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      Motivation and IncentivesRemove Motivation and Incentives →

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      • 20 Oct 2022
      • Other Presentation

      4 Business Ideas That Changed the World: Shareholder Value

      By: Adi Ignatius, Lynn Paine, Mihir Desai and Carola Frydman
      A roundtable conversation appraises the 50-year reign of shareholder primacy and the growing backlash against it today.

      The idea that maximizing shareholder value takes legal and practical precedence above all else first came to prominence in the 1970s. The... View Details
      Keywords: Shareholder Value Maximization; Business and Shareholder Relations
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      "4 Business Ideas That Changed the World: Shareholder Value." HBR IdeaCast (podcast), Harvard Business Review Group, October 20, 2022.
      • 2025
      • Working Paper

      Pricing with Bandits in the Long-tail: The Role of Competitive Monitoring

      By: Ayelet Israeli and Eric Anderson
      Most e-commerce retailers offer a long-tail of very low demand products. Individually, these items may have low sales but collectively they are critical to the overall e-commerce business model. Because of their minimal sales, pricing is a constant challenge. The... View Details
      Keywords: Algorithmic Pricing; Ecommerce; Price Monitoring; Price; Competition; Retail Industry
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      Israeli, Ayelet, and Eric Anderson. "Pricing with Bandits in the Long-tail: The Role of Competitive Monitoring." Working Paper, July 2025.
      • October 2022
      • Article

      Sovereign Risk, Currency Risk, and Corporate Balance Sheets

      By: Wenxin Du and Jesse Schreger
      We provide a comprehensive account of the evolution of the currency composition of sovereign and corporate external borrowing by emerging markets from 2003 to 2017. We show that a higher reliance on foreign currency debt by the corporate sector is associated with... View Details
      Keywords: Currency; International Finance
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      Du, Wenxin, and Jesse Schreger. "Sovereign Risk, Currency Risk, and Corporate Balance Sheets." Review of Financial Studies 35, no. 10 (October 2022): 4587–4629.
      • September 2022 (Revised January 2025)
      • Case

      The Pokémon Company: Evolving into an Everlasting Brand

      By: Tomomichi Amano and Masaki Nomura
      Super Bowl 50, the fiftieth annual championship game of the American National Football League played in February 2016, featured 52 commercials, and brands spent more than six million dollars each for a 30-second commercial slot. Surprisingly, the commercial that... View Details
      Keywords: Advertising; Brands and Branding; Marketing Strategy; Consumer Behavior; Growth and Development Strategy; Video Game Industry; Japan
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      Amano, Tomomichi, and Masaki Nomura. "The Pokémon Company: Evolving into an Everlasting Brand." Harvard Business School Case 523-022, September 2022. (Revised January 2025.)
      • September 2022
      • Technical Note

      Addressing Social Determinants of Health in the American Landscape

      By: Susanna Gallani and Jacob Riegler
      Social determinants of health (SDOH) have gained significant attention in recent years. A growing body of research shows that a person’s health is influenced by a large number of non-genetic factors, most of which operate outside the realm of health care and are... View Details
      Keywords: Socioeconomic Determinants Of Health; Social Determinants Of Health; Population Health; Health; Health Care and Treatment; Social Issues; Medical Devices and Supplies Industry; Medical Devices and Supplies Industry; Medical Devices and Supplies Industry; United States
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      Gallani, Susanna, and Jacob Riegler. "Addressing Social Determinants of Health in the American Landscape." Harvard Business School Technical Note 123-023, September 2022.
      • September 2022
      • Case

      HPP: Tapping the Netherlands’ Potential

      By: Brian Trelstad and Idelès Kaandorp
      Stichting Het Potentieel Pakken (HPP) was launched to solve a systemic problem in the Dutch Labor Market: gender inequity that was leading to a large number of women to work part-time in fields that were in desperately short supply of labor, like health care, child... View Details
      Keywords: COVID-19 Pandemic; Grants; Scaling And Growth; Nonprofit Organizations; Opportunities; Gender; Income; Employment; Health Care and Treatment; Human Capital; Mission and Purpose; Motivation and Incentives; Growth and Development Strategy; Employment Industry; Health Industry; Education Industry; Consulting Industry; Europe; Netherlands
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      Trelstad, Brian, and Idelès Kaandorp. "HPP: Tapping the Netherlands’ Potential." Harvard Business School Case 323-024, September 2022.
      • September 16, 2022
      • Article

      Bored at Work? Learn to Manage It by Putting It to Work

      By: Katherine Connolly Baden, Boris Groysberg and Heather Poco
      Do you often feel bored at work or in life? Do you want to feel less bored? If so, what can you do to make that happen? Boredom has a bad rap, but is it really so bad? View Details
      Keywords: Time Management; Emotions; Motivation and Incentives; Jobs and Positions
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      Baden, Katherine Connolly, Boris Groysberg, and Heather Poco. "Bored at Work? Learn to Manage It by Putting It to Work." Newsweek (September 16, 2022), 18–19.
      • September 2022
      • Article

      Drivers of Philanthropic Foundations in Emerging Markets: Family, Values and Spirituality

      By: Valeria Giacomin and Geoffrey Jones
      This article discusses the ethics and drivers of philanthropic foundations in emerging markets. A foundation organizes assets to invest in philanthropic initiatives. Previous scholarship has largely focused on developed countries, especially the United States, and has... View Details
      Keywords: Philanthropy; Foundations; Spirituality; Philanthropy and Charitable Giving; Social Enterprise; Emerging Markets; Values and Beliefs; Africa; Asia; Latin America; Middle East
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      Giacomin, Valeria, and Geoffrey Jones. "Drivers of Philanthropic Foundations in Emerging Markets: Family, Values and Spirituality." Journal of Business Ethics 180, no. 1 (September 2022): 263–282. (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-021-04875-4.)
      • September 2022
      • Article

      The Limits of Inconspicuous Incentives

      By: Leslie K. John, Hayley Blunden, Katherine Milkman, Luca Foschini and Bradford Tuckfield
      Managers and policymakers regularly rely on incentives to encourage valued behaviors. While incentives are often successful, there are also notable and surprising examples of their ineffectiveness. Why? We propose a contributing factor may be that they are not... View Details
      Keywords: Motivation and Incentives; Behavior
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      John, Leslie K., Hayley Blunden, Katherine Milkman, Luca Foschini, and Bradford Tuckfield. "The Limits of Inconspicuous Incentives." Art. 104180. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 172 (September 2022).
      • 2022
      • Article

      Data Poisoning Attacks on Off-Policy Evaluation Methods

      By: Elita Lobo, Harvineet Singh, Marek Petrik, Cynthia Rudin and Himabindu Lakkaraju
      Off-policy Evaluation (OPE) methods are a crucial tool for evaluating policies in high-stakes domains such as healthcare, where exploration is often infeasible, unethical, or expensive. However, the extent to which such methods can be trusted under adversarial threats... View Details
      Keywords: Analytics and Data Science; Cybersecurity; Mathematical Methods
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      Lobo, Elita, Harvineet Singh, Marek Petrik, Cynthia Rudin, and Himabindu Lakkaraju. "Data Poisoning Attacks on Off-Policy Evaluation Methods." Proceedings of the Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence (UAI) 38th (2022): 1264–1274.
      • 2022
      • Working Paper

      Pricing Power in Advertising Markets: Theory and Evidence

      By: Matthew Gentzkow, Jesse M. Shapiro, Frank Yang and Ali Yurukoglu
      Existing theories of media competition imply that advertisers will pay a lower price in equilibrium to reach consumers who multi-home across competing outlets. We generalize and extend this theoretical result and test it using data from television and social media... View Details
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      Gentzkow, Matthew, Jesse M. Shapiro, Frank Yang, and Ali Yurukoglu. "Pricing Power in Advertising Markets: Theory and Evidence." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 30278, July 2022.
      • July 2022
      • Article

      Private Equity and COVID-19

      By: Paul A. Gompers, Steven N. Kaplan and Vladimir Mukharlyamov
      We survey more than 200 private equity (PE) managers from firms with $1.9 trillion of assets under management (AUM) about their portfolio performance, decisionmaking and activities during the Covid-19 pandemic. Given that PE managers have significant incentives to... View Details
      Keywords: COVID-19 Pandemic; Health Pandemics; Private Equity; Management; Investment Portfolio; Performance; Decision Making; Value Creation
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      Gompers, Paul A., Steven N. Kaplan, and Vladimir Mukharlyamov. "Private Equity and COVID-19." Journal of Financial Intermediation 51 (July 2022).
      • June 2022
      • Case

      Mossadeq’s Gambit: The US, UK, and Iranian Oil Nationalization

      By: Jeremy Friedman and Jingyu Liu
      Many of the West’s political problems in the Middle East and in Iran in particular can be traced to the overthrow of Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh by military forces supported by the American CIA and the British MI6 in August 1953. Mossadegh, at the head of a... View Details
      Keywords: Neo-imperialism; History; Conflict Management; War; Globalized Economies and Regions; Natural Resources; National Security; Government and Politics; Globalized Markets and Industries; Middle East; Iran
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      Friedman, Jeremy, and Jingyu Liu. "Mossadeq’s Gambit: The US, UK, and Iranian Oil Nationalization." Harvard Business School Case 722-065, June 2022.
      • 2022
      • Article

      How to Choose a Default

      By: John Beshears, Richard T. Mason and Shlomo Benartzi
      We have developed a model for setting a default when a population is choosing among ordered choices—that is, ones listed in ascending or descending order. A company, for instance, might want to set a default contribution rate that will increase employees’ average... View Details
      Keywords: Nudge; Choice Architecture; Behavioral Economics; Behavioral Science; Default; Savings; Decision Choices and Conditions; Behavior; Motivation and Incentives
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      Beshears, John, Richard T. Mason, and Shlomo Benartzi. "How to Choose a Default." Behavioral Science & Policy 8, no. 1 (2022): 1–15.
      • May 2022 (Revised June 2024)
      • Case

      LOOP: Driving Change in Auto Insurance Pricing

      By: Elie Ofek and Alicia Dadlani
      John Henry and Carey Anne Nadeau, co-founders and co-CEOs of LOOP, an insurtech startup based in Austin, Texas, were on a mission to modernize the archaic $250 billion automobile insurance market. They sought to create equitably priced insurance by eliminating pricing... View Details
      Keywords: AI and Machine Learning; Technological Innovation; Equality and Inequality; Prejudice and Bias; Growth and Development Strategy; Customer Relationship Management; Price; Insurance Industry; Financial Services Industry
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      Ofek, Elie, and Alicia Dadlani. "LOOP: Driving Change in Auto Insurance Pricing." Harvard Business School Case 522-073, May 2022. (Revised June 2024.)
      • Article

      Developing a Digital Mindset: How to Lead Your Organization into the Age of Data, Algorithms, and AI

      By: Tsedal Neeley and Paul Leonardi
      Learning new technological skills is essential for digital transformation. But it is not enough. Employees must be motivated to use their skills to create new opportunities. They need a digital mindset: a set of attitudes and behaviors that enable people and... View Details
      Keywords: Machine Learning; AI; Information Technology; Transformation; Competency and Skills; Employees; Technology Adoption; Leading Change; Digital Transformation
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      Neeley, Tsedal, and Paul Leonardi. "Developing a Digital Mindset: How to Lead Your Organization into the Age of Data, Algorithms, and AI." S22032. Harvard Business Review 100, no. 3 (May–June 2022): 50–55.
      • Article

      Weak Corporate Insolvency Rules: The Missing Driver of Zombie Lending

      By: Bo Becker and Victoria Ivashina
      "Zombie lending"—lending to less-productive firms at subsidized rates—can help banks with misaligned incentives in the short run, but it prolongs economic downturns. We propose that inefficient resolution of insolvency is a significant contributor to this problem. We... View Details
      Keywords: Zombie Credit; Insolvency and Bankruptcy; Financing and Loans; Economic Slowdown and Stagnation
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      Becker, Bo, and Victoria Ivashina. "Weak Corporate Insolvency Rules: The Missing Driver of Zombie Lending." AEA Papers and Proceedings 112 (May 2022): 516–520.
      • April 2022
      • Teaching Note

      Banorte Móvil: Data-Driven Mobile Growth

      By: Ayelet Israeli and Carla Larangeira
      In mid-2019, Carlos Hank was deliberating over the results for Banorte Móvil—the mobile application for Banorte, Mexico’s most profitable and second-largest financial institution. Hank, who had been appointed as Banorte´s Chairman of the Board in January 2015, had... View Details
      Keywords: Data Analytics; Customer Lifetime Value; Financial Institutions; Mobile and Wireless Technology; Growth and Development Strategy; Customers; Technology Adoption; Communication Strategy; Banking Industry; Mexico; Latin America
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      Israeli, Ayelet, and Carla Larangeira. "Banorte Móvil: Data-Driven Mobile Growth." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 522-095, April 2022.
      • April 2022
      • Teaching Note

      Tempur Sealy International (A, B & C)

      By: Benjamin C. Esty and Daniel Fisher
      Teaching Note for HBS Case Nos. 718-422, 718-423, and 718-424. The cases explore the long-term relationship between Tempur Sealy (TPX, a mattress manufacturer) and Mattress Firm (MFRM, a bedding retailer and TPX's largest customer). For almost 20 years, the firms... View Details
      Keywords: Porter's 5 Forces; Bargaining Power; Buyer Power; Customer Power; Supplier Power; Negotiations; Value Capture; Private Equity; Consumer Durables; Consumer Discretionary; Mattresses; B-2-B; Industry Dynamics; Leadership; Compensation; Corporate Strategy; Business Strategy; Value Creation; Competition; Cooperation; Distribution; Negotiation; Industry Structures; Customers; Relationships; Distribution Industry; Manufacturing Industry; Retail Industry; Consumer Products Industry; United States; South Africa
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      Esty, Benjamin C., and Daniel Fisher. "Tempur Sealy International (A, B & C)." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 722-456, April 2022.
      • April 2022 (Revised August 2022)
      • Case

      Conflicts of Interest at Uptown Bank

      By: Jonas Heese
      In 2013, two employees debated whether to blow the whistle on their employer, Bell Bank, after completing an internal review that revealed undisclosed conflicts of interest. Bell Bank’s Asset Management business disproportionately invested clients’ money in Bell Bank’s... View Details
      Keywords: Whistleblower; Whistleblowing; Mutual Funds; Conflicts Of Interest; Decision Making; Decisions; Judgments; Ethics; Moral Sensibility; Values and Beliefs; Finance; Financial Institutions; Banks and Banking; Financial Management; Investment; Investment Funds; Governance; Corporate Accountability; Corporate Disclosure; Corporate Governance; Governance Compliance; Governance Controls; Policy; Law; Legal Liability; Social Psychology; Motivation and Incentives; Perception; Perspective; Trust; Financial Services Industry; North and Central America; United States
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      Heese, Jonas. "Conflicts of Interest at Uptown Bank." Harvard Business School Case 122-022, April 2022. (Revised August 2022.)
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