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      • 2017
      • Working Paper

      Optimal Tilts: Combining Persistent Characteristic Portfolios

      By: Malcolm Baker, Ryan Taliaferro and Terry Burnham
      We examine the optimal weighting of four tilts in US equity markets from 1968 through 2014. We define a “tilt” as a characteristic-based portfolio strategy that requires relatively low annual turnover. This is a continuum, with small size, a very persistent... View Details
      Keywords: Risk Anomaly; Beta; Capital Asset Pricing Model; Factor Investing
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      Baker, Malcolm, Ryan Taliaferro, and Terry Burnham. "Optimal Tilts: Combining Persistent Characteristic Portfolios." Working Paper, March 2017.
      • January 2016 (Revised March 2016)
      • Case

      HNA Group: Global Excellence with Chinese Characteristics

      By: William C. Kirby, F. Warren McFarlan and Joycelyn W. Eby
      By 2015, the HNA Group had grown from its roots as Hainan Airlines, a small airline founded in 1993 into a global conglomerate that ranked #464 in the Global 500. Much of this success it had achieved by cross-industry expansion within China, but since 2008, it had... View Details
      Keywords: China; Aviation And Aerospace; Airline Industry; Airlines; Globalization; Corporate Culture; Cross-Cultural and Cross-Border Issues; Global Strategy; Globalized Markets and Industries; Growth and Development; Air Transportation; Air Transportation Industry; China
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      Kirby, William C., F. Warren McFarlan, and Joycelyn W. Eby. "HNA Group: Global Excellence with Chinese Characteristics." Harvard Business School Case 316-013, January 2016. (Revised March 2016.)
      • 2015
      • Working Paper

      Replicating Private Equity with Value Investing, Homemade Leverage, and Hold-to-Maturity Accounting

      By: Erik Stafford
      Private equity funds tend to select relatively small firms with low EBITDA multiples. Publicly traded equities with these characteristics have high risk-adjusted returns after controlling for common factors typically associated with value stocks. Hold-to-maturity... View Details
      Keywords: Value Investing; Endowments; Investment Management; Asset Pricing; Private Equity; Investment; Management; United States
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      Stafford, Erik. "Replicating Private Equity with Value Investing, Homemade Leverage, and Hold-to-Maturity Accounting." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 16-081, January 2016.
      • December 2015
      • Case

      The Hain Celestial Group

      By: David E. Bell, José B. Alvarez, James Weber and Mary Shelman
      Hain Celestial manufactured natural and organic food and personal care products to be sold to retailers of these products. The company had grown successfully and profitably through acquisitions and organically for two decades. In late 2015, Hain faced challenges on... View Details
      Keywords: Agribusiness; Strategy; Marketing; Consumer Products Industry; United States
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      Bell, David E., José B. Alvarez, James Weber, and Mary Shelman. "The Hain Celestial Group." Harvard Business School Case 516-007, December 2015.
      • 2015
      • Chapter

      The Business Model: Nature and Benefits

      By: Ramon Casadesus-Masanell and John Heilbron
      This paper considers the nature of the business model and its strategic relevance to negotiations. We elaborate a substantive definition of the business model as decisions enforced by the authority of the firm; this definition enables the analysis of business models... View Details
      Keywords: Business Models; Value Capture; Value-Based Business Strategy; Ambivalent Value; Business Model; Value; Negotiation Deal
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      Casadesus-Masanell, Ramon, and John Heilbron. "The Business Model: Nature and Benefits." Chap. 1 in Business Models and Modelling. Vol. 33, edited by Charles Baden-Fuller and Vincent Mangematin. Advances in Strategic Management. Emerald Group Publishing, 2015.
      • Third Quarter 2015
      • Article

      Should Boards Mentor Their CEOs?: It Is a Complex Question. Here Are the Significant Considerations.

      By: Jay W. Lorsch
      It's a complex question with significant considerations, including how open the CEO is likely to be to such advice, the company's situation, and the characteristics of the board. View Details
      Keywords: Directors; CEO Mentoring; Governing and Advisory Boards; Rank and Position; Management Teams
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      Lorsch, Jay W. "Should Boards Mentor Their CEOs? It Is a Complex Question. Here Are the Significant Considerations." Directors & Boards 39, no. 5 (Third Quarter 2015): 25–27.
      • September 2015 (Revised July 2025)
      • Background Note

      Ethical Analysis: Situation versus Character

      By: Nitin Nohria, Sandra J. Sucher, Joseph Badaracco, Edward H. Chang and Bridget Gurtler
      When we think of human behavior, especially from a moral perspective, we often rely on explanations based on character. We think that good decisions and responsible behavior require people with integrity and strong character and that immoral behavior originates within... View Details
      Keywords: Decision Choices and Conditions; Ethics; Behavior; Personal Characteristics; Power and Influence; Situation or Environment; Values and Beliefs; Social Psychology
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      Nohria, Nitin, Sandra J. Sucher, Joseph Badaracco, Edward H. Chang, and Bridget Gurtler. "Ethical Analysis: Situation versus Character." Harvard Business School Background Note 316-078, September 2015. (Revised July 2025.)
      • September 2015
      • Teaching Note

      Unidentified Industries: Australia 2014

      By: Benjamin C. Esty and William E. Fruhan, Jr.
      Helps students to understand how the characteristics of a business are reflected in the firm's financial statements. In this exercise, students are given balance sheet data in percentage form (common-size balance sheets) and other selected financial ratios for a set of... View Details
      Keywords: Accounting; Finance; Financial Management; Australia
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      Esty, Benjamin C., and William E. Fruhan, Jr. "Unidentified Industries: Australia 2014." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 216-018, September 2015.
      • 2015
      • Chapter

      Deep Smarts as the Underpinnings of Dynamic Capabilities

      By: Dorothy A. Leonard and Michelle Barton
      Both ordinary and dynamic capabilities depend upon the deep smarts, i.e., business-critical, experience-based knowledge, held in the heads of an organization’s top talent. This chapter examines the links between individual and organizational capabilities and presents... View Details
      Keywords: Management Skills; Experience and Expertise; Innovation and Invention
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      Leonard, Dorothy A., and Michelle Barton. "Deep Smarts as the Underpinnings of Dynamic Capabilities." In The Oxford Handbook of Dynamic Capabilities, edited by David J. Teece and Sohvi Leih. Oxford University Press, 2015. Electronic.
      • September 2015 (Revised July 2016)
      • Case

      Unidentified Industries: Australia 2014

      By: Benjamin Esty and William E. Fruhan, Jr.
      Helps students to understand how the characteristics of a business are reflected in the firm's financial statements. In this exercise, students are given balance sheet data in percentage form (common-size balance sheets) and other selected financial ratios for a set of... View Details
      Keywords: Accounting; Finance; Financial Management; Australia
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      Esty, Benjamin, and William E. Fruhan, Jr. "Unidentified Industries: Australia 2014." Harvard Business School Case 216-014, September 2015. (Revised July 2016.)
      • July 2015
      • Article

      Executives' 'Off-the-Job' Behaviors and Financial Reporting Risk

      By: Robert Davidson, Aiyesha Dey and Abbie Smith
      We examine how executives' behavior outside the workplace, as measured by their ownership of luxury goods (low “frugality”) and prior legal infractions, is related to financial reporting risk. We predict and find that chief executive officers (CEOs) and chief financial... View Details
      Keywords: Management Teams; Behavior; Personal Characteristics; Crime and Corruption; Governance Compliance; Financial Reporting; Organizational Culture
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      Davidson, Robert, Aiyesha Dey, and Abbie Smith. "Executives' 'Off-the-Job' Behaviors and Financial Reporting Risk." Journal of Financial Economics 117, no. 1 (July 2015): 5–28.
      • Article

      Ignore June 30: Time is on the Side of a Better Iran Deal

      By: James K. Sebenius
      Prior to the "interim deal" reached in November 2013, Iranian nuclear negotiators could—and did—play for time while the regime rapidly added more centrifuges and increased production of enriched uranium. That is no longer the case. For the first time in years, the... View Details
      Keywords: International Relations; Negotiation Tactics; Negotiation Deal; Iran; United States; Iran; United States
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      Sebenius, James K. "Ignore June 30: Time is on the Side of a Better Iran Deal." Iran Matters (June 28, 2015).
      • 2015
      • Working Paper

      The Business Model: Nature and Benefits

      By: Ramon Casadesus-Masanell and John Heilbron
      This paper considers the nature of the business model and its strategic relevance to negotiations. We elaborate a substantive definition of the business model as decisions enforced by the authority of the firm; this definition enables the analysis of business models... View Details
      Keywords: Business Models; Value Capture; Value-Based Business Strategy; Ambivalent Value; Business Model; Negotiation Deal
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      Casadesus-Masanell, Ramon, and John Heilbron. "The Business Model: Nature and Benefits." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 15-089, May 2015. (Revised June 2015.)
      • 2015
      • Chapter

      Institutional Innovation: Novel, Useful, and Legitimate

      By: Ryan Raffaelli and Mary Ann Glynn
      This chapter advances the theoretical construct of institutional innovation, which we define as novel, useful and legitimate change that disrupts, to varying degrees, the cognitive, normative, or regulative mainstays of an organizational field. Institutional... View Details
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      Raffaelli, Ryan, and Mary Ann Glynn. "Institutional Innovation: Novel, Useful, and Legitimate." In The Oxford Handbook of Creativity, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship, edited by Christina E. Shalley, Michael A. Hitt, and Jing Zhou. Oxford University Press, 2015.
      • 2015
      • Mimeo

      Market Power in Mortgage Lending and the Transmission of Monetary Policy

      By: David S. Scharfstein and Adi Sunderam
      We present evidence that high concentration in mortgage lending reduces the sensitivity of mortgage rates and refinancing activity to mortgage-backed security (MBS) yields. We isolate the direct effect of concentration and rule out alternative explanations in two ways.... View Details
      Keywords: Mortgage Lending; Market Power; Monetary Policy Transmission; Mortgages; Banking Industry; United States
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      Scharfstein, David S., and Adi Sunderam. "Market Power in Mortgage Lending and the Transmission of Monetary Policy." April 2015. Mimeo.
      • January 2015 (Revised January 2018)
      • Technical Note

      Note on Comparative Capitalism

      By: Clayton S. Rose and Rebecca Henderson
      This note draws on academic work, as well as social and economic data across several countries, to provide a basic understanding of some of the differences among capitalist systems. It begins with a description of the system of capitalism, and characteristics that to a... View Details
      Keywords: Capitalism; Global; Economic Systems; Global Range; Japan; Germany; China; United States; Sweden
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      Rose, Clayton S., and Rebecca Henderson. "Note on Comparative Capitalism." Harvard Business School Technical Note 315-077, January 2015. (Revised January 2018.)
      • Article

      Leadership Tips for Today to Stay in the Game Tomorrow: The Ambidextrous Leader

      By: Michael Tushman
      This article summarizes research by the author into why some organizations fail in the face of "punctuated change," while others are reborn, adapt and survive. The key, he finds, involves embracing paradox. Continuing to exploit current business success is a must, but... View Details
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      Tushman, Michael. "Leadership Tips for Today to Stay in the Game Tomorrow: The Ambidextrous Leader." IESE Insight, no. 23 (Fourth Quarter 2014): 31–38.
      • August 15, 2014
      • Article

      Can an Outside CEO Run a Family-Owned Business?

      By: Josh Baron and Rob Lachenauer
      This article explores the intricate dynamics that often characterize family-owned businesses, shedding light on key archetypes that play prominent roles within these organizations. Using a narrative approach, the article illustrates the challenges faced by leaders... View Details
      Keywords: Family Ownership; Personal Characteristics; Family and Family Relationships; Management Practices and Processes
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      Baron, Josh, and Rob Lachenauer. "Can an Outside CEO Run a Family-Owned Business?" Harvard Business Review (website) (August 15, 2014).
      • 2016
      • Working Paper

      Signaling without Certification: The Critical Role of Civil Society Scrutiny

      By: Susan A. Kayser, John W. Maxwell and Michael W. Toffel
      In response to stakeholders' growing concerns, companies are joining voluntary environmental programs to signal their superior environmental management capabilities. In contrast to the literature's focus on certification programs that require a third-party audit, we... View Details
      Keywords: United Nations; Labor Standards; Supplier Relationship; Procurement; Sustainability; Sustainability Management; Quality And Safety; Risk; Globalization; Globalized Markets and Industries; Governance; Working Conditions; Supply Chain Management; Supply Chain; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Quality; Risk and Uncertainty; Safety; Reputation
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      Kayser, Susan A., John W. Maxwell, and Michael W. Toffel. "Signaling without Certification: The Critical Role of Civil Society Scrutiny." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 15-009, August 2014. (Revised July 2016.)
      • August 2014
      • Case

      Four Products: Predicting Diffusion (2014)

      By: John Gourville
      An updated "Four Products" case. This 2014 version includes: raw lobster meat, electric-powered Formula One race cars, a 3D printer for cosmetics, and a "smart" tennis racket. These four products form the basis to assess the drivers of new product adoption. In... View Details
      Keywords: Product Diffusion; Innovation and Invention; Product Launch; Marketing; Demand and Consumers; Technology Adoption
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      Gourville, John. "Four Products: Predicting Diffusion (2014)." Harvard Business School Case 515-023, August 2014.
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