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- December 2017
- Supplement
Bega Cheese: Bidding to Bring Vegemite Back Home
By: Benjamin C. Esty and Lauren G. Pickle
In January 2017, the leadership team of Bega Cheese—the Australian dairy company—was considering a bid for Mondelēz International’s Australia and New Zealand (ANZ) grocery business which included several leading consumer brands (Vegemite—the iconic Australian spread,... View Details
Keywords: Mergers & Acquisitions; Value Drivers; Discounted Cash Flow (DCF); Dairy Industry; Corporate Scope; Diversification; Consumer Goods; Iconic Brands; Australia; Corporate Finance; Bidding Strategy; Cross Border; Mergers and Acquisitions; Valuation; Value Creation; Business Divisions; Capital Structure; Food; Bids and Bidding; Retail Industry; Consumer Products Industry; Food and Beverage Industry; Australia; United States
- January 1993 (Revised October 1994)
- Background Note
Note on Adjusted Present Value
By: Timothy A. Luehrman
Describes the "adjusted present value" (APV) approach to discounted cash flow analysis. Much of the note is devoted to a critical comparison of APV and an approach based on the wrighted average cost of capital (WACC). Argues that APV is usually, if not always, simpler,... View Details
Luehrman, Timothy A. "Note on Adjusted Present Value." Harvard Business School Background Note 293-092, January 1993. (Revised October 1994.)
- 2010
- Chapter
The Financing of R&D and Innovation
By: Bronwyn H. Hall and Josh Lerner
Evidence on the “funding gap” for investment innovation is surveyed. The focus is on financial market reasons for underinvestment that exist even when externality-induced underinvestment is absent. We conclude that while small and new innovative firms experience high... View Details
Hall, Bronwyn H., and Josh Lerner. "The Financing of R&D and Innovation." Chap. 14 in Handbook of the Economics of Innovation: Volume 1, by Bronwyn H. Hall and Nathan Rosenberg, 609–639. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2010.
- February 1984 (Revised February 1986)
- Case
E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co.: Titanium Dioxide
By: W. Carl Kester, Robert R. Glauber, David W. Mullins Jr. and Stacy S. Dick
Disequilibrium in the $350 million TiO2 market has prompted Du Pont's Pigments Department to develop two strategies for competing in this market in the future. The growth strategy has a smaller internal rate of return than the alternative strategy due to large capital... View Details
Keywords: Forecasting and Prediction; Cash Flow; Investment Return; Growth and Development Strategy; Strategic Planning; Projects; Chemical Industry
Kester, W. Carl, Robert R. Glauber, David W. Mullins Jr., and Stacy S. Dick. "E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co.: Titanium Dioxide." Harvard Business School Case 284-066, February 1984. (Revised February 1986.)
- January 2022
- Background Note
Residual Income Valuation Model
By: Charles C.Y. Wang and Albert Shin
This note explains the residual income valuation model (RIM), how it relates to "traditional" valuation models, the intuition behind its use, and empirical research related to its value relevance. RIM is theoretically equivalent to the dividend discount model and the... View Details
Keywords: Residual Income Valuation; Valuation; Research; Theory; Measurement and Metrics; Performance; Financial Management; Business Strategy
Wang, Charles C.Y., and Albert Shin. "Residual Income Valuation Model." Harvard Business School Background Note 122-070, January 2022.
- 2025
- Working Paper
Antitrust Platform Regulation and Entrepreneurship: Evidence from China
By: Ke Rong, D. Daniel Sokol, Di Zhou and Feng Zhu
Many jurisdictions have launched antitrust enforcement and brought in regulation of large tech platforms. The swift and strict implementation of China’s Anti-Monopoly Guidelines for the Platform Economy (Platform Guidelines) provides a quasi-natural experiment... View Details
Keywords: Platform; Antitrust; Regulation; Entrepreneurship; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Competition; Venture Capital; Market Entry and Exit; Supply and Industry; China
Rong, Ke, D. Daniel Sokol, Di Zhou, and Feng Zhu. "Antitrust Platform Regulation and Entrepreneurship: Evidence from China." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 24-039, January 2024. (Revised May 2025.)
- July 2001
- Technical Note
Technical Note on LBO Valuation (A): LBO Structure and the Target IRR Method of Valuation
Explains the equity cash flow method of valuation as it applies to leveraged buyouts. Also explains: 1) earnings and cash flow forecasts, 2) debt structure and the cash sweep, 3) the cashing out horizon and terminal valuation, and 4) the target IRR method of valuation. View Details
Keywords: Valuation; Leveraged Buyouts; Capital Budgeting; Borrowing and Debt; Cash Flow; Equity; Profit; Price; Forecasting and Prediction
Baldwin, Carliss Y. "Technical Note on LBO Valuation (A): LBO Structure and the Target IRR Method of Valuation." Harvard Business School Technical Note 902-004, July 2001.
- 2010
- Case
Groupe Ariel, S.A.: Parity Conditions and Cross-Border Valuation: Brief Case.
By: Timothy A. Luehrman and James Quinn
Groupe Ariel evaluates a proposal from its Mexican subsidiary to purchase and install cost-saving equipment at a manufacturing facility in Monterrey. The improvements will allow the plant to automate recycling and remanufacturing of toner and printer cartridges, an... View Details
- January 1995 (Revised August 1997)
- Background Note
Cross-Border Valuation
By: Kenneth A. Froot and W. Carl Kester
Provides a review of valuation techniques used to assess cross-border investments. Discusses the discounting of free cash flows with a weighted average cost of capital and the use of adjusted present value. Special concerns such as foreign-exchange risk, country risks,... View Details
Froot, Kenneth A., and W. Carl Kester. "Cross-Border Valuation." Harvard Business School Background Note 295-100, January 1995. (Revised August 1997.)
- January 2019
- Case
First Aid Beauty
By: Karen Mills and Annie Dang
In 2008, Lilli Gordon, an experienced financial and skincare entrepreneur, founded First Aid Beauty (FAB). She had discovered a white space in the prestige beauty market: high-end skin solutions that were suitable for sensitive skin. After initial success through... View Details
Keywords: Prestige Beauty; Skincare; Preferred Shares; Common Stock; Entrepreneurship; Venture Capital; Private Equity; Decision Choices and Conditions; Beauty and Cosmetics Industry
Mills, Karen, and Annie Dang. "First Aid Beauty." Harvard Business School Case 319-082, January 2019.
- September 2018
- Article
Asset Price Dynamics in Partially Segmented Markets
By: Robin Greenwood, Samuel G. Hanson and Gordon Y. Liao
We develop a model in which capital moves quickly within an asset class but slowly between asset classes. While most investors specialize in a single asset class, a handful of generalists can gradually reallocate capital across markets. Upon the arrival... View Details
Greenwood, Robin, Samuel G. Hanson, and Gordon Y. Liao. "Asset Price Dynamics in Partially Segmented Markets." Review of Financial Studies 31, no. 9 (September 2018): 3307–3343. (Internet Appendix Here.)
- December 2017 (Revised January 2018)
- Teaching Note
Bega Cheese: Bidding to Bring Vegemite Back Home
By: Benjamin C. Esty, Lauren G. Pickle and Greg Saldutte
In January 2017, the leadership team of Bega Cheese—the Australian dairy company—was considering a bid for Mondelēz International’s Australia and New Zealand (ANZ) grocery business which included several leading consumer brands such as Vegemite, the iconic Australian... View Details
Keywords: Mergers & Acquisitions; Value Drivers; Discounted Cash Flow (DCF); Dairy Industry; Corporate Scope; Diversification; Consumer Goods; Iconic Brands; Australia; Corporate Finance; Bidding Strategy; Cross Border; Financing; Mergers and Acquisitions; Valuation; Value Creation; Business Divisions; Capital Structure; Food; Bids and Bidding; Consumer Products Industry; Food and Beverage Industry; Australia; United States
Ivashina, Victoria, Alexey Tuzikov, and Abhijit Tagade. "Valuation Techniques in Private Equity: LBO Model." Harvard Business School Background Note 218-106, June 2018.
- March 2005 (Revised December 2005)
- Case
Actis & CDC: A New Partnership
By: G. Felda Hardymon and Ann Leamon
The senior managing partner of Actis, a leading private equity investor in emerging markets, must decide whether to go into the market to raise money. Actis was spun out of CDC, a 50-year-old division of the U.K.'s Department for International Development, and is... View Details
Keywords: Private Equity; Partners and Partnerships; Emerging Markets; Financial Services Industry; United Kingdom
Hardymon, G. Felda, and Ann Leamon. "Actis & CDC: A New Partnership." Harvard Business School Case 805-122, March 2005. (Revised December 2005.)
- May 2012
- Article
Global, Local, and Contagious Investor Sentiment
By: Malcolm Baker, Jeffrey Wurgler and Yu Yuan
We construct investor sentiment indices for six major stock markets and decompose them into one global and six local indices. In a validation test, we find that relative sentiment is correlated with the relative prices of dual-listed companies. Global sentiment is a... View Details
Keywords: Business and Shareholder Relations; Globalization; Stocks; Markets; Capital; Financial Services Industry
Baker, Malcolm, Jeffrey Wurgler, and Yu Yuan. "Global, Local, and Contagious Investor Sentiment." Journal of Financial Economics 104, no. 2 (May 2012): 272–287.
- September 2010
- Case
New Heritage Doll Company
By: Timothy A. Luehrman and Heide Abelli
A manufacturer and retailer of specialty doll products must decide which of two projects to fund. The decision requires the student to compute cash flows for the 2 projects, discount values to the present and compare and contrast different project performance measures. View Details
Keywords: Forecasting; Resource Management; Resource Allocation; Forecasting and Prediction; Capital Budgeting; Manufacturing Industry; Consumer Products Industry; Retail Industry
Luehrman, Timothy A., and Heide Abelli. "New Heritage Doll Company." Harvard Business School Brief Case 104-212, September 2010.
- April 2003
- Case
Captain Crisis in the United States Army, The
From 1989 to 1999, the Army watched as captain attrition rose from a planned and acceptable 6.7% to a staggering 10.6%. At the beginning of a new century, the Army leadership is concerned that current and projected staffing levels for junior officers are insufficient... View Details
Beaulieu, Nancy D., and Jamie Warder. "Captain Crisis in the United States Army, The." Harvard Business School Case 903-126, April 2003.
- November 2008 (Revised November 2024)
- Case
Tottenham Hotspur plc
By: Lauren H. Cohen, Joshua D. Coval and Christopher J. Malloy
Tottenham Hotspur Football Club is a publicly-owned professional soccer team based in London, England. The club's chairman, Daniel Levy, is contemplating a significant investment in physical assets, including the development of a new stadium as well as the acquisition... View Details
Keywords: Valuation; Capital Budgeting; Decision Making; Competency and Skills; Cash Flow; Investment; Buildings and Facilities; Sports; Investment Portfolio; Financial Strategy; Sports Industry; London
Cohen, Lauren H., Joshua D. Coval, and Christopher J. Malloy. "Tottenham Hotspur plc." Harvard Business School Case 209-059, November 2008. (Revised November 2024.)
- 2017
- Working Paper
Diversity in Innovation
By: Paul A. Gompers and Sophie Q. Wang
In this paper we document the patterns of labor market participation by women and ethnic minorities in venture capital firms and as founders of venture capital-backed startups. We show that from 1990-2016 women have been less than 10% of the entrepreneurial and venture... View Details
Gompers, Paul A., and Sophie Q. Wang. "Diversity in Innovation." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 17-067, January 2017.
- Research Summary
Level Playing Fields in International Financial Regulation
Joint work with Alan Morrison, Saïd Business School, Oxford.
We study a model of featuring two economies with adverse selection of and moral hazard by bankers. We demonstrate... View Details
- February 2011
- Module Note
Business Cycles and the New Challenges of Globalization
By: Diego A. Comin
Business Cycles and the New Challenges of Globalization is one of the core modules in Business Government and the International Economy (BGIE), a course for the required curriculum of the Harvard Business School. BGIE teaches the economic, political and historical... View Details
Keywords: Fluctuation; Business Cycles; Trade; Business Education; Curriculum and Courses; Capital; Cash Flow; Globalization; Problems and Challenges; China
Comin, Diego A. "Business Cycles and the New Challenges of Globalization." Harvard Business School Module Note 711-064, February 2011.