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      ArchitectureRemove Architecture →

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      • 1997
      • Conference Presentation

      The Architecture of Cooperation: Managing Coordination Uncertainty and Interdependence in Strategic Alliances

      By: Ranjay Gulati
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      Gulati, Ranjay. "The Architecture of Cooperation: Managing Coordination Uncertainty and Interdependence in Strategic Alliances." Paper presented at the Academy of Management Annual Meeting, Boston, 1997.
      • August 1995
      • Case

      Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.: IT Organization and Architecture Challenges

      By: Richard L. Nolan
      Presents the outcome of Air Products ICON decentralization projects. New issues are explored, including the challenges of having a decentralized MIS staff, global network, client/server architecture, new data center issues, outsourcing, a new highly strategic customer... View Details
      Keywords: Information Technology; Information Infrastructure; Applications and Software; Organizational Design; Problems and Challenges
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      Nolan, Richard L. "Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.: IT Organization and Architecture Challenges." Harvard Business School Case 196-017, August 1995.
      • August 1995
      • Teaching Note

      Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.: IT Organization and Architecture Challenges TN

      By: Richard L. Nolan
      Teaching Note for (9-196-017). View Details
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      Nolan, Richard L. "Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.: IT Organization and Architecture Challenges TN." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 196-089, August 1995.
      • August 1995 (Revised September 1995)
      • Background Note

      Designing and Managing the Information Age IT Architecture

      By: Lynda M. Applegate
      The co-evolution of technology, work, and the workforce over the past 30 years has dramatically influenced our concept of organizations and the industries within which they compete. No longer simply a tool to support "back-office" transactions, IT has become a... View Details
      Keywords: Design; Management; Organizations; Information Technology
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      Applegate, Lynda M. "Designing and Managing the Information Age IT Architecture." Harvard Business School Background Note 196-005, August 1995. (Revised September 1995.)
      • August 1995
      • Background Note

      Managing in an Information Age: IT Challenges and Opportunities

      By: Lynda M. Applegate
      The co-evolution of technology, work, and the workforce over the past 30 years has dramatically influenced our concept of organizations and the industries within which they compete. No longer simply a tool to support "back-office" transactions, IT has become a... View Details
      Keywords: Information Technology; Information Management; Restructuring; Technological Innovation; Corporate Strategy; Organizational Design; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Information Technology Industry
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      Applegate, Lynda M. "Managing in an Information Age: IT Challenges and Opportunities." Harvard Business School Background Note 196-004, August 1995.
      • August 1995 (Revised August 1995)
      • Case

      CIGNA Property and Casualty Reengineering (A)

      By: Richard L. Nolan, Donna B. Stoddard, Chiara Francalanci and Elise C Martin
      Reengineering was introduced at CIGNA Corp. in 1988. CIGNA entered a second wave reengineering effort through a major project at CIGNA P&C, one of CIGNA's larger businesses. P&C was in financial crisis and as a result brought in a new executive team in 1991 to head the... View Details
      Keywords: Transformation; Cost vs Benefits; Design; Growth and Development; Analytics and Data Science; Growth and Development Strategy; Balanced Scorecard; Financial Crisis; Crisis Management; Projects; Information Technology; Insurance Industry
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      Nolan, Richard L., Donna B. Stoddard, Chiara Francalanci, and Elise C Martin. "CIGNA Property and Casualty Reengineering (A)." Harvard Business School Case 196-059, August 1995. (Revised August 1995.)
      • 1995
      • Working Paper

      IT Architectures and Organizational Information Processing Capacity: A Synthesis and Illustration

      By: Chiara Francalanci and Richard L. Nolan
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      Francalanci, Chiara, and Richard L. Nolan. "IT Architectures and Organizational Information Processing Capacity: A Synthesis and Illustration." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 96-002, July 1995.
      • April 1993 (Revised December 2001)
      • Case

      General Dynamics and Computer Sciences Corporation: Outsourcing the IS Function (C)

      By: F. Warren McFarlan and Katherine Seger
      Outlines the full architecture of an outsourcing agreement and allows the class to discuss what should and should not be in such agreements. View Details
      Keywords: Job Cuts and Outsourcing; Agreements and Arrangements; Technology Industry
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      McFarlan, F. Warren, and Katherine Seger. "General Dynamics and Computer Sciences Corporation: Outsourcing the IS Function (C)." Harvard Business School Case 193-146, April 1993. (Revised December 2001.)
      • 1992
      • Chapter

      Designing Organizations that Have Good Fit: A Framework for Understanding New Architectures

      By: M. Tushman and D. Nadler
      Keywords: Organizational Design
      Citation
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      Tushman, M., and D. Nadler. "Designing Organizations that Have Good Fit: A Framework for Understanding New Architectures." In Organization Architecture, edited by M. Gerstein, D. Nadler, and R. Shaw. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1992.
      • 1992
      • Chapter

      Technological Change and The Management of Architectural Knowledge

      By: Rebecca M. Henderson
      Keywords: Technological Innovation; Knowledge Management
      Citation
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      Henderson, Rebecca M. "Technological Change and The Management of Architectural Knowledge." In Transforming Organizations, edited by Thomas Kochan and Michael Useem. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992. (Reprinted in Organizational Learning, edited by Michael D. Cohen and Lee S. Sproull, Calif.: Sage Publications Inc., 1996.)
      • Summer 1991
      • Article

      Breaking the Chains of Embedded Knowledge: Architectural Innovation as a Source of Competitive Advantage

      By: Rebecca M. Henderson
      Keywords: Knowledge; Design; Innovation and Invention; Competitive Advantage
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      Henderson, Rebecca M. "Breaking the Chains of Embedded Knowledge: Architectural Innovation as a Source of Competitive Advantage." Design Management Journal 2, no. 3 (Summer 1991).
      • March 1990
      • Article

      Architectural Innovation: The Reconfiguration of Existing Product Technologies and The Failure of Established Firms

      By: Rebecca M. Henderson and Kim B. Clark
      Keywords: Design; Innovation and Invention; Product; Information Technology; Failure; Business Ventures
      Citation
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      Henderson, Rebecca M., and Kim B. Clark. "Architectural Innovation: The Reconfiguration of Existing Product Technologies and The Failure of Established Firms." Administrative Science Quarterly 35, no. 1 (March 1990): 9–30. (Reprinted in The Management of Innovation, edited by John Storey, London: Elgar, 2004; Managing Strategic Innovation and Change, edited by M.Tushman and P. Anderson, Oxford University Press, 2004; and in Strategic Management of Technology and Innovation, edited by Robert Burgelman, Clayton Christensen and Steven Wheelwright. Oxford University Press, 2004. Translated into Chinese for inclusion in an ASQ sponsored collection of "best papers" in 2005.)
      • March 1990
      • Article

      Architectural Innovation: The Reconfiguration of Existing Product Technologies and the Failure of Established Firms

      By: R. Henderson and K. B. Clark
      Keywords: Design; Innovation and Invention; Failure; Information Technology; Product
      Citation
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      Henderson, R., and K. B. Clark. "Architectural Innovation: The Reconfiguration of Existing Product Technologies and the Failure of Established Firms." Administrative Science Quarterly 35, no. 1 (March 1990): 9–30.
      • December 1989 (Revised February 1993)
      • Case

      Frito-Lay, Inc.: A Strategic Transition (C)

      By: Lynda M. Applegate
      In 1989, Frito-Lay designed an information technology infrastructure to support time-based competition and organizational restructuring. The company planned to provide timely flexible information to all major decision makers at all levels. This case describes the... View Details
      Keywords: Design; Information Technology; Information Infrastructure; Competitive Strategy; Time Management; Organizational Structure; Information Management; Strategic Planning; Performance Effectiveness; Decision Choices and Conditions; Food and Beverage Industry; Manufacturing Industry
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      Applegate, Lynda M. "Frito-Lay, Inc.: A Strategic Transition (C)." Harvard Business School Case 190-071, December 1989. (Revised February 1993.)
      • 1 Aug 1985
      • Conference Presentation

      The Architecture of Organizational Change: Linking Micro to Macro in the Change Process

      By: R. M. Kanter
      Keywords: Organizational Change and Adaptation
      Citation
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      Kanter, R. M. "The Architecture of Organizational Change: Linking Micro to Macro in the Change Process." Paper presented at the Academy of Management Annual Meeting, San Diego, August 01, 1985.
      • Research Summary

      Managing Multiple Identities at Work

      By: Lakshmi Ramarajan
      Peoples’ work identities, which are often a deep source of meaning for them, may conflict with or complement cultural, familial, or personal identities they value. A central focus of Professor Ramarajan’s work is understanding, on the individual level, how these... View Details
      • Teaching Interest

      Overview

      By: John D. Macomber
      Teaching and research interests center around the matching of private and instituional capital into large public infrastructure and resilience projects that shape the future of cities and urban environments around the world. The world's population is increaslingly... View Details
      Keywords: Finance; Infrastructure Finance; Water; Cities; Urbanization; Transportation; Architecture; Urban Planning; Construction; Africa; Latin America; Climate Change
      • Research Summary

      The Architecture of the Integrated Organization

      By: Ranjay Gulati
      In this research I explore how organizations balance pressures for efficiency with the need to be responsive at the same time. Operating in turbulent global markets it is increasingly important for firms to embrace both global efficiency and also local responsiveness.... View Details
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