024.
      • June 2024
      • Article

      Real Growth in Space Manufacturing Output Substantially Exceeds Growth in the Overall Space Economy

      By: Tina Highfill and Matthew Weinzierl
      Accurately measuring real economic output in the space economy is made difficult by the rapid increase in capabilities and decrease in prices of launch and satellite technologies achieved over the past two decades. Nominal measures of output in space will tend to... View Details
      Keywords: Technological Innovation; Economic Growth; Price; Production; Aerospace Industry
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      Highfill, Tina, and Matthew Weinzierl. "Real Growth in Space Manufacturing Output Substantially Exceeds Growth in the Overall Space Economy." Acta Astronautica 219 (June 2024): 236–242.
      • 2024
      • Working Paper

      The Efficiency of Patent Litigation

      By: Samuel Antill, Murat Alp Celik, Xu Tian and Toni M. Whited
      How efficient is the U.S. patent litigation system? We quantify the extent to which the litigation system shapes innovation using a novel dynamic model, in which heterogeneous firms innovate and face potential patent lawsuits. We show that the impact of a litigation... View Details
      Keywords: Innovation and Invention; Lawsuits and Litigation; Growth and Development; Welfare; Patents
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      Antill, Samuel, Murat Alp Celik, Xu Tian, and Toni M. Whited. "The Efficiency of Patent Litigation." Working Paper, May 2024. (Revise & Resubmit, Journal of Finance.)
      • May 2024 (Revised April 2025)
      • Case

      Leading Culture Change at Microsoft Western Europe

      By: Amy C. Edmondson and Cat Huang
      In 2023, Cindy Rose, President of Microsoft Western Europe, faced a critical decision. Rose grappled with the potential impact of widespread layoffs on psychological safety and the cultural transformation she had championed since her arrival. When Rose had first joined... View Details
      Keywords: Leadership; Organizational Culture; Transformation; Collaborative Innovation and Invention; Job Cuts and Outsourcing; Problems and Challenges; Motivation and Incentives; Groups and Teams; Business or Company Management; Technology Industry; Europe
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      Edmondson, Amy C., and Cat Huang. "Leading Culture Change at Microsoft Western Europe." Harvard Business School Case 624-096, May 2024. (Revised April 2025.)
      • 2024
      • Working Paper

      The Value of AI Innovations

      By: Wilbur Xinyuan Chen, Terrence Tianshuo Shi and Suraj Srinivasan
      We study the value of AI innovations as it diffuses across general and application sectors, using the United States Patent and Trademark Office’s (USPTO) AI patent dataset. Investors value these innovations more than others, as AI patents exhibit a 9% value premium,... View Details
      Keywords: AI and Machine Learning; Valuation; Technological Innovation; Open Source Distribution; Patents; Policy; Knowledge Sharing; Technology Industry
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      Chen, Wilbur Xinyuan, Terrence Tianshuo Shi, and Suraj Srinivasan. "The Value of AI Innovations." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 24-069, May 2024.
      • May 2024
      • Supplement

      HubSpot and Motion AI (B): Generative AI Opportunities

      By: Jill Avery
      The technologies driving artificial intelligence (AI) had progressed significantly since HubSpot’s acquisition of Motion AI in 2017. Generative AI was the newest major development. Software-as-a-service (SaaS) companies such as HubSpot were analyzing how generative AI... View Details
      Keywords: Artificial Intelligence; CRM; Chatbots; Sales Management; Generative Ai; SaaS; Marketing; Sales; AI and Machine Learning; Customer Relationship Management; Applications and Software; Technological Innovation; Competitive Advantage; Technology Industry; United States
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      Avery, Jill. "HubSpot and Motion AI (B): Generative AI Opportunities." Harvard Business School Supplement 524-088, May 2024.
      • May 2024
      • Teaching Note

      AI Wars

      By: Andy Wu and Matt Higgins
      Teaching Note for HBS Case No. 723-434. In 2024, the world was looking to Google to see what the search giant and long-time putative technical leader in artificial intelligence (AI) would do to compete in the massively hyped technology of generative AI popularized over... View Details
      Keywords: AI; Trends; AI and Machine Learning; Public Opinion; Technological Innovation; Competitive Advantage; Technology Industry
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      Wu, Andy, and Matt Higgins. "AI Wars." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 724-482, May 2024.
      • 2024
      • Working Paper

      Immigrant Entrepreneurship: New Estimates and a Research Agenda

      By: Saheel Chodavadia, Sari Pekkala Kerr, William R. Kerr and Louis Maiden
      Immigrants contribute disproportionately to entrepreneurship in many countries, accounting for a quarter of new employer businesses in the US. We review recent research on the measurement of immigrant entrepreneurship, the traits of immigrant founders, their economic... View Details
      Keywords: Immigrant Employment; Immigration; Entrepreneurship; Demographics; Innovation and Invention
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      Chodavadia, Saheel, Sari Pekkala Kerr, William R. Kerr, and Louis Maiden. "Immigrant Entrepreneurship: New Estimates and a Research Agenda." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 24-068, April 2024.
      • May 2024
      • Teaching Note

      AI21 Labs in 2023: Strategy for Generative AI

      By: David Yoffie
      Teaching Note for HBS Case 724-383. The case has 3 important teaching purposes: First, what are the advantages and disadvantages of imitation? (e.g., Should AI21 imitate OpenAI with a chatbot?) Second, what are the advantages and disadvantages of keeping new technology... View Details
      Keywords: AI; Generative Ai; Generative Models; AI and Machine Learning; Innovation Strategy; Growth and Development Strategy; Business Model; Business Startups; Open Source Distribution; Competitive Advantage; Technology Industry; Israel
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      Yoffie, David. "AI21 Labs in 2023: Strategy for Generative AI." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 724-461, May 2024.
      • May 2024
      • Article

      Financial Innovation in the 21st Century: Evidence from U.S. Patents

      By: Josh Lerner, Amit Seru, Nick Short and Yuan Sun
      We develop a unique dataset of 24 thousand U.S. finance patents granted over the last two decades to explore the evolution and production of financial innovation. We use machine learning to identify the financial patents and extensively audit the results to ensure... View Details
      Keywords: Banking; Investment Banks; Information Technology; Regulation; Patents; Innovation and Invention; Trends
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      Lerner, Josh, Amit Seru, Nick Short, and Yuan Sun. "Financial Innovation in the 21st Century: Evidence from U.S. Patents." Journal of Political Economy 132, no. 5 (May 2024): 1391–1449.
      • May 2024
      • Case

      HarvEast

      By: Jeremy Friedman and Natalie Kindred
      In late 2023, Dmitry Skornyakov, CEO of Ukrainian agribusiness HarvEast, was navigating the turmoil caused by Russia’s invasion of Ukraine that began in 2014 and escalated into full-scale war in February 2022. Before the full-scale invasion, HarvEast managed 127,000... View Details
      Keywords: Goods and Commodities; Natural Resources; Food; Problems and Challenges; Adaptation; Innovation and Management; Crisis Management; Logistics; Supply Chain; Risk and Uncertainty; Loss; Trust; Human Needs; War; Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry; Chile; South America; Latin America; Ukraine
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      Friedman, Jeremy, and Natalie Kindred. "HarvEast." Harvard Business School Case 724-011, May 2024.
      • 2024
      • Working Paper

      Old Moats for New Models: Openness, Control, and Competition in Generative AI

      By: Pierre Azoulay, Joshua L. Krieger and Abhishek Nagaraj
      Drawing insights from the field of innovation economics, we discuss the likely competitive environment shaping generative AI advances. Central to our analysis are the concepts of appropriability—whether firms in the industry are able to control the knowledge generated... View Details
      Keywords: Technological Innovation; AI and Machine Learning; Open Source Distribution; Policy
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      Azoulay, Pierre, Joshua L. Krieger, and Abhishek Nagaraj. "Old Moats for New Models: Openness, Control, and Competition in Generative AI." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 7442, May 2024.
      • April 2024
      • Teaching Note

      'The Wheels on the Bus' Go Electric: Highland Electric Fleets and Partners

      By: Rosabeth Moss Kanter and Jacob A. Small
      Teaching Note for HBS Case No. 324-107. Founder Duncan McIntyre developed an innovative service-based business to electrify transportation fleets for school districts and scale through public-private partnerships while contributing to climate change solutions. The case... View Details
      Keywords: Climate Change; Leadership; Growth Management; Supply Chain; Business and Stakeholder Relations; Innovation Leadership; Transportation Industry; United States; Canada
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      Kanter, Rosabeth Moss, and Jacob A. Small. "'The Wheels on the Bus' Go Electric: Highland Electric Fleets and Partners." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 324-129, April 2024.
      • 2024
      • Working Paper

      Dusting Off the Old Ones: Drug Licensing to Startups, Innovation Success and Efficiency

      By: Mosab Hammoudeh, Joshua Lev Krieger and Jiajie Xu
      This paper investigates whether moving R&D from incumbents to startups can increase innovation. Using comprehensive drug development data, we examine the outcomes of drug projects licensed from large firms to startups. We find that these projects licensed to startups... View Details
      Keywords: Product Development; Innovation and Invention; Business Startups; Research and Development; Performance Efficiency; Pharmaceutical Industry
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      Hammoudeh, Mosab, Joshua Lev Krieger, and Jiajie Xu. "Dusting Off the Old Ones: Drug Licensing to Startups, Innovation Success and Efficiency." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 24-067, March 2024.
      • April 2024
      • Case

      Michelin in Motion: Putting Purpose to Work

      By: Hubert Joly, Nitin Nohria and Emilie Billaud
      When he became CEO, facing limited growth prospects, a low valuation, and therefore a stagnating share price, Menegaux and his team launched a set of initiatives to reposition Michelin. These included (1) articulating a clear purpose (“We care about giving people a... View Details
      Keywords: Transformation; Talent and Talent Management; Innovation Strategy; Leading Change; Goals and Objectives; Growth and Development Strategy; Management Practices and Processes; Organizational Culture; Identity; Motivation and Incentives; Corporate Strategy; Diversification; Value Creation; Mission and Purpose; Valuation; Manufacturing Industry; Rubber Industry; Transportation Industry; Europe; France
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      Joly, Hubert, Nitin Nohria, and Emilie Billaud. "Michelin in Motion: Putting Purpose to Work." Harvard Business School Case 324-127, April 2024.
      • April 2024
      • Case

      Dr. Tom Mihaljevic and Cleveland Clinic

      By: Linda A. Hill and Lydia Begag
      In December 2022, Dr. Tomislav (“Tom”) Mihaljevic, CEO and President of Cleveland Clinic, was reflecting on the last few years at the hospital, marked both by unprecedented challenges and remarkable achievements. Cleveland Clinic had recently been ranked the world’s... View Details
      Keywords: Recruitment; Retention; Analytics and Data Science; Digital Transformation; Digital Platforms; Innovation and Management; Innovation Leadership; Human Capital; Leadership Development; Leadership Style; Leading Change; Organizational Culture; Organizational Structure; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Mission and Purpose; Outcome or Result; Performance Evaluation; Health Pandemics; Goals and Objectives; Health Industry; Cleveland; London; Abu Dhabi; Florida; Ohio
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      Hill, Linda A., and Lydia Begag. "Dr. Tom Mihaljevic and Cleveland Clinic." Harvard Business School Case 424-031, April 2024.
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