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      • June 2012 (Revised July 2013)
      • Exercise

      Competition Simulator Exercise: Instructions

      By: Eric Van den Steen
      In the Competition Simulator Exercise, students explore through trial and error some important economic foundations of competitive strategy and managerial economics. In particular, the nine simulator exercises let students explore horizontal differentiation with and... View Details
      Keywords: Competitive Strategy; Economics; Strategy; Game Theory
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      Van den Steen, Eric. "Competition Simulator Exercise: Instructions." Harvard Business School Exercise 712-498, June 2012. (Revised July 2013.)
      • December 2011
      • Article

      Platform Envelopment

      By: Thomas R. Eisenmann, Geoffrey Parker and Marshall Van Alstyne
      Due to network effects and switching costs in platform markets, entrants generally must offer revolutionary functionality. We explore a second entry path that does not rely upon Schumpeterian innovation: platform envelopment. Through envelopment, a provider in one... View Details
      Keywords: Digital Platforms; Business and Stakeholder Relations; Economic Systems; Development Economics; Business or Company Management; Business Strategy; Network Effects; Information Technology Industry; Technology Industry
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      Eisenmann, Thomas R., Geoffrey Parker, and Marshall Van Alstyne. "Platform Envelopment." Strategic Management Journal 32, no. 12 (December 2011): 1270–1285.
      • Article

      Marketing Complex Financial Products in Emerging Markets: Evidence from Rainfall Insurance in India

      By: Sarthak Gaurav, Shawn A. Cole and Jeremy Tobacman
      Recent financial liberalization in emerging economies has led to the rapid introduction of new financial products. Lack of experience with financial products, low levels of education, and low financial literacy may slow adoption of these products. This article reports... View Details
      Keywords: Literacy; Insurance; Marketing; Decisions; Demand and Consumers; Financial Instruments; Emerging Markets; Education; Personal Finance; Agribusiness; Developing Countries and Economies; Innovation and Invention; Gujarat
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      Gaurav, Sarthak, Shawn A. Cole, and Jeremy Tobacman. "Marketing Complex Financial Products in Emerging Markets: Evidence from Rainfall Insurance in India." Journal of Marketing Research (JMR) 48, no. SPL (November 2011): S150–S162.
      • 2011
      • Chapter

      The Economics of Housing Finance Reform

      By: David S. Scharfstein and Adi Sunderam
      This paper analyzes the two leading types of proposals for reform of the housing finance system: (i) broad-based, explicit, priced government guarantees of mortgage-backed securities (MBS) and (ii) privatization. Both proposals have drawbacks. Properly-priced... View Details
      Keywords: Economics; Housing; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Policy; Government and Politics
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      Scharfstein, David S., and Adi Sunderam. "The Economics of Housing Finance Reform." In The Future of Housing Finance: Restructuring the U.S. Residential Mortgage Market, edited by Martin Neil Baily. Brookings Institution Press, 2011.
      • July 2011
      • Article

      The Private Equity Advantage: Leveraged Buyout Firms and Relationship Banking

      By: Victoria Ivashina and Anna Kovner
      This paper examines the impact of leveraged buyout firms' bank relationships on the terms of their syndicated loans. Using a sample of 1,590 loans financing private equity sponsored leveraged buyouts between 1993 and 2005, we find that bank relationships are an... View Details
      Keywords: Leveraged Buyouts; Private Equity; Banks and Banking; Financing and Loans; Interest Rates; Investment Return; Relationships; Banking Industry; Financial Services Industry
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      Ivashina, Victoria, and Anna Kovner. "The Private Equity Advantage: Leveraged Buyout Firms and Relationship Banking." Review of Financial Studies 24, no. 7 (July 2011): 2462–2498.
      • May 2011
      • Background Note

      Scale Effects, Network Effects, and Investment Strategy

      By: Willy Shih
      This technical note discusses scale economies, and direct and indirect network effects in the context of building better business models. Some of the great business disasters of the dot.com bubble were companies that scaled their infrastructure without working through... View Details
      Keywords: Business Model; Investment; Price; Crisis Management; Network Effects; Multi-Sided Platforms; Strategy
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      Shih, Willy. "Scale Effects, Network Effects, and Investment Strategy." Harvard Business School Background Note 611-082, May 2011.
      • Article

      An Exploration of Optimal Stabilization Policy

      By: N. Gregory Mankiw and Matthew C. Weinzierl
      This paper examines the optimal response of monetary and fiscal policy to a decline in aggregate demand. The theoretical framework is a two-period general equilibrium model in which prices are sticky in the short-run and flexible in the long-run. Policy is evaluated by... View Details
      Keywords: Fiscal Policy; Monetary Policy; Economic Models; Aggregate Demand; Demand and Consumers; Money; Mathematical Methods; Taxation; Spending; Policy; Welfare; Household; Economic Slowdown and Stagnation
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      Mankiw, N. Gregory, and Matthew C. Weinzierl. "An Exploration of Optimal Stabilization Policy." Brookings Papers on Economic Activity (Spring 2011). (Also Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 11-113, May 2011 and NBER Working Paper Series, No. 17029, May 2011.)
      • March 2011
      • Article

      Institutional Demand Pressure and the Cost of Corporate Loans

      By: Victoria Ivashina and Zheng Sun
      Between 2001 and 2007, annual institutional funding in highly leveraged loans went up from $32 billion to $426 billion, accounting for nearly 70% of the jump in total syndicated loan issuance over the same period. Did the inflow of institutional funding in the... View Details
      Keywords: Leveraged Buyouts; Financial Crisis; Credit; Debt Securities; Financing and Loans; Interest Rates; Investment
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      Ivashina, Victoria, and Zheng Sun. "Institutional Demand Pressure and the Cost of Corporate Loans." Journal of Financial Economics 99, no. 3 (March 2011): 500–522.
      • February 2011
      • Article

      Dividend Taxes and International Portfolio Choice

      By: Mihir Desai and Dhammika Dharmapala
      This paper investigates how dividend taxes influence portfolio choices, using the response to the distinctive treatment of a subset of foreign dividends in the Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act (JGTRRA) of 2003. An open-economy after-tax capital asset... View Details
      Keywords: Dividends; Portfolio Choice; Taxes; Tax Treaties; Foreign Portfolio Investment; Taxation; Lawfulness; Economy; Price; Equity; Stocks; Investment Portfolio; Opportunities; Behavior; United States
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      Desai, Mihir, and Dhammika Dharmapala. "Dividend Taxes and International Portfolio Choice." Review of Economics and Statistics 93, no. 1 (February 2011): 266–284.
      • Article

      Optimal Value and Growth Tilts in Long-Horizon Portfolios

      By: Jakub W. Jurek and Luis M. Viceira
      We develop an analytical solution to the dynamic portfolio choice problem of an investor with power utility defined over wealth at a finite horizon, who faces a time-varying investment opportunity set, parameterized using a flexible vector autoregression. We apply this... View Details
      Keywords: Decision Choices and Conditions; Private Equity; Investment; Investment Portfolio; Asset Pricing; Value
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      Jurek, Jakub W., and Luis M. Viceira. "Optimal Value and Growth Tilts in Long-Horizon Portfolios." Review of Finance 15, no. 1 (January 2011): 29–74.
      • September 2010 (Revised August 2011)
      • Background Note

      Pricing, Profits, and Customer Value

      By: Frank V. Cespedes, Benson P. Shapiro and Elliot B. Ross
      This note discusses how some firms (start-ups and established companies) maximize customer value and profits via their pricing processes. It is aimed at companies that compete on the basis of performance initiatives rather than absolute cost advantages and low price.... View Details
      Keywords: Customer Focus and Relationships; Customer Value and Value Chain; Cost; Price; Profit; Performance Effectiveness; Sales; Competitive Strategy
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      Cespedes, Frank V., Benson P. Shapiro, and Elliot B. Ross. "Pricing, Profits, and Customer Value." Harvard Business School Background Note 811-016, September 2010. (Revised August 2011.)
      • 2010
      • Working Paper

      Trade Policy and Firm Boundaries

      By: Laura Alfaro, Paola Conconi, Harald Fadinger and Andrew F. Newman
      We study how trade policy affects firms' ownership structures. We embed an incomplete contracts model of vertical integration choices into a standard perfectly-competitive international trade framework. Integration decisions are driven by a trade-off between the... View Details
      Keywords: Trade; Policy; Vertical Integration; Business and Government Relations; Boundaries; Ownership; Mathematical Methods
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      Alfaro, Laura, Paola Conconi, Harald Fadinger, and Andrew F. Newman. "Trade Policy and Firm Boundaries." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 16118, June 2010.
      • Article

      The Promise and Peril of Russia's Resurgent State

      By: Rawi Abdelal
      The article discusses the effect of the global financial crisis of 2008-2009 on the outlook for Russia's economic growth. The discussion focuses on the status of capitalism in Russia and the government's central role in business. A brief history of Russia's economic... View Details
      Keywords: Economic Growth; Economic Systems; Financial Crisis; Investment; Globalized Economies and Regions; Policy; Russia
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      Abdelal, Rawi. "The Promise and Peril of Russia's Resurgent State." Harvard Business Review 88, nos. 1/2 (January–February 2010): 125–129.
      • Article

      Capital Market-Driven Corporate Finance

      By: Malcolm Baker
      Much of empirical corporate finance focuses on sources of the demand for various forms of capital, not the supply. Recently, this has changed. Supply effects of equity and credit markets can arise from a combination of three ingredients: investor tastes, limited... View Details
      Keywords: Behavioral Finance; Limits To Arbitrage; Market Efficiency; Securities Issuance; Supply Effects; Corporate Finance; Investment; Price; Capital Markets; Equity; Financial Services Industry
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      Baker, Malcolm. "Capital Market-Driven Corporate Finance." Annual Review of Financial Economics 1 (2009): 181–205.
      • 2009
      • Other Paper

      Trade Policy and Firm Boundaries

      By: Laura Alfaro, Paola Conconi, Andrew F. Newman and Harald Fadinger
      We examine how trade policy affects firms' organizational choices. We embed a model of firms' vertical integration decisions into a standard perfectly-competitive international trade framework. In the model, integration decisions are driven by a trade-off... View Details
      Keywords: Trade; Policy; Ownership; Business and Government Relations; Vertical Integration; Boundaries
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      Alfaro, Laura, Paola Conconi, Andrew F. Newman, and Harald Fadinger. "Trade Policy and Firm Boundaries."
      • 2009
      • Working Paper

      Systemic Risk and the Refinancing Ratchet Effect

      By: Amir E. Khandani, Andrew W. Lo and Robert C. Merton
      The confluence of three trends in the U.S. residential housing market-rising home prices, declining interest rates, and near-frictionless refinancing opportunities-led to vastly increased systemic risk in the financial system. Individually, each of these trends is... View Details
      Keywords: Equity; Mortgages; Interest Rates; Price; Housing; Risk and Uncertainty; United States
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      Khandani, Amir E., Andrew W. Lo, and Robert C. Merton. "Systemic Risk and the Refinancing Ratchet Effect." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 10-023, September 2009. (Revised July 2010.)
      • May 2009 (Revised December 2009)
      • Case

      Reliance Baking Soda: Optimizing Promotional Spending

      By: John A. Quelch and Heather Beckham
      Reliance Baking Soda is Stewart Corporation's oldest and most established product. The new Domestic Brand Director needs to create a 2008 marketing budget that delivers a profit increase of 10% over 2007 levels. She must first evaluate the effectiveness of past... View Details
      Keywords: Communication Strategy; Quantitative Analysis; Consumer Marketing; Marketing Planning; Product Management; Sales Promotions; Program Budgeting; Marketing Strategy; Advertising; Product Marketing; Budgets and Budgeting; Sales; Consumer Products Industry
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      Quelch, John A., and Heather Beckham. "Reliance Baking Soda: Optimizing Promotional Spending." Harvard Business School Brief Case 094-127, May 2009. (Revised December 2009.)
      • August 2008
      • Article

      Economic Links and Predictable Returns

      By: Lauren Cohen and Andrea Frazzini
      This paper finds evidence of return predictability across economically linked firms. We test the hypothesis that in the presence of investors subject to attention constraints, stock prices do not promptly incorporate news about economically related firms, generating... View Details
      Keywords: Economics; Price; Assets; Analytics and Data Science; Customers; Stocks; Equity; Strategy; Investment Return; Forecasting and Prediction
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      Cohen, Lauren, and Andrea Frazzini. "Economic Links and Predictable Returns." Journal of Finance 63, no. 4 (August 2008). (Winner of Smith Breeden Prize for the Best Paper Published in the Journal of Finance in Asset Pricing (Distinguished Paper) 2008. Winner of Chicago Quantitative Alliance Academic Paper Competition. First Prize presented by Chicago Quantitative Alliance. Winner of BSI Gamma Foundation Research Grant presented by BSI Gamma Foundation​.)
      • June 2008
      • Article

      'Thar' She Blows: Can Bubbles Be Rekindled with Experienced Subjects?

      By: Reshmaan Hussam, David Porter and Vernon Smith
      We report 28 new experiment sessions consisting of up to three experience levels to examine the robustness of learning and “error” elimination among participants in a laboratory asset market and its effect on price bubbles. Our answer to the title question is: “yes.”... View Details
      Keywords: Experimental Economics; Asset Markets; Bubbles; Price Bubble; Financial Markets
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      Hussam, Reshmaan, David Porter, and Vernon Smith. "'Thar' She Blows: Can Bubbles Be Rekindled with Experienced Subjects?" American Economic Review 98, no. 3 (June 2008): 924–937.
      • December 2007 (Revised January 2008)
      • Background Note

      Evaluating M&A Deals-Announcement Effects, Risk Arbitrage and Event Risk

      By: Carliss Y. Baldwin
      The announcement of merger or acquisition conveys new information to the capital markets. This note describes how the stock prices of a Buyer and Target behave after the announcement of a deal. First, for an all-stock deal that is certain to go through, the note... View Details
      Keywords: Mergers and Acquisitions; Announcements; Capital Markets; Stocks; Price; Risk and Uncertainty
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      Baldwin, Carliss Y. "Evaluating M&A Deals-Announcement Effects, Risk Arbitrage and Event Risk." Harvard Business School Background Note 208-103, December 2007. (Revised January 2008.)
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