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      • March 1999
      • Case

      Eastman Kodak Company

      By: Robert J. Dolan
      Eastman Kodak has suffered significant declines in film market share at the hands of lower-priced branded producers and private label products. The case presents Kodak's proposal to launch a new economy brand of film to combat these rivals. A rewritten version of an... View Details
      Keywords: Segmentation; Product Positioning; Price; Brands and Branding; Product Launch; Consumer Products Industry
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      Dolan, Robert J. "Eastman Kodak Company." Harvard Business School Case 599-106, March 1999.
      • Article

      Businessmen and Land Ownership in the Late Nineteenth Century

      By: Tom Nicholas
      This article analyses the proportions of personal to real estate wealth for a group of 295 businessmen profiled in the Dictionary of business biography. It shows that businessmen who owned land on a large scale in the late nineteenth century were a comparatively small... View Details
      Keywords: Ownership; Personal Finance; Property; Biography; History; Acquisition; Wealth; Power and Influence; Status and Position; Integration; Transformation; Market Transactions
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      Nicholas, Tom. "Businessmen and Land Ownership in the Late Nineteenth Century." Economic History Review 52, no. 1 (February 1999): 27–44.
      • 1999
      • Article

      The Conspicuous Absence of Examination Questions Concerning the Great Irish Famine: Political Economy as Science and Ideology

      By: Nien-he Hsieh
      Keywords: Government and Politics; Economy; Science; Food
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      Hsieh, Nien-he. "The Conspicuous Absence of Examination Questions Concerning the Great Irish Famine: Political Economy as Science and Ideology." European Journal of the History of Economic Thought 6, no. 2 (1999): 169–199.
      • December 1998
      • Background Note

      Retail Financial Services in 1998

      By: Stephen P. Bradley and Takia Mahmood
      Provides an overview of the current restructuring that is taking place in the retail financial services industry. Provides a brief overview of the structural changes in banking, brokerage, insurance, and mutual funds. Used as background for examining the strategies of... View Details
      Keywords: Economic Sectors; Economy; Financial Institutions; Financial Markets; Industry Growth; Strategy; Competitive Strategy; Banking Industry; Financial Services Industry
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      Bradley, Stephen P., and Takia Mahmood. "Retail Financial Services in 1998." Harvard Business School Background Note 799-051, December 1998.
      • December 1998
      • Supplement

      An Interview with Zhang Ruimin, CEO, Haier Group, Video

      By: Lynn S. Paine and Jennifer Benqing
      Zhang Ruimin, founder and CEO of China's Haier Group, must decide whether to acquire Red Star Electric Appliance Co., an insolvent local manufacturer of washing machines. Although Haier, slated to become one of China's first global brand names, has successfully turned... View Details
      Keywords: Organizational Change and Adaptation; Organizational Culture; Acquisition; Business or Company Management; Consumer Products Industry; China
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      Paine, Lynn S., and Jennifer Benqing. "An Interview with Zhang Ruimin, CEO, Haier Group, Video." Harvard Business School Video Supplement 399-514, December 1998.
      • December 1998
      • Article

      Entrepreneurs and Business Performance in Nineteenth Century France

      By: Tom Nicholas, Elisa Boccaletti and James Foreman-Peck
      A popular explanation for the supposed "delayed industrialisation" of the nineteenth century French economy has been the inappropriate attitudes and actions of the managerial classes and family firms. To address these claims we model the supply and demand for... View Details
      Keywords: Entrepreneurship; Performance; Economy; Management; Success; Opportunities; Management Analysis, Tools, and Techniques; Saving; Higher Education; Training; Demand and Consumers; France
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      Nicholas, Tom, Elisa Boccaletti, and James Foreman-Peck. "Entrepreneurs and Business Performance in Nineteenth Century France." European Review of Economic History (December 1998).
      • November 1998 (Revised December 1998)
      • Case

      Asea Brown Boveri (Condensed)

      By: Robert L. Simons
      The merger of Asea AB and BBC Brown Boveri required a restructuring of operations and a change in organizational cultures. Competitive success also necessitated the benefits of scale while remaining "local" for political and customer-responsiveness reasons. The case... View Details
      Keywords: Change Management; Mergers and Acquisitions; Restructuring; Cost vs Benefits; Competitive Strategy; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Growth and Development; Performance Effectiveness; Consumer Products Industry
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      Simons, Robert L. "Asea Brown Boveri (Condensed)." Harvard Business School Case 199-027, November 1998. (Revised December 1998.)
      • October 1998 (Revised December 1999)
      • Case

      Gene Research, the Mapping of Life and the Global Economy

      By: Ray A. Goldberg and Juan Enriquez-Cabot
      A new firm is being created to speed up the process of mapping humans, animals, and plants by combining gene technology with rapid gene identification to improve the health and well being of the human population and the productivity of crops and animals. How does one... View Details
      Keywords: Information Technology; Organizational Structure; Technological Innovation; Business Processes; Health Care and Treatment; Performance Productivity; Welfare; Agribusiness; Genetics; Science-Based Business; Biotechnology Industry; Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry
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      Goldberg, Ray A., and Juan Enriquez-Cabot. "Gene Research, the Mapping of Life and the Global Economy." Harvard Business School Case 599-016, October 1998. (Revised December 1999.)
      • 1998
      • Book

      The Multinational Traders

      By: Geoffrey Jones
      This book examines the history and theory of multinational trading companies. The essays in this volume demonstrate the importance of trading companies in trade and investment flows in the world economy from the nineteenth century to the present day. The empirical... View Details
      Keywords: Company History; Trade; Globalization; Books; Organizational Structure; Perspective; Diversification; Theory; Asia; Europe; United States
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      Jones, Geoffrey, ed. The Multinational Traders. Routledge International Studies in Business History. London: Routledge, 1998.
      • October 1998 (Revised December 1999)
      • Case

      Lockheed Martin IMS: Making a Contribution and a Profit

      By: Rosabeth M. Kanter and Courtney Purrington
      Examines Lockheed Martin's attempt to move from its traditional reliance on defense/aerospace contracts into providing outsourced government services in the social sector. The protagonist reflects on the past 24 years of rapid growth in the company and the myriad... View Details
      Keywords: Social Enterprise; Partners and Partnerships; Diversification; Performance Effectiveness; Job Cuts and Outsourcing; Welfare; Private Ownership; Public Ownership; Privatization; Strategic Planning; United States
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      Kanter, Rosabeth M., and Courtney Purrington. "Lockheed Martin IMS: Making a Contribution and a Profit." Harvard Business School Case 399-018, October 1998. (Revised December 1999.)
      • Article

      Merchants as Business Groups: British Trading Companies in Asia before 1945

      By: G. Jones and Judith Wale
      Merchants formed an important component of British foregn direct investment before 1945. Locating in parts of Asia, Latin America and other developing economies, they often diversified into non-trading activities, inclding the ownership of plantations. This article... View Details
      Keywords: Trade; Developing Countries and Economies; Diversification; Competency and Skills; Entrepreneurship; Foreign Direct Investment; Asia; Latin America; Europe; Africa; North and Central America
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      Jones, G., and Judith Wale. "Merchants as Business Groups: British Trading Companies in Asia before 1945." Business History Review 72, no. 3 (Fall 1998): 367–408.
      • May 1998 (Revised January 1999)
      • Case

      Japan: "Free, Fair, and Global?"

      By: Richard H.K. Vietor and Stephen E. Lynagh
      In April 1998, Prime Minister Hashimoto faced serious problems, both with his program of six systemic reforms and with his fiscal policy. Japan had been in effective recession for six years, unable to retain the miracle-growth achieved in earlier decades. Hashimoto has... View Details
      Keywords: Sovereign Finance; Development Economics; Social Issues; Policy; Economy; Government Administration; Financial Crisis; Japan
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      Vietor, Richard H.K., and Stephen E. Lynagh. Japan: "Free, Fair, and Global?". Harvard Business School Case 798-083, May 1998. (Revised January 1999.)
      • March 1998 (Revised April 1998)
      • Case

      Lehigh Steel

      By: V.G. Narayanan and Laura Donohue
      Lehigh Steel is a specialty steel manufacturer that plummeted from record profits to record losses in less than three years, driven by an inability to distinguish between profitable and unprofitable business. The scale and growth of service activities and overhead... View Details
      Keywords: Measurement and Metrics; Product; Cost; Activity Based Costing and Management; Profit; Accounting; Corporate Finance; Steel Industry
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      Narayanan, V.G., and Laura Donohue. "Lehigh Steel." Harvard Business School Case 198-085, March 1998. (Revised April 1998.)
      • February 1998
      • Case

      Creating the International Trade Organization

      By: David A. Moss, George R. Appling and Andrew D Archer
      In the late 1940s, officials at the U.S. State Department began campaigning for the creation of an International Trade Organization (ITO). This new organization would oversee global negotiations on trade liberalization, foreign direct investment, cartels, and commodity... View Details
      Keywords: Mission and Purpose; Trade; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Policy; Globalized Economies and Regions; Agreements and Arrangements; Foreign Direct Investment; Economic Systems; International Relations
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      Moss, David A., George R. Appling, and Andrew D Archer. "Creating the International Trade Organization." Harvard Business School Case 798-057, February 1998.
      • February 1998 (Revised May 2007)
      • Case

      Airborne Express

      By: Jan W. Rivkin
      In the wake of a highly successful quarter, senior managers of Airborne Express, the third largest player in the express mail industry, review the firm's competitive position. Airborne has survived, and recently prospered, in an industry with significant economies of... View Details
      Keywords: Competition; Business Strategy; Partners and Partnerships; Global Strategy; Rank and Position; Service Industry
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      Rivkin, Jan W. "Airborne Express." Harvard Business School Case 798-070, February 1998. (Revised May 2007.)
      • January 1998 (Revised June 1999)
      • Case

      German Hyperinflation of 1923, The

      By: David A. Moss and Julio J. Rotemberg
      Presents a compilation of primary and secondary sources as well as a set of data exhibits on the German hyperinflation of 1923. The hyperinflation represented a defining moment in German history and certainly one of the two or three most important economic events of... View Details
      Keywords: History; Price; Production; Money; Inflation and Deflation; Policy; Economy; Government and Politics; Germany
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      Moss, David A., and Julio J. Rotemberg. "German Hyperinflation of 1923, The." Harvard Business School Case 798-048, January 1998. (Revised June 1999.)
      • November 1997 (Revised June 2006)
      • Case

      Herbert Hoover (A)

      By: Louis T. Wells Jr.
      Presents a character sketch of Herbert Hoover, along with Hoover's views on the cause of the Great Depression of the 1930s. Illustrates the political economy of the period and presents different interpretations of the course of the Great Depression. A rewritten version... View Details
      Keywords: Economy; Financial Crisis; Government and Politics; Identity; Perspective
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      Wells, Louis T., Jr. "Herbert Hoover (A)." Harvard Business School Case 798-041, November 1997. (Revised June 2006.)
      • November 1997
      • Case

      Herbert Hoover (B)

      By: Louis T. Wells Jr.
      Presents a character sketch of Herbert Hoover, along with Hoover's views on the cause of the Great Depression of the 1930s. Illustrates the political economy of the period and presents different interpretations of the course of the Great Depression. A rewritten version... View Details
      Keywords: Economic Slowdown and Stagnation; Financial Crisis; Government and Politics; Personal Characteristics
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      Wells, Louis T., Jr. "Herbert Hoover (B)." Harvard Business School Case 798-042, November 1997.
      • 1997
      • Chapter

      Intercultural Connections and Chinese Development: External and Internal Spheres of Modern China's Foreign Relations

      By: William C. Kirby
      Keywords: Cross-Cultural and Cross-Border Issues; International Relations; Developing Countries and Economies; Globalized Economies and Regions; China
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      Kirby, William C. "Intercultural Connections and Chinese Development: External and Internal Spheres of Modern China's Foreign Relations." In China's Quest for Modernization: A Historical Perspective, edited by Frederic Wakeman and Wang Xi, 219–248. Berkeley: University of California, Berkeley, Institute of East Asian Studies, 1997. (published first in Zhongguo xiandaihua wenti [Issues of Chinese modernization] (Shanghai: Fudan daxue chubanshe, 1994))
      • October 1997 (Revised March 1998)
      • Case

      Daewoo's Globalization: Uz-Daewoo Auto Project

      By: John A. Quelch
      The top management at Daewoo is reviewing its close relationship with the Uzbekistan government, focusing especially on the performance of Uz-Daewoo Auto, a strategic alliance to manufacture and market passenger cars. View Details
      Keywords: Globalized Economies and Regions; Alliances; Developing Countries and Economies; Manufacturing Industry; Auto Industry; Uzbekistan; South Korea
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      Quelch, John A., and Chanhi Park. "Daewoo's Globalization: Uz-Daewoo Auto Project." Harvard Business School Case 598-065, October 1997. (Revised March 1998.)
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