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  • January 2025
  • Technical Note

AI vs Human: Analyzing Acceptable Error Rates Using the Confusion Matrix

By: Tsedal Neeley and Tim Englehart
This technical note introduces the confusion matrix as a foundational tool in artificial intelligence (AI) and large language models (LLMs) for assessing the performance of classification models, focusing on their reliability for decision-making. A confusion matrix... View Details
Keywords: Reliability; Confusion Matrix; AI and Machine Learning; Decision Making; Measurement and Metrics; Performance
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Neeley, Tsedal, and Tim Englehart. "AI vs Human: Analyzing Acceptable Error Rates Using the Confusion Matrix." Harvard Business School Technical Note 425-049, January 2025.
  • 17 Mar 2009
  • First Look

First Look: March 17, 2009

consumer surplus by making the gray market less competitive domestically. Under certain circumstances, the domestic welfare destruction arising from this erosion dominates the domestic welfare gains that... View Details
Keywords: Martha Lagace
  • 28 Jun 2016
  • First Look

June 28, 2016

raise funds from outside investors. The relationship appears not to be causal but instead driven by selection effects across heterogeneous teams with varying degrees of inequality aversion. Publisher's link:... View Details
Keywords: Sean Silverthorne
  • April 2009 (Revised November 2018)
  • Case

Sanctuary Soft: International Expansion Strategies

By: Boris Groysberg, Geoff Marietta, Tim Marshall and Adam Hartley
Sanctuary Soft CEO Elizabeth Smalley faced increasing pressure from her primary investor to expand operations internationally. If successful, the expansion could enlarge Sanctuary’s customer base and enable the firm to better serve existing clients’ overseas offices.... View Details
Keywords: Global Strategy; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Labor; Laws and Statutes; Market Entry and Exit; Information Technology Industry; Technology Industry; Web Services Industry; Banking Industry; China; India; Germany; United Kingdom; United States
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Groysberg, Boris, Geoff Marietta, Tim Marshall, and Adam Hartley. "Sanctuary Soft: International Expansion Strategies." Harvard Business School Case 409-104, April 2009. (Revised November 2018.)
  • 17 Feb 2010
  • First Look

First Look: Feb. 17

Beast, the music-recommendation company started three years before by Tim Westergren. The company's founder-CEO recently left due to pressures both at home and within the venture. Dozens of investors turned... View Details
Keywords: Martha Lagace
  • Article

Dying Is Unexpectedly Positive

By: Amelia Goranson, Ryan S. Ritter, Adam Waytz, Michael I. Norton and Kurt Gray
In people’s imagination, dying seems dreadful; however, these perceptions may not reflect reality. In two studies, we compared the affective experience of people facing imminent death with that of people imagining imminent death. Study 1 revealed that blog posts of... View Details
Keywords: Death; Language; LIWC; Positivity; Affective Forecasting; Open Materials; Perspective; Attitudes
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Goranson, Amelia, Ryan S. Ritter, Adam Waytz, Michael I. Norton, and Kurt Gray. "Dying Is Unexpectedly Positive." Psychological Science 28, no. 7 (July 2017): 988–999.
  • 2016
  • Working Paper

The Climate Custodians

By: Robert G. Eccles and Tim Youmans
Can custody banks become key players in climate change? Custody banks joining the battle against climate change will signal a significant shift in governance ideology for this highly regulated industry so critical to the global financial system. While global custody... View Details
Keywords: Pollutants; Climate Change; Capital Markets; Investment Banking; Institutional Investing; Policy
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Eccles, Robert G., and Tim Youmans. "The Climate Custodians." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 16-138, June 2016.
  • May 2017
  • Article

Agent-based Modeling: A Guide for Social Psychologists

By: Joshua Conrad Jackson, David Rand, Kevin Lewis, Michael I. Norton and Kurt Gray
Agent-based modeling is a longstanding but underused method that allows researchers to simulate artificial worlds for hypothesis testing and theory building. Agent-based models (ABMs) offer unprecedented control and statistical power by allowing researchers to... View Details
Keywords: Social Psychology; Marketing; Mathematical Methods
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Jackson, Joshua Conrad, David Rand, Kevin Lewis, Michael I. Norton, and Kurt Gray. "Agent-based Modeling: A Guide for Social Psychologists." Social Psychological & Personality Science 8, no. 4 (May 2017): 387–395.
  • October 2024 (Revised February 2025)
  • Case

SEC vs. AT&T: The Controversy over Phone Call Disclosures

By: Yuan Zou and Tim Gray
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Zou, Yuan, and Tim Gray. "SEC vs. AT&T: The Controversy over Phone Call Disclosures." Harvard Business School Case 125-060, October 2024. (Revised February 2025.)
  • February 2011
  • Article

Mind Perception: Real but Not Artificial Faces Sustain Neural Activity beyond the N170/VPP

By: Thalia Wheatley, Anna Weinberg, Christine E. Looser, Tim Moran and Greg Hajcak
Faces are visual objects that hold special significance as the icons of other minds. Previous researchers using event-related potentials (ERPs) have found that faces are uniquely associated with an increased N170/vertex positive potential (VPP) and a more sustained... View Details
Keywords: Neuroscience; Mind Perception; Social Psychology; Face Perception; Personal Characteristics; Science; Cognition and Thinking
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Wheatley, Thalia, Anna Weinberg, Christine E. Looser, Tim Moran, and Greg Hajcak. "Mind Perception: Real but Not Artificial Faces Sustain Neural Activity beyond the N170/VPP." PLoS ONE 6, no. 2 (February 2011).
  • January 2014 (Revised January 2014)
  • Case

Showdown at Cracker Barrel

By: Suraj Srinivasan and Tim Gray
In the fall of 2011, activist investor, Sardar Biglari, has acquired nearly 10% ownership in the Cracker Barrel restaurant chain. He believes that the board and senior management have failed and the company has underperformed relative to its peers. When he is denied a... View Details
Keywords: Boards; Activist Investors; Proxy Battles; Shareholder Activism; Peer Firm; Ratio Analysis; Financial Accounting; Financial Analysis; Board Of Directors; Boards Of Directors; Financial Intermediaries; Financial Analysts; CEO Turnover; New CEO; Peer Groups; Hedge Fund; Hedge Funds; Proxy Contest; Proxy Fight; Proxy Advisor; Proxy Battle; Financial Statement Analysis; Financial Strategy; Corporate Governance; Corporate Disclosure; Governing and Advisory Boards; Competition; Valuation; Business Strategy; Value Creation; Business and Shareholder Relations; Financial Reporting; Financial Statements; Retail Industry; Food and Beverage Industry; United States
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Srinivasan, Suraj, and Tim Gray. "Showdown at Cracker Barrel." Harvard Business School Case 114-026, January 2014. (Revised January 2014.)
  • Article

Megastudies Improve the Impact of Applied Behavioural Science

By: Katherine L. Milkman, Dena Gromet, Hung Ho, Joseph S. Kay, Timothy W. Lee, Pepi Pandiloski, Yeji Park, Aneesh Rai, Max Bazerman, John Beshears, Lauri Bonacorsi, Colin Camerer, Edward Chang, Gretchen Chapman, Robert Cialdini, Hengchen Dai, Lauren Eskreis-Winkler, Ayelet Fishbach, James J. Gross, Samantha Horn, Alexa Hubbard, Steven J. Jones, Dean Karlan, Tim Kautz, Erika Kirgios, Joowon Klusowski, Ariella Kristal, Rahul Ladhania, Jens Ludwig, George Loewenstein, Barbara Mellers, Sendhil Mullainathan, Silvia Saccardo, Jann Spiess, Gaurav Suri, Joachim H. Talloen, Jamie Taxer, Yaacov Trope, Lyle Ungar, Kevin G. Volpp, Ashley V. Whillans, Jonathan Zinman and Angela L. Duckworth
Policy-makers are increasingly turning to behavioural science for insights about how to improve citizens’ decisions and outcomes. Typically, different scientists test different intervention ideas in different samples using different outcomes over different time... View Details
Keywords: Policy Making; Behavioral Science; Behavior; Change; Decision Making; Policy
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Milkman, Katherine L., Dena Gromet, Hung Ho, Joseph S. Kay, Timothy W. Lee, Pepi Pandiloski, Yeji Park, Aneesh Rai, Max Bazerman, John Beshears, Lauri Bonacorsi, Colin Camerer, Edward Chang, Gretchen Chapman, Robert Cialdini, Hengchen Dai, Lauren Eskreis-Winkler, Ayelet Fishbach, James J. Gross, Samantha Horn, Alexa Hubbard, Steven J. Jones, Dean Karlan, Tim Kautz, Erika Kirgios, Joowon Klusowski, Ariella Kristal, Rahul Ladhania, Jens Ludwig, George Loewenstein, Barbara Mellers, Sendhil Mullainathan, Silvia Saccardo, Jann Spiess, Gaurav Suri, Joachim H. Talloen, Jamie Taxer, Yaacov Trope, Lyle Ungar, Kevin G. Volpp, Ashley V. Whillans, Jonathan Zinman, and Angela L. Duckworth. "Megastudies Improve the Impact of Applied Behavioural Science." Nature 600, no. 7889 (December 16, 2021): 478–483.
  • March 2012
  • Teaching Note

Fundamental Analysis in Emerging Markets: Autoweb Holdings and Tren Anuncio Ràpido (TN)

By: Lauren Cohen, Christopher Malloy and Tim Gray
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Cohen, Lauren, Christopher Malloy, and Tim Gray. "Fundamental Analysis in Emerging Markets: Autoweb Holdings and Tren Anuncio Ràpido (TN)." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 212-043, March 2012.
  • 15 Mar 2016
  • First Look

March 15, 2016

evidence that such “CEO activism” can influence public opinion and consumer attitudes. Our field experiment examines the impact of Apple CEO Tim Cook’s public statements opposing a pending religious freedom law that critics warned would... View Details
  • 07 Jun 2016
  • First Look

June 7, 2016

avoidance (Slemrod, 2004; Crocker and Slemrod, 2005; Chen and Chu, 2005) by showing that increases in institutional ownership are associated with increases in tax avoidance. Using the Russell index reconstitution setting to isolate... View Details
Keywords: Sean Silverthorne
  • 24 Jan 2012
  • First Look

First Look: Jan. 24

(Study 1). Product priming also increases the speed with which product-relevant individuals come to mind (Study 2). In Study 3, consumers felt subjectively closer to networks primed by specific products, and this felt closeness predicted... View Details
Keywords: Sean Silverthorne
  • 03 Apr 2012
  • First Look

First Look: April 3

goal of residency training. The Confederacy of Heterogeneous Software Organizations and Heterogeneous Developers: Field Experimental Evidence on Sorting and Worker Effort Authors:Kevin J. Boudreau and Karim R. Lakhani Publication:In The Rate and Direction of Inventive... View Details
Keywords: Carmen Nobel
  • 27 Mar 2012
  • First Look

First Look: March 27

inception of a promising venture lay the foundations for its eventual ruin. The Founder's Dilemmas is the first book to examine the early decisions by entrepreneurs that can make or break a startup and its team. Drawing on a decade of... View Details
Keywords: Carmen Nobel
  • 20 Dec 2016
  • First Look

December 20, 2016

years, this paper presents a significant revision of the model of creativity and innovation in organizations published in Research in Organizational Behavior in 1988. This update focuses primarily on the individual-level psychological processes implicated in creativity... View Details
Keywords: Carmen Nobel
  • 30 Sep 2019
  • Book

Book Excerpt: Why a Volume on Race, Work, and Leadership

  Excerpt by Laura Morgan Roberts, Anthony J. Mayo, and Serenity Lee Blacks have been integral to the economic foundation of the United States since its inception, yet that foundation was forged on an institutionalized inequality, which... View Details
Keywords: Re: Andi Wang
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