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      • Faculty Publications  (834)

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      • March 2021 (Revised February 2025)
      • Teaching Note

      Afterpay U.S.: The Omnichannel Dilemma

      By: Antonio Moreno and Anibha Singh
      Teaching Note for HBS Case No. 519-086. In 2018, Nick Molnar, the founder of the Australia-based online payment service Afterpay began its expansion to the U.S. market. The service had gained a loyal following in Australia by enabling customers to pay for online... View Details
      Keywords: Omnichannel Retail; Digital Marketing; Business Startups; Business Growth and Maturation; Business Model; Business Organization; For-Profit Firms; Change Management; Customer Value and Value Chain; Customer Relationship Management; Customer Satisfaction; Financing and Loans; Microfinance; Global Strategy; Marketing Strategy; Market Entry and Exit; Digital Platforms; Product Development; Supply Chain Management; Business and Stakeholder Relations; Networks; Network Effects; Internet and the Web; Financial Services Industry; Technology Industry; United States; Australia
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      Moreno, Antonio, and Anibha Singh. "Afterpay U.S.: The Omnichannel Dilemma." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 521-074, March 2021. (Revised February 2025.)
      • March 2021
      • Article

      Increasing the Level of Abstraction as a Strategy for Accelerating the Adoption of Complex Technologies

      By: Willy C. Shih
      Many new technologies are complex and embody high levels of technical sophistication, and applying them should require significant knowledge and experience. Yet, the rapid adoption and incorporation of these technologies into other innovations seems inconsistent with... View Details
      Keywords: Abstraction; Technological And Scientific Innovation; Technological Progress; Diffusion Of Innovation; Technology Adoption; Technological Innovation; Complexity; Information Technology; Strategy
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      Shih, Willy C. "Increasing the Level of Abstraction as a Strategy for Accelerating the Adoption of Complex Technologies." Strategy Science 6, no. 1 (March 2021): 54–61. (ISSN 2333-2050 (print), ISSN 2333-2077 (online))
      • February 2021
      • Case

      Board Director Dilemmas—New Year, New Timing

      By: Suraj Srinivasan, David G. Fubini and Amram Migdal
      This case focuses on a junior partner at a private equity (PE) firm who sits on the board of one of the firm’s portfolio companies. In the case, the board member asks the CEO to accelerate a cost-cutting initiative and looks to a seasoned industry veteran who is also a... View Details
      Keywords: Board Directors; Governing and Advisory Boards; Strategy; Decision Making
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      Srinivasan, Suraj, David G. Fubini, and Amram Migdal. "Board Director Dilemmas—New Year, New Timing." Harvard Business School Case 121-043, February 2021.
      • February 2021 (Revised June 2021)
      • Case

      Brainlab: Imaging a MedTech Future

      By: Regina E. Herzlinger, Gregory P. Licholai and Federica Gabrieli
      Can Brainlab, a privately held firm, compete with giants like Medtronic and Amazon in delivering the Digital Operating Room of the future? The CEO is pondering solutions for secure exchange of medical information, pricing a new robotic imaging device, and reorganizing... View Details
      Keywords: Surgery; Robotics; Health Care; Private Healthcare; Pricing; Technology Platform; Acquisition; Business Growth and Maturation; Growth and Development Strategy; Business Strategy; Corporate Strategy; Corporate Entrepreneurship; Health Care and Treatment; Health; Innovation and Invention; Innovation and Management; Innovation Strategy; Technological Innovation; Applications and Software; Information Infrastructure; Information Technology; Digital Platforms; Health Industry; Europe; Germany; Munich
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      Herzlinger, Regina E., Gregory P. Licholai, and Federica Gabrieli. "Brainlab: Imaging a MedTech Future." Harvard Business School Case 321-087, February 2021. (Revised June 2021.)
      • February 2021 (Revised April 2024)
      • Case

      Shopify: The Conquest for Chinese E-Commerce

      By: Jeffrey F. Rayport, Avani Patel, Samantha Lin and Ariel Yang
      In mid-2020, Tobias Lütke, CEO of Shopify, faced a critical decision on how to time potential expansion into the China market. Over the prior 15 years, his Canadian software-as-a-service company had grown from a small e-commerce solutions provider to a full service... View Details
      Keywords: Timing; Corporate Entrepreneurship; Service Operations; Business Model; Organizational Design; Change Management; Cross-Cultural and Cross-Border Issues; Global Strategy; Health Pandemics; Growth Management; Marketing Strategy; Digital Platforms; Alliances; Partners and Partnerships; Opportunities; Internet and the Web; E-commerce; United States; Canada; China
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      Rayport, Jeffrey F., Avani Patel, Samantha Lin, and Ariel Yang. "Shopify: The Conquest for Chinese E-Commerce." Harvard Business School Case 821-081, February 2021. (Revised April 2024.)
      • February 2021
      • Supplement

      HNA Group: Global Excellence with Chinese Characteristics (C)

      By: William C. Kirby, Billy Chan and John P. McHugh
      July 2017 was supposed to be a triumphant month for HNA Group. The latest Fortune Global 500 list showed the company had again skyrocketed in its ranking to no. 170, an improvement of over 200 positions from the year prior. Yet earlier that same July, the mysterious... View Details
      Keywords: Conglomerate; Airline Industry; Coronavirus; Financial Risk; Debt; Bankruptcy; Global Strategy; Restructuring; Health Pandemics; Financial Markets; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Financial Condition; Globalized Firms and Management; Business and Government Relations; Air Transportation Industry; Financial Services Industry; China
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      Kirby, William C., Billy Chan, and John P. McHugh. "HNA Group: Global Excellence with Chinese Characteristics (C)." Harvard Business School Supplement 321-123, February 2021.
      • 2025
      • Working Paper

      Competitive Two-Part Tariffs

      By: Jorge Tamayo and Guofu Tan
      We study competitive two-part tariffs in a model of asymmetric duopoly firms offering vertically and horizontally differentiated products. We provide necessary and sufficient conditions for marginal cost pricing to arise in equilibrium, respectively, and determine the... View Details
      Keywords: Product Differentiation; Two-part Tariffs; Marginal-cost Pricing; Cross-subsidization; Competition; Price
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      Tamayo, Jorge, and Guofu Tan. "Competitive Two-Part Tariffs." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 21-089, March 2021. (Revised January 2025. R&R American Economic Journal: Microeconomics.)
      • January 2021
      • Case

      Saham Group: It's In the Genes

      By: Christina R. Wing and Gamze Yucaoglu
      The case opens in August 2020 as Moulay Mhamed Elalamy (Mhamed), CEO of the Saham Group (the Group), a pan-African investment company that operates a variety of businesses out of Morocco, contemplates the Group’s identity, its investment strategy, and how to navigate... View Details
      Keywords: Family and Family Relationships; Family Business; For-Profit Firms; Transformation; Transition; Emerging Markets; Change Management; Private Equity; Investment; Strategy; Insurance Industry; Real Estate Industry; Education Industry; Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry; Morocco; Africa
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      Wing, Christina R., and Gamze Yucaoglu. "Saham Group: It's In the Genes." Harvard Business School Case 621-069, January 2021.
      • Editorial

      Why ESG Funds Fail to Scale

      By: Gabriel Karageorgiou and George Serafeim
      You’ve seen the headlines about the growth in environmental, social, and governance funds. Many investment professionals might read these and believe that launching a new ESG investment firm or ESG offering will be an automatic success. Our analysis of the data shows... View Details
      Keywords: ESG; ESG (Environmental, Social, Governance) Performance; ESG Disclosure; ESG Disclosure Metrics; ESG Ratings; ESG Reporting; Investment Management; Investment Strategy; Investments; Investment Fund; Sustainability; Sustainable Finance; Sustainable Investing; Investment; Management; Strategy; Investment Portfolio; Finance; Growth and Development; Failure
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      Karageorgiou, Gabriel, and George Serafeim. "Why ESG Funds Fail to Scale." Institutional Investor (January 11, 2021).
      • January 2021 (Revised October 2021)
      • Case

      eToro: Building the World's Largest Social Trading Network

      By: Elie Ofek and Danielle Golan
      Social trading platform eToro was preparing for the launch of its expanded offering in the U.S. The company faced critical decisions regarding product-market fit, go-to-market strategy, positioning and monetization. Moreover, it faced the challenge of how best to make... View Details
      Keywords: Social Trading Platform; Investment; Social and Collaborative Networks; Marketing Strategy; Expansion; Digital Platforms
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      Ofek, Elie, and Danielle Golan. "eToro: Building the World's Largest Social Trading Network." Harvard Business School Case 521-057, January 2021. (Revised October 2021.)
      • January 2021
      • Case

      Egon Zehnder: Beyond Search?

      By: Ashish Nanda and Margaret Cross
      In 2019, Egon Zehnder chair Jill Ader and CEO Edilson Camara faced a critical question: how should the global executive search firm approach its burgeoning advisory service offering? Since 2003, the firm’s advisory practice had grown as a conglomeration of grassroots... View Details
      Keywords: Professional Services Firms; Executive Search Firms; Professionalism; Partnership; Executive Coaching; Leadership Development; Expansion; Decision Making; Strategy; Switzerland; London
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      Nanda, Ashish, and Margaret Cross. "Egon Zehnder: Beyond Search?" Harvard Business School Case 721-430, January 2021.
      • January 2021 (Revised October 2024)
      • Case

      Aptiv PLC Board of Directors (A)

      By: Lynn S. Paine and Will Hurwitz
      Aptiv’s board must decide whether a joint venture with an auto maker is the right next step in the company’s efforts to develop and commercialize a production-ready autonomous driving system. While many commentators believed that Aptiv’s self-driving technologies had... View Details
      Keywords: Automotive Industry; Bankruptcy Reorganization; Board Of Directors; Board Committees; Board Decisions; Board Dynamics; Corporate Boards; Innovation And Strategy; Legal Aspects Of Business; Spin Off; Strategic Alliances; Strategic Change; Strategic Evolution; Supplier Relationships; Technological Change; Corporate Governance; Governing and Advisory Boards; Innovation Strategy; Going Public; Joint Ventures; Leadership; Restructuring; Technological Innovation; Transformation; Auto Industry; Europe; United States
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      Paine, Lynn S., and Will Hurwitz. "Aptiv PLC Board of Directors (A)." Harvard Business School Case 321-050, January 2021. (Revised October 2024.)
      • January 2021 (Revised March 2021)
      • Case

      Jumia's Path to Profitability

      By: Ramon Casadesus-Masanell, Pippa Tubman Armerding and Gamze Yucaoglu
      The case opens in September 2019 as Sacha Poignonnec and Jeremy Hodara, co-founders and co-CEOs of Jumia, the leading Pan-African e-commerce platform, are contemplating the company’s path to profitability in the aftermath of a fragile investor sentiment, as the company... View Details
      Keywords: Retail; Business Models; Business Model; Business Startups; Emerging Markets; For-Profit Firms; Strategy; Digital Platforms; Information Technology; Technology Adoption; Value Creation; Globalization; Entrepreneurship; Competition; Expansion; Logistics; Profit; Resource Allocation; Diversification; Corporate Strategy; Retail Industry; Technology Industry; Africa
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      Casadesus-Masanell, Ramon, Pippa Tubman Armerding, and Gamze Yucaoglu. "Jumia's Path to Profitability." Harvard Business School Case 721-355, January 2021. (Revised March 2021.)
      • January–February 2021
      • Article

      Compensation Packages That Actually Drive Performance

      By: Boris Groysberg, Sarah Abbott, Michael R. Marino and Metin Aksoy
      By aligning executives’ financial incentives with company strategy, a firm can inspire its management to deliver superior results. But it can be hard to get pay packages right. In this article four experts break down the key elements of compensation and explain how to... View Details
      Keywords: Executive Compensation; Compensation and Benefits; Motivation and Incentives; Strategy; Performance
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      Groysberg, Boris, Sarah Abbott, Michael R. Marino, and Metin Aksoy. "Compensation Packages That Actually Drive Performance." Harvard Business Review 99, no. 1 (January–February 2021): 102–111.
      • 2021
      • Chapter

      International Business History and the Strategy of Multinational Enterprises: How History Matters

      By: Geoffrey Jones and Teresa da Silva Lopes
      This chapter provides an overview of the evolution of international business over the long-run as well as the strategies of MNEs. It highlights how strategies became more complex over time with MNEs moving from being coordinators of resources and managers of... View Details
      Keywords: Multinational; International Business; Internalization; Globalization; Theory; Multinational Firms and Management; Business History; Africa; Asia; Europe; Latin America; Middle East; North and Central America
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      Jones, Geoffrey, and Teresa da Silva Lopes. "International Business History and the Strategy of Multinational Enterprises: How History Matters." Chap. 2 in The Oxford Handbook of International Business Strategy, edited by Kamel Mellahi, Klaus E. Meyer, Rajneesh Narula, Irina Surdu, and Alain Verbeke. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press, 2021.
      • December 2020
      • Case

      VIA Science (A)

      By: Juan Alcácer, Rembrand Koning, Annelena Lobb and Kerry Herman
      Via (a) captures the early days of the data analytics startup as founders Gounden and Ravanis considered which markets offer the right opportunities for their firm and what kinds of experiments will help them narrow their choice. Supplement Via (b) reveals the... View Details
      Keywords: Data Analytics; Machine Learning; Artificial Intelligence; Strategy; Business Startups; Markets; AI and Machine Learning; Telecommunications Industry; Utilities Industry; United States; Japan
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      Alcácer, Juan, Rembrand Koning, Annelena Lobb, and Kerry Herman. "VIA Science (A)." Harvard Business School Case 721-367, December 2020.
      • December 2020
      • Supplement

      VIA Science (B)

      By: Juan Alcácer, Rembrand Koning, Annelena Lobb and Kerry Herman
      Via (a) captures the early days of the data analytics startup as founders Gounden and Ravanis considered which markets offer the right opportunities for their firm and what kinds of experiments will help them narrow their choice. Supplement Via (b) reveals the... View Details
      Keywords: Data Analytics; Machine Learning; Artificial Intelligence; Strategy; Business Startups; AI and Machine Learning; Telecommunications Industry; Utilities Industry; United States; Japan
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      Alcácer, Juan, Rembrand Koning, Annelena Lobb, and Kerry Herman. "VIA Science (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 721-368, December 2020.
      • 2020
      • Working Paper

      The Evolutionary Nature of Breakthrough Innovation: Re-Evaluating the Exploration vs. Exploitation Dichotomy

      By: Dominika K. Sarnecka and Gary P. Pisano
      Over the past few decades, a consensus has emerged that breakthrough innovations emerge from exploration of novel terrain while more routine innovations are the product of exploitation. In this paper, we revisit this explore versus exploit dichotomy with an analysis... View Details
      Keywords: Breakthrough Innovation; Exploration And Exploitation; Innovation and Invention; Technological Innovation
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      Sarnecka, Dominika K., and Gary P. Pisano. "The Evolutionary Nature of Breakthrough Innovation: Re-Evaluating the Exploration vs. Exploitation Dichotomy." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 21-071, December 2020.
      • December 2020 (Revised May 2021)
      • Case

      Riverstone

      By: David E. Bell and Natalie Kindred
      In 2020, Luke Minion and the leadership team at Riverstone, a hog producer founded in 2013 in Shandong, China, were evaluating Riverstone’s strategy as it rebounded from outbreaks of African Swine Fever (ASF) in two of its three farm complexes. Riverstone was a joint... View Details
      Keywords: Strategy; Globalization; Cross-Cultural and Cross-Border Issues; Animal-Based Agribusiness; Consumer Behavior; Demand and Consumers; Disruption; Risk and Uncertainty; Risk Management; Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry; Food and Beverage Industry; Consulting Industry; United States; China
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      Bell, David E., and Natalie Kindred. "Riverstone." Harvard Business School Case 521-063, December 2020. (Revised May 2021.)
      • 2023
      • Working Paper

      Personalized Game Design for Improved User Retention and Monetization in Freemium Games

      By: Eva Ascarza, Oded Netzer and Julian Runge
      One of the most crucial aspects and significant levers that gaming companies possess in designing digital games is setting the level of difficulty, which essentially regulates the user’s ability to progress within the game. This aspect is particularly significant in... View Details
      Keywords: Freemium; Retention/churn; Field Experiment; Field Experiments; Gaming; Gaming Industry; Mobile App; Mobile App Industry; Monetization; Monetization Strategy; Games, Gaming, and Gambling; Mobile and Wireless Technology; Customers; Retention; Product Design; Strategy
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      Ascarza, Eva, Oded Netzer, and Julian Runge. "Personalized Game Design for Improved User Retention and Monetization in Freemium Games." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 21-062, November 2020. (Revised December 2023.)
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