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      • December 2023 (Revised November 2024)
      • Supplement

      Decarbonizing Shipping at A.P. Møller-Maersk (B)

      By: Willy Shih, Michael W. Toffel and Kelsey Carter
      This is a (B) case supplement to 624-049 Decarbonizing Shipping at A.P. Møller-Maetsk View Details
      Keywords: Decarbonization; Shipping; Biofuel; Ship Transportation; Energy Sources; Shipping Industry
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      Shih, Willy, Michael W. Toffel, and Kelsey Carter. "Decarbonizing Shipping at A.P. Møller-Maersk (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 624-051, December 2023. (Revised November 2024.)
      • November 2023
      • Article

      Algorithmic Mechanism Design with Investment

      By: Mohammad Akbarpour, Scott Duke Kominers, Kevin Michael Li, Shengwu Li and Paul Milgrom
      We study the investment incentives created by truthful mechanisms that allocate resources using approximation algorithms. Some approximation algorithms guarantee nearly 100% of the optimal welfare, but have only a zero guarantee when one bidder can invest before... View Details
      Keywords: Mechanism Design; Market Design; Auctions
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      Akbarpour, Mohammad, Scott Duke Kominers, Kevin Michael Li, Shengwu Li, and Paul Milgrom. "Algorithmic Mechanism Design with Investment." Econometrica 91, no. 6 (November 2023): 1969–2003.
      • 2023
      • Article

      Benchmarking Large Language Models on CMExam—A Comprehensive Chinese Medical Exam Dataset

      By: Junling Liu, Peilin Zhou, Yining Hua, Dading Chong, Zhongyu Tian, Andrew Liu, Helin Wang, Chenyu You, Zhenhua Guo, Lei Zhu and Michael Lingzhi Li
      Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have transformed the field of question answering (QA). However, evaluating LLMs in the medical field is challenging due to the lack of standardized and comprehensive datasets. To address this gap, we introduce CMExam,... View Details
      Keywords: Large Language Model; AI and Machine Learning; Analytics and Data Science; Health Industry
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      Liu, Junling, Peilin Zhou, Yining Hua, Dading Chong, Zhongyu Tian, Andrew Liu, Helin Wang, Chenyu You, Zhenhua Guo, Lei Zhu, and Michael Lingzhi Li. "Benchmarking Large Language Models on CMExam—A Comprehensive Chinese Medical Exam Dataset." Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS), Datasets and Benchmarks Track 36 (2023).
      • December 2023
      • Article

      Brokerage Relationships and Analyst Forecasts: Evidence from the Protocol for Broker Recruiting

      By: Braiden Coleman, Michael Drake, Joseph Pacelli and Brady Twedt
      In this study, we offer novel evidence on how the nature of brokerage-client relationships can influence the quality of equity research. We exploit a unique setting provided by the Protocol for Broker Recruiting to examine whether relaxed broker non-compete agreement... View Details
      Keywords: Brokers; Analysts; Forecasts; Bias; Protocol; Investment; Research; Forecasting and Prediction
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      Coleman, Braiden, Michael Drake, Joseph Pacelli, and Brady Twedt. "Brokerage Relationships and Analyst Forecasts: Evidence from the Protocol for Broker Recruiting." Review of Accounting Studies 28, no. 4 (December 2023): 2075–2103.
      • December 2023
      • Other Article

      Introduction to the Special Section on Business and Climate Change

      By: Rajesh Chandy, Glen Dowell, Colin Mayer, Erica Plambeck, George Serafeim, Michael W. Toffel, L. Beril Toktay and Elke Weber
      Keywords: Climate Change; Adaptation; Policy; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Innovation and Invention; Forecasting and Prediction
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      Chandy, Rajesh, Glen Dowell, Colin Mayer, Erica Plambeck, George Serafeim, Michael W. Toffel, L. Beril Toktay, and Elke Weber. "Introduction to the Special Section on Business and Climate Change." Management Science 69, no. 12 (December 2023): 7347–7351.
      • 2023
      • Chapter

      The Platform Organization

      By: Annabelle Gawer, Michael A. Cusumano and David B. Yoffie
      The industry platform is a distinct organizational form that has grown into importance over the past 20 years. We focus on the digital platform, which, along with its associated ecosystem, is uniquely positioned to create and capture value in the digital economy. View Details
      Keywords: Platform; Organization; Organizations; Internet and the Web; Value Creation; Digital Platforms
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      Gawer, Annabelle, Michael A. Cusumano, and David B. Yoffie. "The Platform Organization." Chap. 5 in Designing Adaptive Organizations, edited by Charles Snow and Øystein D. Fjeldstad, 86–103. Cambridge Companions to Management. Cambridge University Press, 2023.
      • 2023
      • Working Paper

      What Makes Managers’ Private Disclosures Informative? Evidence from Professional Investors

      By: Michael Durney, Hoyoun Kyung, Jihwon Park and Eugene F. Soltes
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      Durney, Michael, Hoyoun Kyung, Jihwon Park, and Eugene F. Soltes. "What Makes Managers’ Private Disclosures Informative? Evidence from Professional Investors." Working Paper, December 2023.
      • November 2023 (Revised November 2024)
      • Case

      Decarbonizing Shipping at A.P. Møller-Maersk (A)

      By: Willy Shih, Michael W. Toffel and Kelsey Carter
      Container shipping was responsible for moving more than 80% of globally traded goods, and almost 3% of global greenhouse gas emissions. A.P. Møller-Maersk, one of the top three container lines, conducted an extensive lifecycle assessment (LCA) of alternative fuels,... View Details
      Keywords: Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Energy Sources; Environmental Sustainability; Ship Transportation; Shipping Industry
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      Shih, Willy, Michael W. Toffel, and Kelsey Carter. "Decarbonizing Shipping at A.P. Møller-Maersk (A)." Harvard Business School Case 624-049, November 2023. (Revised November 2024.)
      • November 2023 (Revised August 2024)
      • Background Note

      Life Cycle Assessment: An Overview

      By: Willy C. Shih, Michael W. Toffel and Kelsey Carter
      Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a holistic approach to quantifying the environmental impacts—including resources consumed and wastes produced—associated with the entire life cycle of a product, from the production or extraction of the raw materials used in its creation,... View Details
      Keywords: Life-cycle; Environmental Performance; Design; Environmental Management; Environmental Sustainability; Climate Change; Measurement and Metrics; Standards; Accounting; Environmental Accounting
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      Shih, Willy C., Michael W. Toffel, and Kelsey Carter. "Life Cycle Assessment: An Overview." Harvard Business School Background Note 624-052, November 2023. (Revised August 2024.)
      • November 2023 (Revised February 2025)
      • Background Note

      Corporate Climate Targets

      By: Willy C. Shih, Michael W. Toffel and Kelsey Carter
      Companies that are addressing climate change by mitigating their greenhouse gas emissions often set reduction targets. This note describes several types of widely used carbon reduction targets, including carbon neutral, science based, net zero, real zero, and carbon... View Details
      Keywords: Corporate Sustainability; Environmental Strategy; Climate Risk; Target-setting; Climate Change; Environmental Sustainability; Corporate Accountability; Policy; Measurement and Metrics; Strategic Planning; Social Issues; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact
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      Shih, Willy C., Michael W. Toffel, and Kelsey Carter. "Corporate Climate Targets." Harvard Business School Background Note 624-041, November 2023. (Revised February 2025.)
      • November 2023
      • Article

      Brokerage House Initial Public Offerings and Analyst Forecast Quality

      By: Mark Bradshaw, Michael Drake, Joseph Pacelli and Brady Twedt
      We examine how brokerage firm initial public offerings (IPOs) influence the research quality of sell-side analysts employed by the brokerage. Our main results focus on earnings forecast bias and absolute forecast errors as proxies for research quality. Using a... View Details
      Keywords: IPOs; Research Analysts; "Brokerage Industry; Initial Public Offering; Employees; Behavior; Outcome or Result
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      Bradshaw, Mark, Michael Drake, Joseph Pacelli, and Brady Twedt. "Brokerage House Initial Public Offerings and Analyst Forecast Quality." Management Science 69, no. 11 (November 2023): 7079–7094.
      • October 2023
      • Case

      Houghton Mifflin Harcourt: A Curriculum Provider Puts Itself on the Hook for Student Outcomes

      By: John J-H Kim, Derek C. M. van Bever, Michael Norris and Max Hancock
      Jack Lynch, CEO of Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (HMH) since 2017, was leading the company’s transformation from a legacy textbook publisher to a digital-first student outcomes provider, which earned subscription revenue from digital products and curriculum. In 2023, HMH... View Details
      Keywords: Edtech; Textbook; Publishing; Leading Change; Change Management; Transformation; Digital Transformation; Expansion; Business Strategy; Publishing Industry; Education Industry; United States
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      Kim, John J-H, Derek C. M. van Bever, Michael Norris, and Max Hancock. "Houghton Mifflin Harcourt: A Curriculum Provider Puts Itself on the Hook for Student Outcomes." Harvard Business School Case 324-011, October 2023.
      • October 20, 2023
      • Article

      How ENGOs Can Support Corporate Climate Change Efforts

      By: Michael W. Toffel
      Nearly half of CEOs view climate change as affecting their companies now or within the coming decade, but there is also a wide gap between what CEOs say is progress on tackling climate change and what many of their investors believe are effective actions. Companies... View Details
      Keywords: Climate Change; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Business and Shareholder Relations
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      Toffel, Michael W. "How ENGOs Can Support Corporate Climate Change Efforts." Harvard Business Review (website) (October 20, 2023).
      • October 2023
      • Case

      JPMorgan Chase in Paris

      By: Joseph L. Bower, Dante Roscini, Elena Corsi and Michael Norris
      In 2019, Daniel Pinto, President and COO of JPMorgan Chase, has to make a recommendation to the bank’s Chairman and CEO, Jamie Dimon, about where to physically locate the bank’s European trading operations after Brexit takes effect in 2020. The decision-making process... View Details
      Keywords: Change Management; Banks and Banking; Financial Markets; Cross-Cultural and Cross-Border Issues; Globalized Firms and Management; Globalized Markets and Industries; Decisions; Banking Industry; Europe; European Union; France; United Kingdom; Paris
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      Bower, Joseph L., Dante Roscini, Elena Corsi, and Michael Norris. "JPMorgan Chase in Paris." Harvard Business School Case 724-001, October 2023.
      • October 2023
      • Case

      Lasell University in 2023: Securing the Future

      By: John Jong-Hyun Kim and Mary C. Sauer
      In a groundbreaking move on September 20, 2022, Lasell University's President, Michael B. Alexander, announced an extraordinary 33% reduction in tuition, room, board, and fees, signaling a pivotal shift in higher education. Situated in an affluent Boston suburb,... View Details
      Keywords: Higher Education; Cost; Valuation; Competitive Advantage; Education Industry; United States; Massachusetts
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      Kim, John Jong-Hyun, and Mary C. Sauer. "Lasell University in 2023: Securing the Future." Harvard Business School Case 324-049, October 2023.
      • October–December 2023
      • Article

      A Practical Guide to Conversation Research: How to Study What People Say to Each Other

      By: Michael Yeomans, Katelynn Boland, Hanne K. Collins, Nicole Abi-Esber and Alison Wood Brooks
      Conversation—a verbal interaction between two or more people—is a complex, pervasive, and consequential human behavior. Conversations have been studied across many academic disciplines. However, advances in recording and analysis techniques over the last decade have... View Details
      Keywords: Interpersonal Communication; Analytics and Data Science; Research
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      Yeomans, Michael, Katelynn Boland, Hanne K. Collins, Nicole Abi-Esber, and Alison Wood Brooks. "A Practical Guide to Conversation Research: How to Study What People Say to Each Other." Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science 6, no. 4 (October–December 2023).
      • 2023
      • Working Paper

      How Private Investors Value 'Platformness': An Exploratory Study of Unicorns

      By: David B. Yoffie, Michael A. Cusumano, Annabelle Gawer, Sarah von Bargen and Kwesi Acquay
      This paper explores the premium investors have been willing to pay for private companies (unicorns) that are digital platforms vs. traditional companies. View Details
      Keywords: Platforms And Ecosystems; Digital Platforms; Investment Portfolio
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      Yoffie, David B., Michael A. Cusumano, Annabelle Gawer, Sarah von Bargen, and Kwesi Acquay. "How Private Investors Value 'Platformness': An Exploratory Study of Unicorns." Working Paper, October 2023.
      • October 2023
      • Article

      Improving Regulatory Effectiveness Through Better Targeting: Evidence from OSHA

      By: Matthew S. Johnson, David I. Levine and Michael W. Toffel
      We study how a regulator can best target inspections. Our case study is a U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) program that randomly allocated some inspections. On average, each inspection averted 2.4 serious injuries (9%) over the next five years.... View Details
      Keywords: Safety Regulations; Regulations; Regulatory Enforcement; Machine Learning Models; Safety; Operations; Service Operations; Production; Forecasting and Prediction; Decisions; United States
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      Johnson, Matthew S., David I. Levine, and Michael W. Toffel. "Improving Regulatory Effectiveness Through Better Targeting: Evidence from OSHA." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 15, no. 4 (October 2023): 30–67. (Profiled in the Regulatory Review.)
      • September 2023
      • Supplement

      Arcos Dorados: Decarbonizing McDonald’s in Latin America – Alternative Protein Products

      By: George Serafeim and Michael W. Toffel
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      Serafeim, George, and Michael W. Toffel. "Arcos Dorados: Decarbonizing McDonald’s in Latin America – Alternative Protein Products." Harvard Business School Multimedia/Video Supplement 624-705, September 2023.
      • September 2023
      • Supplement

      Arcos Dorados: Decarbonizing McDonald’s in Latin America – Decarbonization Activities

      By: George Serafeim and Michael W. Toffel
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      Serafeim, George, and Michael W. Toffel. "Arcos Dorados: Decarbonizing McDonald’s in Latin America – Decarbonization Activities." Harvard Business School Multimedia/Video Supplement 624-703, September 2023.
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