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      • January 2010 (Revised November 2017)
      • Background Note

      GUIDES: Insight through Indicators

      By: Matthew Weinzierl, Jonathan Schlefer and Ann Cullen
      GUIDES is an easily remembered framework that can help the business leader and student to confidently and quickly identify, organize, and interpret a country's key economic indicators. Alternatively, it can help them to evaluate third-party analyses and to compare such... View Details
      Keywords: Economy; Macroeconomics; Framework; Country; Analysis; Performance Evaluation
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      Weinzierl, Matthew, Jonathan Schlefer, and Ann Cullen. "GUIDES: Insight through Indicators." Harvard Business School Background Note 710-044, January 2010. (Revised November 2017.)
      • Article

      Exploration and Exploitation within and across Organizations

      By: Dovev Lavie, Uriel Stettner and Michael Tushman
      Jim March's framework of exploration and exploitation has drawn substantial interest from scholars studying phenomena such as organizational learning, knowledge management, innovation, organizational design, and strategic alliances. This framework has become an... View Details
      Keywords: Learning; Framework; Innovation and Invention; Knowledge Management; Organizational Design; Outcome or Result; Alliances; Behavior
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      Lavie, Dovev, Uriel Stettner, and Michael Tushman. "Exploration and Exploitation within and across Organizations." Academy of Management Annals 4 (2010): 109–155.
      • December 2009
      • Article

      Catering Through Nominal Share Prices

      By: Malcolm Baker, Robin Greenwood and Jeffrey Wurgler
      We propose and test a catering theory of nominal stock prices. The theory predicts that when investors place higher valuation on low-price firms, managers will maintain share prices at lower levels, and vice-versa. Using measures of time-varying catering incentives... View Details
      Keywords: Stocks; Stock Shares; Investment; Investment Return; Price; Theory; Valuation
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      Baker, Malcolm, Robin Greenwood, and Jeffrey Wurgler. "Catering Through Nominal Share Prices." Journal of Finance 64, no. 6 (December 2009): 2559–2590. (Internet Appendix.)
      • March 2009
      • Article

      Applicant and Examiner Citations in U.S. Patents: An Overview and Analysis

      By: Juan Alcacer, Michelle Gittelman and Bhaven Sampat
      Prior art patent citations have become a popular measure of patent quality and knowledge flow between firms. Interpreting these measurements is complicated, in some cases, because prior art citations are added by patent examiners as well as by patent applicants. The... View Details
      Keywords: Citations; Patents; Knowledge Sharing; Measurement and Metrics; Quality; United States
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      Alcacer, Juan, Michelle Gittelman, and Bhaven Sampat. "Applicant and Examiner Citations in U.S. Patents: An Overview and Analysis." Research Policy 38, no. 2 (March 2009): 415–427.
      • Article

      When Dreaming Is Believing: The (Motivated) Interpretation of Dreams

      By: Carey K. Morewedge and Michael I. Norton
      This research investigated laypeople's interpretation of their dreams. Participants from both Eastern and Western cultures believed that dreams contain hidden truths (Study 1) and considered dreams to provide more meaningful information about the world than similar... View Details
      Keywords: Anchoring; Attribution; Dreams; Motivated Reasoning; Unconscious Thought; Communication Intention and Meaning; Judgments; Values and Beliefs; Information; Behavior; Cognition and Thinking; Motivation and Incentives
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      Morewedge, Carey K., and Michael I. Norton. "When Dreaming Is Believing: The (Motivated) Interpretation of Dreams." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 96, no. 2 (February 2009): 249–264. (Winner of Society for Personality and Social Psychology. Theoretical Innovation Prize For an article or book chapter judged to provide the most innovative theoretical contribution to social/personality psychology within a given year presented by Society for Personality and Social Psychology​.)
      • December 2008
      • Case

      The Financial Crisis of 2008

      By: J. Gunnar Trumbull
      This case presents excerpts from the speeches of observers to the 2008 financial crisis, including former and current central bankers, a private banker, and a Nobel-prize winning economist. They present different interpretations of the causes of the financial crisis... View Details
      Keywords: Financial Crisis; Financial Management; Policy; History; Perspective
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      Trumbull, J. Gunnar. "The Financial Crisis of 2008." Harvard Business School Case 709-036, December 2008.
      • 2008
      • Working Paper

      Modern Management: Good for the Environment or Just Hot Air?

      By: Nicholas Bloom, Christos Genakos, Ralf Martin and Raffaella Sadun
      We use an innovative methodology to measure management practices in over 300 manufacturing firms in the UK. We then match this management data to production and energy usage information for establishments owned by these firms. We find that establishments in better... View Details
      Keywords: Energy Conservation; Management Practices and Processes; Performance Productivity; Environmental Sustainability; Pollutants; Manufacturing Industry; United Kingdom
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      Bloom, Nicholas, Christos Genakos, Ralf Martin, and Raffaella Sadun. "Modern Management: Good for the Environment or Just Hot Air?" NBER Working Paper Series, No. 14394, October 2008.
      • 2008
      • Working Paper

      Applicant and Examiner Citations in U.S. Patents: An Overview and Analysis

      By: Juan Alcacer, Michelle Gittelman and Bhaven Sampat
      Researchers studying innovation increasingly use indicators based on patent citations. However, it is well known that not all citations originate from applicants—patent examiners contribute to citations listed in issued patents—and that this could complicate... View Details
      Keywords: Citations; Innovation and Invention; Patents; Research; United States
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      Alcacer, Juan, Michelle Gittelman, and Bhaven Sampat. "Applicant and Examiner Citations in U.S. Patents: An Overview and Analysis." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 09-016, August 2008.
      • July 2008 (Revised May 2009)
      • Case

      The Springfield Nor'easters: Maximizing Revenues in the Minor Leagues

      By: Frank V. Cespedes, Christopher H. Lovelock and Laura Winig
      The marketing director of a new minor-league baseball team must design, conduct, and then interpret survey research to determine optimal ticket pricing that will yield large attendance figures and contribute to the owner's goal of breaking even in the first year of... View Details
      Keywords: Market Research; Quantitative Analysis; Consumer Marketing; Pricing Strategy; Price; Marketing Strategy; Mathematical Methods; Product Launch; Sports; Sports Industry; Massachusetts
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      Cespedes, Frank V., Christopher H. Lovelock, and Laura Winig. "The Springfield Nor'easters: Maximizing Revenues in the Minor Leagues." Harvard Business School Brief Case 082-510, July 2008. (Revised May 2009.)
      • July 2008
      • Article

      Crime and Punishment in the 'American Dream'

      By: Rafael Di Tella and Juan Dubra
      We observe that countries where belief in the "American dream" (i.e., effort pays) prevails also set harsher punishment for criminals. We know that beliefs are also correlated with several features of the economic system (taxation, social insurance, etc). Our objective... View Details
      Keywords: Crime and Corruption; Economic Systems; Values and Beliefs; Law Enforcement; Mathematical Methods; Personal Characteristics; United States
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      Di Tella, Rafael, and Juan Dubra. "Crime and Punishment in the 'American Dream'." Journal of Public Economics 92, no. 7 (July 2008).
      • March 2008
      • Article

      When Growth Stalls

      By: Matthew S. Olson, Derek C. M. van Bever and Seth Verry
      This article includes a one-page preview that quickly summarizes the key ideas and provides an overview of how the concepts work in practice along with suggestions for further reading. An abrupt and lasting drop in revenue growth is a crisis that can strike even the... View Details
      Keywords: Growth Strategy; Revenues; Crisis Management; Revenue; Growth and Development Strategy
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      Olson, Matthew S., Derek C. M. van Bever, and Seth Verry. "When Growth Stalls." Harvard Business Review 86, no. 3 (March 2008): 50–61.
      • 2008
      • Working Paper

      Catering through Nominal Share Prices

      By: Malcolm Baker, Robin Greenwood and Jeffrey Wurgler
      We propose and test a catering theory of nominal stock prices.  The theory predicts that when investors place higher valuation on low-price firms, managers will maintain share prices at lower levels, and vice-versa. Using measures of time-varying catering... View Details
      Keywords: Stocks; Stock Shares; Investment; Investment Return; Price; Theory; Valuation
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      Baker, Malcolm, Robin Greenwood, and Jeffrey Wurgler. "Catering through Nominal Share Prices." NBER Working Paper Series, No. w13762, January 2008. (First Draft in 2007.)
      • 2007
      • Working Paper

      A Resource Belief-Curse: Oil and Individualism

      By: Rafael Di Tella, Juan Dubra and Robert MacCulloch
      We study the correlation between a belief concerning individualism and a measure of luck in the US during the period 1983-2004. The measure of beliefs is the answer to a question related to whether the poor should be helped by the government or if they should help... View Details
      Keywords: Energy; Price; Policy; Government and Politics; Poverty; Welfare; Energy Industry; United States
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      Di Tella, Rafael, Juan Dubra, and Robert MacCulloch. "A Resource Belief-Curse: Oil and Individualism." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 08-035, November 2007.
      • October 2007 (Revised November 2010)
      • Module Note

      Evaluating M&A Deals-Equity Consideration

      By: Carliss Y. Baldwin
      What the acquiring company pays for a target in a merger or acquisition is called "consideration." Consideration can be in the form of cash, shares, or a combination of the two. Lays out the basic mechanics of equity consideration. Derives formulas for the Deal NPV of... View Details
      Keywords: Mergers and Acquisitions; Equity
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      Baldwin, Carliss Y. "Evaluating M&A Deals-Equity Consideration." Harvard Business School Module Note 208-077, October 2007. (Revised November 2010.)
      • 2007
      • Working Paper

      Testing Limits to Policy Reversal: Evidence from Indian Privatizations

      By: Siddhartha G. Dastidar, Raymond Fisman and Tarun Khanna
      We examine the effect of regime change on privatization using the 2004 election surprise in India. The pro-reform BJP was unexpectedly defeated by a less reformist coalition. Stock prices of government-controlled companies that had been slated for definite... View Details
      Keywords: Political Elections; Privatization; State Ownership; Policy; India
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      Dastidar, Siddhartha G., Raymond Fisman, and Tarun Khanna. "Testing Limits to Policy Reversal: Evidence from Indian Privatizations." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 13427, September 2007.
      • 2007
      • Book

      A Concise Guide to Macroeconomics: What Managers, Executives, and Students Need to Know

      By: David A. Moss
      Now more than ever before, executives and managers need to understand their larger economic context. In The Concise Guide to Macroeconomics, David Moss leverages his many years of teaching experience at Harvard Business School to lay out important macroeconomic... View Details
      Keywords: Macroeconomics; Money; Investment; Management Analysis, Tools, and Techniques
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      Moss, David A. A Concise Guide to Macroeconomics: What Managers, Executives, and Students Need to Know. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2007.
      • November 2006
      • Background Note

      Technical Game Theory Note #4: Contracting and Strategic Alliances

      By: Dennis A. Yao
      Provides a game theory-based interpretation of contracting and strategic alliances and introduces the problem of moral hazard. View Details
      Keywords: Contracts; Alliances; Game Theory
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      Yao, Dennis A. "Technical Game Theory Note #4: Contracting and Strategic Alliances." Harvard Business School Background Note 707-480, November 2006.
      • November 2006
      • Background Note

      Technical Game Theory Note #6: Multiple-Round Games and Reputations

      By: Dennis A. Yao
      Provides a game theory-based interpretation of reputations and reputation building. View Details
      Keywords: Game Theory; Mathematical Methods; Games, Gaming, and Gambling; Reputation; Debates; Strategy; Performance Consistency; Performance Improvement; Strategic Planning; Education Industry
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      Yao, Dennis A. "Technical Game Theory Note #6: Multiple-Round Games and Reputations." Harvard Business School Background Note 707-488, November 2006.
      • October 2006 (Revised August 2023)
      • Background Note

      Note on Student Outcomes in U.S. Public Education

      By: Stacey M. Childress, Stig Leschly and John J-H Kim
      Surveys educational outcomes among public school students in the United States. Educational outcomes are categorized as achievement outcomes (measured primarily by students' performance on standardized test results) and attainment outcomes (measured primarily by... View Details
      Keywords: Demographics; Education; Outcome or Result; Public Administration Industry; Education Industry; United States
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      Childress, Stacey M., Stig Leschly, and John J-H Kim. "Note on Student Outcomes in U.S. Public Education." Harvard Business School Background Note 307-068, October 2006. (Revised August 2023.)
      • February 2006
      • Article

      Taxation and Multinational Activity; New Evidence, New Interpretations

      By: Mihir A. Desai, C. Fritz Foley and James R. Hines Jr.
      Keywords: Taxation; Information
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      Desai, Mihir A., C. Fritz Foley, and James R. Hines Jr. "Taxation and Multinational Activity; New Evidence, New Interpretations." Survey of Current Business 82, no. 6 (February 2006): 16–22.
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