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      • Article

      Beyond the Reach of the Invisible Hand: Impediments to Economic Activity, Market Failures, and Profitability

      By: Dennis Yao
      In this paper it is argued that failures of the competitive market are necessary conditions for supranormal profitability. Three fundamental causes of these market failures-production economies and sunk costs, transactions costs, and imperfect information-are developed... View Details
      Keywords: Economics; Markets; Failure; Profit; Cost; Information; Market Transactions; Competition; Strategy; Production
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      Yao, Dennis. "Beyond the Reach of the Invisible Hand: Impediments to Economic Activity, Market Failures, and Profitability." Strategic Management Journal 9 (Summer 1988): 59–70. (Harvard users click here for full text.)
      • May 1988 (Revised March 1990)
      • Case

      Matsushita Electric Industrial (MEI) in 1987

      By: Christopher A. Bartlett and Sumantra Ghoshal
      Describes the development of Matsushita's international operations and the building of its dominant competitive position in the consumer electronics industry. Picks up the major challenges facing the company in 1987 as both its product focus and geographic posture are... View Details
      Keywords: Global Strategy; Goods and Commodities; Product Positioning; Problems and Challenges; Business Strategy; Competitive Strategy; Value; Electronics Industry
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      Bartlett, Christopher A., and Sumantra Ghoshal. "Matsushita Electric Industrial (MEI) in 1987." Harvard Business School Case 388-144, May 1988. (Revised March 1990.)
      • spring 1988
      • Article

      Product Market Competition and Managerial Slack

      By: David S. Scharfstein
      Keywords: Product; Markets; Competition; Management
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      Scharfstein, David S. "Product Market Competition and Managerial Slack." RAND Journal of Economics 19, no. 1 (spring 1988): 147–155.
      • November 1987 (Revised March 1988)
      • Case

      Searching for Trade Remedies: The U.S. Machine Tool Industry--1983

      By: David B. Yoffie
      In 1983 the National Machine Tools Builder Association was predicting a declining market for the United States and rising imports. Machine tool manufacturers had to decide if they should ask the U.S. government for help, and if they did, which administrative channels... View Details
      Keywords: Economic Slowdown and Stagnation; Machinery and Machining; Government and Politics; Law; Production; Business and Government Relations; Competition; Manufacturing Industry; Japan; Germany; United States
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      Yoffie, David B. "Searching for Trade Remedies: The U.S. Machine Tool Industry--1983." Harvard Business School Case 388-071, November 1987. (Revised March 1988.)
      • November 1987 (Revised March 1993)
      • Background Note

      Global Semiconductor Industry--1987

      By: David B. Yoffie
      In 1987, the global semiconductor industry was coming out of the deepest recession in its 40 year history. The note examines the competitive dynamics of this industry over time, the nature of its technology, and the sources of competitive advantage. The role of buyer... View Details
      Keywords: Financial Crisis; Globalization; Crisis Management; Consumer Behavior; Competitive Strategy; Competitive Advantage; Technology; Semiconductor Industry
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      Yoffie, David B. "Global Semiconductor Industry--1987." Harvard Business School Background Note 388-052, November 1987. (Revised March 1993.)
      • October 1987
      • Case

      Philips Group--1987, The

      By: Francis Aguilar and Michael Y. Yoshino
      Discusses how Philips, a major Dutch-based multinational company, attempts to bring about a fundamental change in its strategy, organization, and culture in response to a rapidly changing market and competitive environment. View Details
      Keywords: Multinational Firms and Management; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Organizational Culture; Organizational Structure; Corporate Strategy; Competitive Strategy; Markets; Change Management; Netherlands
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      Aguilar, Francis, and Michael Y. Yoshino. "Philips Group--1987, The." Harvard Business School Case 388-050, October 1987.
      • October 1987 (Revised February 1992)
      • Case

      Motorola and Japan (A)

      By: David B. Yoffie and John J. Coleman
      In 1981, Motorola was reevaluating its strategy towards Japan. The firm had been successful in penetrating the Japanese market, and it was confronting increased Japanese competition at home. How it should respond and with what kind of organization were the central... View Details
      Keywords: Market Entry and Exit; Standards; Competition; Corporate Strategy; Telecommunications Industry; Japan
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      Yoffie, David B., and John J. Coleman. "Motorola and Japan (A)." Harvard Business School Case 388-056, October 1987. (Revised February 1992.)
      • December 1986 (Revised January 1998)
      • Case

      Chaparral Steel (Abridged)

      By: Kim B. Clark
      Examines a major capacity expansion proposal of Chaparral Steel, a steel minimill. Gives students the opportunity to evaluate the proposed expansion in the context of the competitive environment, market demand, technological choice, and the demands of a global... View Details
      Keywords: Expansion; Performance Capacity; Steel Industry
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      Clark, Kim B. "Chaparral Steel (Abridged)." Harvard Business School Case 687-045, December 1986. (Revised January 1998.)
      • December 1986 (Revised March 1991)
      • Supplement

      Caterpillar-Komatsu in 1986

      By: Christopher A. Bartlett
      Provides an update to the global competitive interaction between Caterpillar and Komatsu described in companion cases Caterpillar Tractor and Komatsu Ltd. Caterpillar's response to Komatsu's growing market share is outlined, then the impact of rapidly changing... View Details
      Keywords: Competition; Currency Exchange Rate; Price; Global Strategy; Policy; Market Participation; Strategy; Manufacturing Industry; Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry; Industrial Products Industry
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      Bartlett, Christopher A. "Caterpillar-Komatsu in 1986." Harvard Business School Supplement 387-095, December 1986. (Revised March 1991.)
      • 1986
      • Book

      Competition in Global Industries

      By: Michael E. Porter
      Keywords: Competition; Globalized Markets and Industries
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      Porter, Michael E., ed. Competition in Global Industries. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1986.
      • October 1986 (Revised November 1988)
      • Case

      B-W Footwear

      By: David B. Yoffie
      As import penetration into the American footwear market reached 81% in 1986, B-W Footwear, along with all of its American competitors, was struggling. Supply lines were deteriorating, retailers and importers were gaining power, and the government had rejected two... View Details
      Keywords: Competitive Strategy; Management; Globalization; Government and Politics; Business Strategy; Trade; Apparel and Accessories Industry; United States
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      Yoffie, David B. "B-W Footwear." Harvard Business School Case 387-022, October 1986. (Revised November 1988.)
      • September 1986 (Revised July 2001)
      • Case

      Eastern Electric Apparatus Repair Company (A)

      By: Carliss Y. Baldwin and Harry Gruner
      As principals engaged in structuring leveraged buyouts for a well-capitalized risk arbitrage firm, Bob Meehan and George Schwartz are preparing to bid for the business and assets of a Westinghouse subsidiary. The case focuses on the value of the opportunity, methods of... View Details
      Keywords: Leveraged Buyouts; Bids and Bidding; Opportunities; Business Subsidiaries; Strategy; Valuation; Equity; Electronics Industry
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      Baldwin, Carliss Y., and Harry Gruner. "Eastern Electric Apparatus Repair Company (A)." Harvard Business School Case 287-023, September 1986. (Revised July 2001.)
      • April 1986 (Revised May 1988)
      • Case

      Sun Microsystems, Inc. (B)

      By: Kim B. Clark
      Dissects the manufacturing process and procedures of a high-end computer manufacturer. The main issue is how to introduce new products and ramp them up quickly in a competitive environment where time-to-market is crucial. Focuses on engineering change orders--how they... View Details
      Keywords: Factories, Labs, and Plants; Time Management; Product Launch; Production; Business Processes; Competitive Strategy; Computer Industry
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      Clark, Kim B. "Sun Microsystems, Inc. (B)." Harvard Business School Case 686-134, April 1986. (Revised May 1988.)
      • April 1986 (Revised September 1993)
      • Case

      Sun Microsystems, Inc. (A)

      By: Steven C. Wheelwright
      Sun Microsystems managers must decide whether to launch a new product into manufacturing. Teaching objectives include: 1) an analysis of the competitive environment, 2) examination of technological choices, 3) understanding of the new product development process, and... View Details
      Keywords: Decision Choices and Conditions; Product Launch; Product Development; Production; Competitive Strategy; Computer Industry
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      Wheelwright, Steven C. "Sun Microsystems, Inc. (A)." Harvard Business School Case 686-133, April 1986. (Revised September 1993.)
      • February 1985 (Revised September 1988)
      • Case

      Komatsu Ltd.

      By: Christopher A. Bartlett
      Reviews and updates the structure and characteristics of the earth-moving equipment industry presented in the companion case, Caterpillar Tractor Co. After revealing that CAT has suffered major financial losses during the period from 1981 through 1984, the case... View Details
      Keywords: Financial Crisis; Machinery and Machining; Price; Growth and Development; Brands and Branding; Product Development; Production; Competitive Strategy; Global Strategy; Manufacturing Industry; Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry; Industrial Products Industry
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      Bartlett, Christopher A. "Komatsu Ltd." Harvard Business School Case 385-277, February 1985. (Revised September 1988.)
      • September 1984 (Revised December 1992)
      • Case

      Federated Industries (A)

      By: Robert J. Dolan
      The market leader in an overcapacity industry with a commodity product is trying to restore industry price levels. Price cutting has hurt overall industry price levels and the leader must determine whether (and how) to bring up price levels or exit the market. View Details
      Keywords: Supply and Industry; Market Entry and Exit; Price; Goods and Commodities; Competition; Consumer Products Industry; United States
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      Dolan, Robert J. "Federated Industries (A)." Harvard Business School Case 585-104, September 1984. (Revised December 1992.)
      • September 1984 (Revised May 1985)
      • Teaching Note

      Federated Industries (A) TN

      By: Robert J. Dolan
      Teaching Note for (9-585-104). View Details
      Keywords: Supply and Industry; Market Entry and Exit; Price; Goods and Commodities; Competition; Consumer Products Industry; United States
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      Dolan, Robert J. "Federated Industries (A) TN." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 585-105, September 1984. (Revised May 1985.)
      • August 1984
      • Case

      Competitive Positioning in the Dishwasher Industry (A): The Dishwasher Market

      By: Joseph L. Bower
      Keywords: Product Positioning; Competitive Strategy; Consumer Products Industry
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      Bower, Joseph L. "Competitive Positioning in the Dishwasher Industry (A): The Dishwasher Market." Harvard Business School Case 385-045, August 1984.
      • August 1984
      • Case

      Competitive Positioning in the Dishwasher Industry (C): Sears, Roebuck and Co.

      By: Joseph L. Bower
      Keywords: Product Positioning; Competitive Strategy; Consumer Products Industry
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      Bower, Joseph L. "Competitive Positioning in the Dishwasher Industry (C): Sears, Roebuck and Co." Harvard Business School Case 385-047, August 1984.
      • August 1984
      • Case

      Competitive Positioning in the Dishwasher Industry (D): General Electric (GE)

      By: Joseph L. Bower
      Keywords: Product Positioning; Competitive Strategy; Consumer Products Industry
      Citation
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      Bower, Joseph L. "Competitive Positioning in the Dishwasher Industry (D): General Electric (GE)." Harvard Business School Case 385-048, August 1984.
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