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- All HBS Web
(2,106)
- People (1)
- News (231)
- Research (1,700)
- Events (6)
- Multimedia (3)
- Faculty Publications (976)
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- 2025
- Working Paper
Prices and Concentration: A U-shape? Theory and Evidence from Renewables
By: Michele Fioretti, Junnan He and Jorge Tamayo
We show that when firms compete via supply functions, transferring high-cost
capacity to the largest, most efficient firm—thereby diversifying its production technologies
while increasing concentration—can lower prices by prompting the leader
to expand output and... View Details
Keywords: Diversified Production Technologies; Concentration Levels; Market Power; Supply Function Equilibrium; Hydropower; Energy Transition; Renewable Energy; Price; Competition; Supply and Industry; Energy Industry; Colombia
Fioretti, Michele, Junnan He, and Jorge Tamayo. "Prices and Concentration: A U-shape? Theory and Evidence from Renewables." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 25-049, April 2025.
- 2011
- Working Paper
Price Competition under Multinomial Logit Demand Functions with Random Coefficients
In this paper, we postulate a general class of price competition models with Mixed Multinomial Logit demand functions under affine cost functions. We first characterize the equilibrium behavior of this class of models in the case where each product in the market is... View Details
Keywords: Customers; Income Characteristics; Price; Product Marketing; Mathematical Methods; Competition; Segmentation
Allon, Gad, Awi Federgruen, and Margaret Pierson. "Price Competition under Multinomial Logit Demand Functions with Random Coefficients." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 12-030, October 2011.
- March 2001
- Article
Strategy and the Internet
By: M. E. Porter
Many of the pioneers of Internet business, both dot-coms and established companies, have competed in ways that violate nearly every precept of good strategy. Rather than focus on profits, they have chased customers indiscriminately through discounting, channel... View Details
Porter, M. E. "Strategy and the Internet." Harvard Business Review 79, no. 3 (March 2001): 62–78.
- November 2016 (Revised November 2016)
- Supplement
The Galaxy Dividend Income Growth Fund's Option Investment Strategies
By: W. Carl Kester
- February 2000 (Revised December 2000)
- Case
Coca-Cola's New Vending Machine (A): Pricing To Capture Value, or Not?
By: Charles King III and Das Narayandas
Chairman and CEO M. Douglas Ivester stumbles when he tells a Brazilian newsmagazine about a new Coke vending machine that can automatically raise prices in hot weather. Reaction around the world is swift and negative. View Details
Keywords: Price; Strategy; Brands and Branding; Marketing Strategy; Product Development; Global Range; Public Opinion; Value Creation
King, Charles, III, and Das Narayandas. "Coca-Cola's New Vending Machine (A): Pricing To Capture Value, or Not?" Harvard Business School Case 500-068, February 2000. (Revised December 2000.)
- November 1990 (Revised June 1991)
- Case
American Airlines (A): Strategy in the 1990s
By: Jay W. Lorsch and Gary W. Loveman
American Airlines is pursuing a growth strategy through international and domestic route expansion. At the same time, the airline is working hard to cut costs while trying to provide the best customer service possible. Is this strategy achievable given the recent surge... View Details
Keywords: Expansion; Air Transportation; Cost Management; Customer Focus and Relationships; Growth and Development Strategy; Air Transportation Industry; United States
Lorsch, Jay W., and Gary W. Loveman. "American Airlines (A): Strategy in the 1990s." Harvard Business School Case 491-044, November 1990. (Revised June 1991.)
- October 2013 (Revised January 2016)
- Case
J.C. Penney's 'Fair and Square' Strategy (Abridged)
By: Elie Ofek and Jill Avery
As he gets ready to release 2nd quarter 2012 results, Ron Johnson, the new CEO of department store J.C. Penney, is reconsidering the dramatic changes he initiated for the business model and brand image of his company. A new pricing scheme he put in place in February,... View Details
Keywords: Business Model; Change Management; Marketing Strategy; Price; Consumer Behavior; Decision Making; Management Teams; Brands and Branding; Retail Industry; United States
Ofek, Elie, and Jill Avery. "J.C. Penney's 'Fair and Square' Strategy (Abridged)." Harvard Business School Case 514-063, October 2013. (Revised January 2016.)
- February 2013 (Revised February 2013)
- Case
Wayne Ferrari: iAutomation at a Crossroads
By: Jim Sharpe and Michael Norris
Wayne Ferrari has bridged the gap between being an independent entrepreneur and a "professional manager." After selling his business to a Private Equity (PE) firm, Ferrari takes on the role of CEO and with their support implements a roll-up strategy to attain growth... View Details
Keywords: Entrepreneurial Management; Entrepreneurial Organizations; Leveraged Buyouts; Roll-up; Career Planning; Acquisitions; Pricing; Pricing Policies; Pricing Strategy; Pricing Structure; Acquisition; Entrepreneurship; Private Equity; Distribution; Integration; System; Electronics Industry; Distribution Industry; United States
Sharpe, Jim, and Michael Norris. "Wayne Ferrari: iAutomation at a Crossroads." Harvard Business School Case 813-120, February 2013. (Revised February 2013.)
- Spring 2013
- Article
The Investment Strategies of Sovereign Wealth Funds
By: Shai Bernstein, Josh Lerner and Antoinette Schoar
This paper examines the direct private equity investment strategies across sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) and their relationship to the funds' organizational structures. SWFs seem to engage in a form of trend chasing, since they are more likely to invest at home when... View Details
Bernstein, Shai, Josh Lerner, and Antoinette Schoar. "The Investment Strategies of Sovereign Wealth Funds." Journal of Economic Perspectives 27, no. 2 (Spring 2013): 219–238.
- November 2012 (Revised March 2015)
- Case
Pricing and Partnership at Zillow, Inc.
By: Peter Coles and Benjamin Edelman
As Zillow's real estate search service gains user adoption, some real estate professionals question Zillow's policies, fees, and power. Dissatisfied real estate professionals could remove listings from Zillow, reducing the service's value to users. Should Zillow... View Details
Coles, Peter, and Benjamin Edelman. "Pricing and Partnership at Zillow, Inc." Harvard Business School Case 913-021, November 2012. (Revised March 2015.) (request a courtesy copy.)
- October 2013
- Article
The Strategy That Will Fix Health Care
By: Michael E. Porter and Thomas H. Lee
In health care, the days of business as usual are over. Around the world, every health care system is struggling with rising costs and uneven quality, despite the hard work of well-intentioned, well-trained clinicians. Health care leaders and policy makers have tried... View Details
Keywords: Organizational Change and Adaptation; Strategy; Value; Customer Focus and Relationships; Health Care and Treatment; Health Industry
Porter, Michael E., and Thomas H. Lee. "The Strategy That Will Fix Health Care." Harvard Business Review 91, no. 10 (October 2013): 50–70.
- September–October 2022
- Article
Should Your Company Sell on Amazon?: Reach Comes at a Price
By: Ayelet Israeli, Leonard A. Schlesinger, Matt Higgins and Sabir Semerkant
Selling on Amazon allows brands to reach millions of consumers—but that exposure comes with costs. They include smaller margins, more competition, the risk of commoditization, and less knowledge about customers.
In this article, the authors present a scorecard to... View Details
Keywords: Retail; Retailing; Online Business; Ecommerce; E-commerce; E-Commerce Strategy; Omnichannel Retail; Omnichannel Retailing; Amazon; Amazon.com; Sales; Digital Marketing; Internet and the Web; Business Model; Retail Industry; Consumer Products Industry; Fashion Industry; Advertising Industry; Battery Industry; Apparel and Accessories Industry; Beauty and Cosmetics Industry; Distribution Industry; Electronics Industry; Food and Beverage Industry; United States
Israeli, Ayelet, Leonard A. Schlesinger, Matt Higgins, and Sabir Semerkant. "Should Your Company Sell on Amazon? Reach Comes at a Price." Harvard Business Review 100, no. 5 (September–October 2022): 38–46.
- October 1993 (Revised December 1997)
- Case
General Dynamics: Compensation and Strategy (A)
William Anders became CEO of defense giant General Dynamics in 1991 as the Cold War was ending and as the industry became saddled with excess capacity. Observing that the company was underserving shareholders and required a massive change in its culture, Anders brought... View Details
Keywords: Motivation and Incentives; Corporate Strategy; Executive Compensation; Manufacturing Industry; United States
Murphy, Kevin J. "General Dynamics: Compensation and Strategy (A)." Harvard Business School Case 494-048, October 1993. (Revised December 1997.)
- April 2021
- Case
Zeynep Ton: The Good Jobs Strategy
By: Francesca Gino and Frances X. Frei
The link to this multimedia case should be provided to students in advance as preparation for classroom case discussion.
In Zeynop Ton’s 2014 book The Good Jobs Strategy: How the Smartest Companies Invest in Employees to Lower Costs and Boost... View Details
In Zeynop Ton’s 2014 book The Good Jobs Strategy: How the Smartest Companies Invest in Employees to Lower Costs and Boost... View Details
Keywords: Organizations; Selection and Staffing; Compensation and Benefits; Operations; Performance Effectiveness
Gino, Francesca, and Frances X. Frei. "Zeynep Ton: The Good Jobs Strategy." Harvard Business School Multimedia/Video Case 921-703, April 2021.
- June 2022
- Teaching Note
Project Maji: Pricing Water in Sub-Saharan Africa
By: Elie Ofek
Teaching Note for HBS Case No. 522-043. View Details
- Research Summary
Recent Strategies in the U.S. Grocery Industry
By: Rajiv Lal
Rajiv Lal's work comparing the benefits of EDLP and Hi-Lo strategies in the grocery industry indicates that while EDLP grocery retailers may not be able to benefit from traditional costs savings associated with this strategy, these retailers still benefit from the use... View Details
- January 2016 (Revised July 2018)
- Case
Cyberdyne: A Leap to the Future
By: Doug J. Chung and Mayuka Yamazaki
Cyberdyne Inc. was a Japanese technology venture that wanted to commercialize a hybrid assistive limb (HAL). HAL was a robotic exoskeleton system for people who had difficulty walking due to nervous system disabilities resulting from stroke, spinal cord injury (SCI),... View Details
Keywords: Go-to-market Strategy; Pricing; Sales Channel; Technological Innovation; Marketing; Sales; Distribution; Strategy; Medical Devices and Supplies Industry
Chung, Doug J., and Mayuka Yamazaki. "Cyberdyne: A Leap to the Future." Harvard Business School Case 516-072, January 2016. (Revised July 2018.)
- March 1976 (Revised November 1993)
- Background Note
Diversification, the Capital Asset Pricing Model, and the Cost of Equity Capital
Describes in nonmathematical terms the nature of capital asset pricing model and possible use in estimating a company's cost of equity capital. View Details
Mullins, David W., Jr. "Diversification, the Capital Asset Pricing Model, and the Cost of Equity Capital." Harvard Business School Background Note 276-183, March 1976. (Revised November 1993.)
- 11 Jan 2010
- Research & Ideas
Mixing Open Source and Proprietary Software Strategies
different scenarios between two competitive, for-profit firms. Can you talk about those findings? A: The method we use is a two-period game where in the first period (the strategy period) business models are chosen, and in the second... View Details
- spring 1987
- Article
Second-Sourcing and the Experience Curve: Price Competition in Defense Procurement
By: James J. Anton and Dennis A. Yao
We examine a dynamic model of price competition in defense procurement that incorporates the experience curve, asymmetric cost information, and the availability of a higher cost alternative system. We model acquisition as a two-stage process in which initial production... View Details
Anton, James J., and Dennis A. Yao. "Second-Sourcing and the Experience Curve: Price Competition in Defense Procurement." RAND Journal of Economics 18, no. 1 (spring 1987): 57–76. (Harvard users click here for full text.)