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    • All HBS Web  (1,964)
      • Faculty Publications  (554)

      Qualitative Research MethodsRemove Qualitative Research Methods →

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      • March 2020
      • Article

      Context, Time, and Change: Historical Approaches to Entrepreneurship Research

      By: R. Daniel Wadhwani, David A. Kirsch, Frederike Welter, William B. Gartner and Geoffrey Jones
      The article discusses the value of historical methods and reasoning in strategic entrepreneurship research and theory. A framework is introduced for integrating history into entrepreneurship theory. The framework demonstrates how historical assumptions play a formative... View Details
      Keywords: Entrepreneurship; History; Research; Theory
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      Wadhwani, R. Daniel, David A. Kirsch, Frederike Welter, William B. Gartner, and Geoffrey Jones. "Context, Time, and Change: Historical Approaches to Entrepreneurship Research." Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal 14, no. 1 (March 2020): 3–19.
      • March 2020
      • Article

      Diagnosing Missing Always at Random in Multivariate Data

      By: Iavor I. Bojinov, Natesh S. Pillai and Donald B. Rubin
      Models for analyzing multivariate data sets with missing values require strong, often assessable, assumptions. The most common of these is that the mechanism that created the missing data is ignorable—a twofold assumption dependent on the mode of inference. The first... View Details
      Keywords: Missing Data; Diagnostic Tools; Sensitivity Analysis; Hypothesis Testing; Missing At Random; Row Exchangeability; Analytics and Data Science; Mathematical Methods
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      Bojinov, Iavor I., Natesh S. Pillai, and Donald B. Rubin. "Diagnosing Missing Always at Random in Multivariate Data." Biometrika 107, no. 1 (March 2020): 246–253.
      • Article

      History-informed Strategy Research: The Promise of History and Historical Research Methods in Advancing Strategy Scholarship

      By: Nicholas Argyres, Alfredo De Massis, Nicolai J. Foss, Federico Frattini, Geoffrey Jones and Brian Silverman
      Recent years have seen an increasing interest in the use of history and historical research methods in strategy research. This article discusses how and why history and historical research methods can enrich theoretical explanations of strategy phenomena. The article... View Details
      Keywords: Methodology; Strategy; Business History; Research; History
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      Argyres, Nicholas, Alfredo De Massis, Nicolai J. Foss, Federico Frattini, Geoffrey Jones, and Brian Silverman. "History-informed Strategy Research: The Promise of History and Historical Research Methods in Advancing Strategy Scholarship." Strategic Management Journal 41, no. 3 (March 2020): 343–368.
      • Article

      Innovation Contests for High-Tech Procurement

      By: Jin Hyun Paik, Martin Scholl, Rinat A. Sergeev, Steven Randazzo and Karim R. Lakhani
      Innovation managers rarely use crowdsourcing as an innovative instrument despite extensive academic and theoretical research. The lack of tools available to compare and measure crowdsourcing, specifically contests, against traditional methods of procuring goods and... View Details
      Keywords: Open Innovation; Contests; Crowdsourcing; Nasa; Evaluation; Acquisition; Information Technology; Innovation and Invention; Performance Evaluation; Framework
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      Hyun Paik, Jin, Martin Scholl, Rinat A. Sergeev, Steven Randazzo, and Karim R. Lakhani. "Innovation Contests for High-Tech Procurement." Research-Technology Management 63, no. 2 (March–April 2020): 36–45.
      • 2021
      • Working Paper

      Impact Investing: A Theory of Financing Social Enterprises

      By: Benjamin N. Roth
      I present a model of financing social enterprises to delineate the role of impact investors relative to “pure” philanthropists. I characterize the optimal scale and structure of a social enterprise when financed by grants, and when financed by investments. Impact... View Details
      Keywords: Impact Investing; Social Entrepreneurship; Finance; Investment; Mathematical Methods
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      Roth, Benjamin N. "Impact Investing: A Theory of Financing Social Enterprises." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 20-078, February 2020. (Revised June 2021.)
      • January 22, 2020
      • Article

      Making Honest Conversations the Norm

      By: Michael Beer
      Much admired companies like Boeing and Wells Fargo sacrifice their competitive advantage. Some make huge ethical blunders. As a result, shareholders suffer huge losses in value while employees, customers, and society lose trust and confidence in the institution. Based... View Details
      Keywords: Honesty; Interpersonal Communication; Framework; Organizational Culture; Trust; Performance Effectiveness
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      Beer, Michael. "Making Honest Conversations the Norm." ChangeThis (blog) (January 22, 2020).
      • Article

      Detecting Adversarial Attacks via Subset Scanning of Autoencoder Activations and Reconstruction Error

      By: Celia Cintas, Skyler Speakman, Victor Akinwande, William Ogallo, Komminist Weldemariam, Srihari Sridharan and Edward McFowland III
      Reliably detecting attacks in a given set of inputs is of high practical relevance because of the vulnerability of neural networks to adversarial examples. These altered inputs create a security risk in applications with real-world consequences, such as self-driving... View Details
      Keywords: Autoencoder Networks; Pattern Detection; Subset Scanning; Computer Vision; Statistical Methods And Machine Learning; Machine Learning; Deep Learning; Data Mining; Big Data; Large-scale Systems; Mathematical Methods; Analytics and Data Science
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      Cintas, Celia, Skyler Speakman, Victor Akinwande, William Ogallo, Komminist Weldemariam, Srihari Sridharan, and Edward McFowland III. "Detecting Adversarial Attacks via Subset Scanning of Autoencoder Activations and Reconstruction Error." Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence 29th (2020).
      • 2020
      • Article

      Fast Exact Matrix Completion: A Unified Optimization Framework for Matrix Completion

      By: Dimitris Bertsimas and Michael Lingzhi Li
      We formulate the problem of matrix completion with and without side information as a non-convex optimization problem. We design fastImpute based on non-convex gradient descent and show it converges to a global minimum that is guaranteed to recover closely the... View Details
      Keywords: Mathematical Methods
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      Bertsimas, Dimitris, and Michael Lingzhi Li. "Fast Exact Matrix Completion: A Unified Optimization Framework for Matrix Completion." Journal of Machine Learning Research 21, no. 1 (2020).
      • May 2020
      • Article

      Scalable Holistic Linear Regression

      By: Dimitris Bertsimas and Michael Lingzhi Li
      We propose a new scalable algorithm for holistic linear regression building on Bertsimas & King (2016). Specifically, we develop new theory to model significance and multicollinearity as lazy constraints rather than checking the conditions iteratively. The resulting... View Details
      Keywords: Mathematical Methods; Analytics and Data Science
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      Bertsimas, Dimitris, and Michael Lingzhi Li. "Scalable Holistic Linear Regression." Operations Research Letters 48, no. 3 (May 2020): 203–208.
      • December 2019
      • Technical Note

      Technical Note on Bayesian Statistics and Frequentist Power Calculations

      By: Amitabh Chandra and Ariel Dora Stern
      This Technical Note provides an introduction to Bayes’ Rule and the statistical intuition that stems from it. In this note, we review the concepts that underlie Bayesian statistics, and we offer several simple mathematical examples to illustrate applications of Bayes’... View Details
      Keywords: Bayesian Statistics; Mathematical Methods
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      Chandra, Amitabh, and Ariel Dora Stern. "Technical Note on Bayesian Statistics and Frequentist Power Calculations." Harvard Business School Technical Note 620-032, December 2019.
      • 2019
      • Article

      Configurations of Extremal Type II Codes via Harmonic Weight Enumerators

      By: Noam D. Elkies and Scott Duke Kominers
      We prove configuration results for extremal Type II codes, analogous to the configuration results of Ozeki and of the second author for extremal Type II lattices. Specifically, we show that for n ∈{8,24,32,48,56,72,96} every extremal Type II code of length n is... View Details
      Keywords: Mathematical Methods
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      Elkies, Noam D., and Scott Duke Kominers. "Configurations of Extremal Type II Codes via Harmonic Weight Enumerators." Journal de Théorie des Nombres de Bordeaux 31, no. 3 (2019): 679–688.
      • December 2019
      • Article

      Costly Concessions: An Empirical Framework for Matching with Imperfectly Transferable Utility

      By: Alfred Galichon, Scott Duke Kominers and Simon Weber
      We introduce an empirical framework for models of matching with imperfectly transferable utility and unobserved heterogeneity in tastes. Our framework allows us to characterize matching equilibrium in a flexible way that includes as special cases the classic fully- and... View Details
      Keywords: Sorting; Matching; Marriage Market; Intrahousehold Allocation; Imperfectly Transferable Utility; Marketplace Matching; Mathematical Methods
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      Galichon, Alfred, Scott Duke Kominers, and Simon Weber. "Costly Concessions: An Empirical Framework for Matching with Imperfectly Transferable Utility." Journal of Political Economy 127, no. 6 (December 2019): 2875–2925.
      • 2019
      • Article

      Overcoming Cultural Resistance to Open Source Innovation

      By: John Winsor, Jin Hyun Paik, Michael Tushman and Karim R. Lakhani
      Purpose: This article offers insight on how to effectively help incumbent organizations prepare for global business shifts to open source and digital business models.
      Design/methodology/approach: Discussion related to observation, experience and case studies... View Details
      Keywords: Open Source Innovation; Organizational Culture; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Business Model; Technological Innovation; Collaborative Innovation and Invention
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      Winsor, John, Jin Hyun Paik, Michael Tushman, and Karim R. Lakhani. "Overcoming Cultural Resistance to Open Source Innovation." Strategy & Leadership 47, no. 6 (2019): 28–33.
      • 2019
      • Article

      Time Series Experiments and Causal Estimands: Exact Randomization Tests and Trading

      By: Iavor I Bojinov and Neil Shephard
      We define causal estimands for experiments on single time series, extending the potential outcome framework to dealing with temporal data. Our approach allows the estimation of a broad class of these estimands and exact randomization based p-values for testing causal... View Details
      Keywords: Causality; Nonparametric; Potential Outcomes; Trading Costs; Mathematical Methods
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      Bojinov, Iavor I., and Neil Shephard. "Time Series Experiments and Causal Estimands: Exact Randomization Tests and Trading." Journal of the American Statistical Association 114, no. 528 (2019): 1665–1682.
      • 2020
      • Working Paper

      Recognition Incentives for Internal Crowdsourcing: A Field Experiment at NASA

      By: Jana Gallus, Olivia S. Jung and Karim R. Lakhani
      What might motivate employees to participate in internal crowdsourcing, a peer-based approach to innovation? Should organizations use incentives that are congruent with their established hierarchical structures, or should they use incentives that are aligned with the... View Details
      Keywords: Online Platforms; Employee Engagement; Managerial Recognition; Innovation and Management; Employees; Motivation and Incentives
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      Gallus, Jana, Olivia S. Jung, and Karim R. Lakhani. "Recognition Incentives for Internal Crowdsourcing: A Field Experiment at NASA." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 20-059, November 2019. (Revised May 2020.)
      • November 2019
      • Article

      Full Substitutability

      By: John William Hatfield, Scott Duke Kominers, Alexandru Nichifor, Michael Ostrovsky and Alexander Westkamp
      Various forms of substitutability are essential for establishing the existence of equilibria and other useful properties in diverse settings such as matching, auctions, and exchange economies with indivisible goods. We extend earlier models’ definitions of... View Details
      Keywords: Substitutability; Mathematical Methods; Auctions; Market Design
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      Hatfield, John William, Scott Duke Kominers, Alexandru Nichifor, Michael Ostrovsky, and Alexander Westkamp. "Full Substitutability." Theoretical Economics 14, no. 4 (November 2019): 1535–1590.
      • Article

      Machine Learning Approaches to Facial and Text Analysis: Discovering CEO Oral Communication Styles

      By: Prithwiraj Choudhury, Dan Wang, Natalie A. Carlson and Tarun Khanna
      We demonstrate how a novel synthesis of three methods—(1) unsupervised topic modeling of text data to generate new measures of textual variance, (2) sentiment analysis of text data, and (3) supervised ML coding of facial images with a cutting-edge convolutional neural... View Details
      Keywords: CEOs; Communication Style; Machine Learning; Spoken Communication; Nonverbal Communication; Personal Characteristics; Analysis; Performance
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      Choudhury, Prithwiraj, Dan Wang, Natalie A. Carlson, and Tarun Khanna. "Machine Learning Approaches to Facial and Text Analysis: Discovering CEO Oral Communication Styles." Strategic Management Journal 40, no. 11 (November 2019): 1705–1732.
      • Article

      From Words to Pixels: Text and Image Mining Methods for Service Research

      By: Francisco Villarroel Ordenes and Shunyuan Zhang
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      Ordenes, Francisco Villarroel, and Shunyuan Zhang. "From Words to Pixels: Text and Image Mining Methods for Service Research." Journal of Service Management 30, no. 5 (2019): 593–620.
      • September 2019
      • Article

      Optimizing Reserves in School Choice: A Dynamic Programming Approach

      By: Franklyn Wang, Ravi Jagadeesan and Scott Duke Kominers
      We introduce a new model of school choice with reserves in which a social planner is constrained by a limited supply of reserve seats and tries to find an optimal matching according to a social welfare function. We construct the optimal distribution of reserves via a... View Details
      Keywords: Matching; Reserves; Dynamic Programming; Marketplace Matching; Mathematical Methods
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      Wang, Franklyn, Ravi Jagadeesan, and Scott Duke Kominers. "Optimizing Reserves in School Choice: A Dynamic Programming Approach." Operations Research Letters 47, no. 5 (September 2019): 438–446.
      • August 2019
      • Article

      When and How to Diversify—A Multicategory Utility Model for Personalized Content Recommendation

      By: Yicheng Song, Nachiketa Sahoo and Elie Ofek
      Sometimes we desire change, a break from the same or an opportunity to fulfill different aspects of our needs. Noting that consumers seek variety, several approaches have been developed to diversify items recommended by personalized recommender systems. However,... View Details
      Keywords: Recommender Systems; Personalization; Recommendation Diversity; Variety Seeking; Collaborative Filtering; Consumer Utility Models; Digital Media; Clickstream Analysis; Learning-to-rank; Consumer Behavior; Media; Customization and Personalization; Strategy; Mathematical Methods
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      Song, Yicheng, Nachiketa Sahoo, and Elie Ofek. "When and How to Diversify—A Multicategory Utility Model for Personalized Content Recommendation." Management Science 65, no. 8 (August 2019): 3737–3757.
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