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    • All HBS Web  (2,363)
      • Faculty Publications  (659)

      Environmental SustainabilityRemove Environmental Sustainability →

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      • December 2022
      • Technical Note

      Risks and Opportunities from the Transition to a Low Carbon Economy: A Business Analysis Framework

      By: George Serafeim
      The transition to a low carbon economy introduces many risks and opportunities for businesses. Risks emerge from regulatory actions, such as carbon taxes and cap and trade systems, technological innovation that develop alternatives for customers making existing... View Details
      Keywords: Risk Assessment; Opportunities; Environmental Sustainability; Carbon Footprint; Risk Management; Competitive Dynamics; Business Analysis; Climate Change; Accounting; Finance; Valuation; Business and Shareholder Relations; Technological Innovation; Transition; Product Positioning; Renewable Energy; Analysis
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      Serafeim, George. "Risks and Opportunities from the Transition to a Low Carbon Economy: A Business Analysis Framework." Harvard Business School Technical Note 123-014, December 2022.
      • December 2022
      • Supplement

      Driving Decarbonization at BMW - Video Supplement

      By: Shirley Lu, George Serafeim and Michael W. Toffel
      Videos of Thomas Becker, Vice President of Sustainability and Mobility at BMW Group, in support of the case "Driving Decarbonization at BMW" (HBS No. 123-008) View Details
      Keywords: Decarbonization; Auto Manufacturing; Carbon Accounting; Accounting; Environmental Accounting; Energy; Environmental Management; Climate Change; Environmental Sustainability; Pollution; Product; Supply Chain; Supply Chain Management; Production; Product Design; Transportation; Transportation Industry; Europe; United States; China
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      Lu, Shirley, George Serafeim, and Michael W. Toffel. "Driving Decarbonization at BMW - Video Supplement." Harvard Business School Multimedia/Video Supplement 123-706, December 2022.
      • 2022
      • Article

      The Pricing and Ownership of U.S. Green Bonds

      By: Malcolm Baker, Daniel Bergstresser, George Serafeim and Jeffrey Wurgler
      We study green bonds, which are bonds whose proceeds are used for environmentally sensitive purposes. After an overview of the U.S. corporate and municipal green bonds markets, we study pricing and ownership patterns using a simple framework that incorporates assets... View Details
      Keywords: Green Bond; Pricing; Climate Finance; ESG; SRI; Sustainable; Municipal; Bonds; Environmental Sustainability; Financial Markets; Price; Ownership; United States
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      Baker, Malcolm, Daniel Bergstresser, George Serafeim, and Jeffrey Wurgler. "The Pricing and Ownership of U.S. Green Bonds." Annual Review of Financial Economics 14 (2022): 415–437.
      • November 2022 (Revised March 2024)
      • Case

      Northvolt: Building Batteries to Fight Climate Change

      By: George Serafeim, Debora L. Spar, P. Tufano and Julia M. Comeau
      In 2016, Swedish entrepreneurs Carl-Erik Lagercrantz and Peter Carlsson founded an electric battery company called Northvolt with the dual goals of creating a company to address climate change and bringing battery manufacture to Europe. Northvolt, which succeeded in... View Details
      Keywords: Batteries; Climate Change; Factories, Labs, and Plants; Green Technology; Mission and Purpose; Goals and Objectives; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Green Technology Industry; Battery Industry; Sweden; Europe
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      Serafeim, George, Debora L. Spar, P. Tufano, and Julia M. Comeau. "Northvolt: Building Batteries to Fight Climate Change." Harvard Business School Case 323-042, November 2022. (Revised March 2024.)
      • November 2022 (Revised April 2025)
      • Teaching Note

      Driving Decarbonization at BMW

      By: Shirley Lu, George Serafeim and Michael W. Toffel
      Teaching note in support of the case "Driving Decarbonization at BMW" (HBS No. 123-008) View Details
      Keywords: Decarbonization; Environment; Sustainability; Carbon Accounting; Carbon; Carbon Abatement; Electric Vehicles; Automobiles; Transportation; Environmental Accounting; Accounting; Environmental Management; Environmental Sustainability; Strategy; Technological Innovation; Supply Chain; Business and Stakeholder Relations; Climate Change; Transportation Industry; Auto Industry; Germany; Europe; China; United States
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      Lu, Shirley, George Serafeim, and Michael W. Toffel. "Driving Decarbonization at BMW." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 123-049, November 2022. (Revised April 2025.)
      • 2022
      • Working Paper

      How Do Investors Value ESG?

      By: Malcolm Baker, Mark Egan and Suproteem K. Sarkar
      Environmental, social, and governance (ESG) objectives have risen to near the top of the agenda for corporate executives and boards, driven in large part by their perceptions of shareholder interest. We quantify the value that shareholders place on ESG using a revealed... View Details
      Keywords: Investment; Investment Portfolio; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Business and Shareholder Relations; Environmental Sustainability; Governance; Financial Services Industry; United States
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      Baker, Malcolm, Mark Egan, and Suproteem K. Sarkar. "How Do Investors Value ESG?" NBER Working Paper Series, No. 30708, December 2022. (Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 23-028, November 2022.)
      • 2022
      • Working Paper

      The Issuance and Design of Sustainability-linked Loans

      By: Maria Loumioti and George Serafeim
      Sustainability-linked loans (i.e., syndicated loans for which pricing is linked to a sustainability performance indicator) have rapidly evolved into a significant private debt product. We find that sustainability-linked lending has been available mostly to borrowers... View Details
      Keywords: Sustainability; Sustainability Management; Credit Products; Loan Contracts; Loans; Corporate Finance; Credit Risk; Environment; ESG; ESG Ratings; Climate Change; Finance; Borrowing and Debt; Risk and Uncertainty; Credit
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      Loumioti, Maria, and George Serafeim. "The Issuance and Design of Sustainability-linked Loans." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 23-027, November 2022.
      • October 2022
      • Supplement

      Single Earth: Science White Paper Supplement

      By: Rembrand Koning and Emer Moloney
      Science White Paper prepared by Single.Earth to give an overview of the models and solutions it has developed. View Details
      Keywords: Business Startups; Entrepreneurship; Climate Change; Environmental Sustainability; Green Technology; Natural Resources; Pollution; Analytics and Data Science; Marketing; Product Marketing; Product Launch; Product Positioning; Markets; Market Timing; Strategy; Green Technology Industry; Estonia
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      Koning, Rembrand, and Emer Moloney. "Single Earth: Science White Paper Supplement." Harvard Business School Supplement 723-389, October 2022.
      • October 2022
      • Case

      Single.Earth

      By: Rembrand Koning and Emer Moloney
      Estonian greentech company Single.Earth is launching a nature-backed token that is linked to and funds the protection of a specific plot fo land. The first landowners had been onboarded to the company's Digital Twin, a virtual representation of the planet's natural... View Details
      Keywords: Alternative Assets; Business Startups; Entrepreneurship; Climate Change; Environmental Sustainability; Green Technology; Natural Resources; Pollution; Analytics and Data Science; Marketing; Product Marketing; Product Launch; Product Positioning; Markets; Market Timing; Strategy; Green Technology Industry; Estonia
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      Koning, Rembrand, and Emer Moloney. "Single.Earth." Harvard Business School Case 723-388, October 2022.
      • October 2022
      • Case

      Sustainable Finance at Itau BBA

      By: George Serafeim, Maria Loumioti and Benjamin Maletta
      As of August 2022, the Itau BBA had structured dozens of sustainability linked bonds, which made future interest payments a function of the borrower meeting a target for a sustainability metric, and had solidified its reputation as a pioneer of sustainable finance in... View Details
      Keywords: Sustainable Finance; Corporate Social Responsibility; Environmental Sustainability; Growth Strategy; Debt Contracting; Performance Metrics; Risk Assessment; ESG (Environmental, Social, Governance) Performance; Financial Instruments; Risk Management; Debt Securities; Measurement and Metrics; Banking Industry; Pulp and Paper Industry; Latin America
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      Serafeim, George, Maria Loumioti, and Benjamin Maletta. "Sustainable Finance at Itau BBA." Harvard Business School Case 123-036, October 2022.
      • October 2022 (Revised July 2025)
      • Case

      Driving Decarbonization at BMW

      By: Shirley Lu, George Serafeim and Michael W. Toffel
      The case describes BMW’s electrification and decarbonization strategy, and how the company measured carbon emissions throughout the life cycle of its vehicles and used tools like carbon abatement cost curves to evaluate decarbonization opportunities. In mid-2022,... View Details
      Keywords: Decarbonization; Climate Change; Environment; Sustainability; Carbon Accounting; Carbon; Carbon Abatement; Electric Vehicles; Automobiles; Transportation; Environmental Accounting; Environmental Management; Environmental Sustainability; Accounting; Strategy; Technological Innovation; Supply Chain; Business and Stakeholder Relations; Transportation Industry; Auto Industry; Battery Industry; Germany; China; United States; Europe
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      Lu, Shirley, George Serafeim, and Michael W. Toffel. "Driving Decarbonization at BMW." Harvard Business School Case 123-008, October 2022. (Revised July 2025.)
      • 2022
      • Book

      Healthy Buildings: How Indoor Spaces Can Make You Sick—or Keep You Well

      By: Joseph G. Allen and John D. Macomber
      For too long we’ve designed buildings that haven’t focused on the people inside—their health, their ability to work effectively, and what that means for the bottom line. An authoritative introduction to a movement whose vital importance is now all too clear, Healthy... View Details
      Keywords: COVID-19; Buildings and Facilities; Health; Health Pandemics; Safety
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      Allen, Joseph G., and John D. Macomber. Healthy Buildings: How Indoor Spaces Can Make You Sick—or Keep You Well. Revised and updated edition, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2022.
      • 2022
      • Book

      Purpose + Profit: How Business Can Lift Up the World

      By: George Serafeim
      The roadmap and best practices to reap the enormous value that can emerge when your business prioritizes social and environmental goals—such as climate change, diversity and inclusion, and sustainability—right alongside the pursuit of profit.

      We not only... View Details
      Keywords: ESG (Environmental, Social, Governance) Performance; Profitability; Business And Society; Organizations; Mission and Purpose; Goals and Objectives; Social Issues; Environmental Sustainability; Value Creation; Organizational Change and Adaptation
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      Serafeim, George. Purpose + Profit: How Business Can Lift Up the World. New York: HarperCollins Leadership, 2022.
      • July 2022
      • Case

      FIJI Water: Carbon Negative? (Abridged)

      By: Michael W. Toffel, George Serafeim, Francesca Gino, Stephanie Van Sice and Tom Quinn
      In the midst of increasing press scrutiny of the bottled water industry’s environmentally harmful practices, FIJI Water made a series of sustainability promises. The boldest of these was a pledge to go “carbon negative.” The company said that not only would they offset... View Details
      Keywords: Carbon Footprint; Carbon Offsetting; Environmental Accounting; Climate Change; Environmental Sustainability; Pollution; Cross-Cultural and Cross-Border Issues; Misleading and Fraudulent Advertising; Non-Governmental Organizations; Brands and Branding; Food and Beverage Industry; Fiji; United States
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      Toffel, Michael W., George Serafeim, Francesca Gino, Stephanie Van Sice, and Tom Quinn. "FIJI Water: Carbon Negative? (Abridged)." Harvard Business School Case 623-004, July 2022.
      • June 2022 (Revised August 2022)
      • Case

      Sustainability Reporting at Dollar Tree, Inc.

      By: Suraj Srinivasan and Li-Kuan Ni
      The cases discusses the ESG strategy of Dollar Tree Inc., a U.S. Fortune 500 company in the deep discount retail industry and the and shareholder pressure faced by the company. In 2022, the company faced a shareholder resolution from a renowned shareholder advocacy... View Details
      Keywords: ESG; Sustainability; Shareholder Activism; Dollar Tree; Sustainability Reporting; ESG Reporting; Board Of Directors; Shareholder Engagement; GHG; Environmental Accounting; Integrated Corporate Reporting; Trends; Communication; Announcements; Voting; Environmental Management; Climate Change; Environmental Sustainability; Values and Beliefs; Corporate Accountability; Corporate Disclosure; Corporate Governance; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Policy; Reports; Business or Company Management; Risk Management; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Outcome or Result; Strategic Planning; Business and Stakeholder Relations; Situation or Environment; Opportunities; Civil Society or Community; Social Issues; Public Opinion; Strategy; Adaptation; Alignment; Business Strategy; Corporate Strategy; Value Creation; Retail Industry; United States; Virginia
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      Srinivasan, Suraj, and Li-Kuan Ni. "Sustainability Reporting at Dollar Tree, Inc." Harvard Business School Case 122-044, June 2022. (Revised August 2022.)
      • June 2022
      • Case

      PFA Pensions: The Climate Plus Product

      By: Daniel Green, Victoria Ivashina and Alys Ferragamo
      The case explores whether alternative investments play a unique role in achieving low carbon dioxide emissions at the portfolio level. This case is set in April of 2020 and follows Kasper Ahrndt Lorenzen, Chief Investment Officer, and Peter Tind Larsen, Head of... View Details
      Keywords: Carbon Emissions; Carbon Footprint; Alternative Assets; Alternative Investment Vehicles; Pension Fund Investing; Private Equity; Renewable Energy; Investment Portfolio; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Environmental Sustainability; Denmark
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      Green, Daniel, Victoria Ivashina, and Alys Ferragamo. "PFA Pensions: The Climate Plus Product." Harvard Business School Case 222-088, June 2022.
      • 2022
      • Working Paper

      Machine Learning Models for Prediction of Scope 3 Carbon Emissions

      By: George Serafeim and Gladys Vélez Caicedo
      For most organizations, the vast amount of carbon emissions occur in their supply chain and in the post-sale processing, usage, and end of life treatment of a product, collectively labelled scope 3 emissions. In this paper, we train machine learning algorithms on 15... View Details
      Keywords: Carbon Emissions; Climate Change; Environment; Carbon Accounting; Machine Learning; Artificial Intelligence; Digital; Data Science; Environmental Sustainability; Environmental Management; Environmental Accounting
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      Serafeim, George, and Gladys Vélez Caicedo. "Machine Learning Models for Prediction of Scope 3 Carbon Emissions." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 22-080, June 2022.
      • June 2022 (Revised January 2023)
      • Case

      South Africa – a 'Just Energy Transition'

      By: Richard Vietor
      South Africa, like most other countries, is in the process of reducing its carbon emissions to comply with COP26 and, hopefully, reach net zero emissions by 2050. However, because South Africa relies almost wholly on coal (93%) for electricity, and on coal for... View Details
      Keywords: Energy; Economic Development; Climate Change; Coal Mining; Emission Reduction; Environmental Regulation; Environmental Sustainability; Environmental Law; Labor and Management Relations; Labor Unions; Natural Resources; Energy Policy; Energy Sources; South Africa
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      Vietor, Richard. "South Africa – a 'Just Energy Transition'." Harvard Business School Case 722-069, June 2022. (Revised January 2023.)
      • June 2022
      • Case

      Business Implications from Regulating Carbon Emissions in the EU

      By: George Serafeim and Benjamin Maletta
      In the beginning of the 21st century, the European Union (the EU) had led the global fight against climate change with a wide array of policy measures. The EU’s primary approach to climate policy had been taxation via the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU... View Details
      Keywords: Regulation; Carbon Emissions; Trade; Sustainability; Decarbonization; Performance; Climate Change; Analysis; Strategy; Taxation; Policy; Environmental Regulation; Industry Structures; European Union
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      Serafeim, George, and Benjamin Maletta. "Business Implications from Regulating Carbon Emissions in the EU." Harvard Business School Case 122-106, June 2022.
      • May 2022
      • Teaching Note

      Climate Action in Miami

      By: Rosabeth Moss Kanter and Catarina Martinez
      Teaching Note for HBS Case No. 322-101. The Miami metropolitan area is a global epicenter of climate risk from heat and sea level rise, but leaders have only recently mobilized for action to respond to this systemic challenge. Resilient 305 began a collaboration across... View Details
      Keywords: Climate Change; Climate Impact; Change; Leadership; Cross-sector Collaboration; Coalition; Ecosystem; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Cities; Environmental Sustainability; Infrastructure; Green Technology; Environmental Management; Miami
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      Kanter, Rosabeth Moss, and Catarina Martinez. "Climate Action in Miami." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 322-128, May 2022.
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