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- December 2022
- Article
Cost Standard Set Program: Moving Forward to Standardization of Cost Assessment Based on Clinical Condition
By: Anna Paula Beck da Silva Etges, Richard D. Urman, Anne Geubelle, Robert Kaplan and Carisi Anne Polanczyk
This communication announces the International Cost Standard Set Program. Its goal is to establish global standardized frameworks for measuring the costs of treating specific clinical conditions. A scientific committee, including 16 international healthcare cost... View Details
Keywords: Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing; Value-based Health Care; Cost; Health Care and Treatment; Activity Based Costing and Management; Health Industry
da Silva Etges, Anna Paula Beck, Richard D. Urman, Anne Geubelle, Robert Kaplan, and Carisi Anne Polanczyk. "Cost Standard Set Program: Moving Forward to Standardization of Cost Assessment Based on Clinical Condition." Journal of Comparative Effectiveness Research 11, no. 17 (December 2022): 1219–1223.
- 23 Jan 2023
- Research & Ideas
After High-Profile Failures, Can Investors Still Trust Credit Ratings?
During the financial crisis of 2008, major credit rating agencies faced sharp criticism for failing to recognize and warn of the risks of emerging instruments like mortgage-backed securities. Since that... View Details
Keywords: by Ben Rand
- 2022
- Working Paper
On the Estimation of Demand-Based Asset Pricing Models
A growing literature uses portfolio holdings data to quantify the impact of investor demand on equilibrium prices via counterfactual experiments. The key parameter in relating demand and equilibrium prices is investors’ elasticity of demand with respect to the price.... View Details
van der Beck, Philippe. "On the Estimation of Demand-Based Asset Pricing Models." Swiss Finance Institute Research Paper Series, No. 22-67, May 2022.
- July 2021 (Revised December 2021)
- Case
Pershing Square's Pandemic Trade (A)
By: Emil N. Siriwardane, Luis M. Viceira, Dean Xu and Lucas Baker
This case explores the decision that Bill Ackman, CEO and founder of the hedge fund Pershing Square Capital, was considering in late February 2020 about hedging the exposure of the fund’s portfolio from the potential financial fallout ensuing from an extreme event like... View Details
Keywords: Health Pandemics; Financial Liquidity; Cost Management; Decision Choices and Conditions; Risk Management
Siriwardane, Emil N., Luis M. Viceira, Dean Xu, and Lucas Baker. "Pershing Square's Pandemic Trade (A)." Harvard Business School Case 222-007, July 2021. (Revised December 2021.)
- February 2022 (Revised November 2022)
- Case
Fondeadora
By: Álvaro Rodríguez Arregui and Mitchell Weiss
Norman Müller and René Serrano, cofounders of Fondeadora, a Mexican “neobank,” had lined up a $12.5 million in Series A funding round in 2020 only to run into a major obstacle: The lead investor was Gradient Ventures, a venture firm launched by Alphabet, Inc., and... View Details
Keywords: Fundraising; Entrepreneurship; Venture Capital; Financial Institutions; Business Startups; Government Legislation; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Financial Strategy; Financial Services Industry; Mexico City; Latin America
Rodríguez Arregui, Álvaro, and Mitchell Weiss. "Fondeadora." Harvard Business School Case 822-077, February 2022. (Revised November 2022.)
- September 2010 (Revised October 2010)
- Background Note
Note on International Trade Finance
By: C. Fritz Foley, Matthew Johnson and David Lane
This note provides an introduction to the financing terms and payment arrangements that support international trade. It describes the principal instruments of trade finance, the limited evidence on their relative use, and the international trade dispute resolution... View Details
Keywords: Trade; Credit; Financial Instruments; Financing and Loans; International Finance; Conflict and Resolution
Foley, C. Fritz, Matthew Johnson, and David Lane. "Note on International Trade Finance." Harvard Business School Background Note 211-007, September 2010. (Revised October 2010.)
- March 2019
- Article
Evidence of Upcoding in Pay-for-Performance Programs
By: Hamsa Bastani, Joel Goh and Mohsen Bayati
Recent Medicare legislation seeks to improve patient care quality by financially penalizing providers for hospital-acquired infections (HAIs). However, Medicare cannot directly monitor HAI rates and instead relies on providers accurately self-reporting HAIs in claims... View Details
Keywords: Medical Coding; Health Policy; Healthcare-acquired Conditions; Medicare; Health Care and Treatment; Policy; Performance Improvement; Quality; Measurement and Metrics; Government Legislation
Bastani, Hamsa, Joel Goh, and Mohsen Bayati. "Evidence of Upcoding in Pay-for-Performance Programs." Management Science 65, no. 3 (March 2019): 1042–1060. (2015 INFORMS Health Applications Society best student (H. Bastani) paper award.)
- September 2002 (Revised April 2004)
- Background Note
A Note on Depositary Receipts
Provides an introduction to depositary receipts. Recently, these instruments have been used with increasing frequency by firms seeking to list their shares on stock exchanges in other countries, especially in the United States. Describes different types of depositary... View Details
Kuemmerle, Walter. "A Note on Depositary Receipts." Harvard Business School Background Note 803-026, September 2002. (Revised April 2004.)
- 2016
- Working Paper
The Attenuating Effect of Banking Relationships on Credit Market Disruption
By: Stefan Dimitriadis and Mike Horia Teodorescu
This article examines how the relationship between banks and corporations moderates the effect of credit market disruptions. The 2008-09 financial crisis led to a dramatic restriction in the supply of credit to corporations via the syndicated loan market... View Details
- Article
Resources and Relationships in Entrepreneurship: An Exchange Theory of the Development and Effects of the Entrepreneur-Investor Relationship
By: Laura Huang and Andrew P. Knight
We develop a theoretical model, grounded in exchange theory, about the process through which relationships between entrepreneurs and investors develop and influence the growth of new ventures. Our theory highlights the multifaceted relationships that entrepreneurs and... View Details
Keywords: Entrepreneurship; Relationships; Business Startups; Business and Shareholder Relations; Theory
Huang, Laura, and Andrew P. Knight. "Resources and Relationships in Entrepreneurship: An Exchange Theory of the Development and Effects of the Entrepreneur-Investor Relationship." Academy of Management Review 42, no. 1 (January 2017): 80–102.
- 2016
- Working Paper
Does Firm Innovation Affect Corporate Social Responsibility?
By: Rui Shen, Yi Tang and Ying Zhang
This study examines the relationship between firm innovation and CSR. Stakeholders’ concern over transaction-specific investments exacerbates when firms engage heavily in innovation activities. To secure stakeholders’ support, firms adopt CSR effectively as an ex ante... View Details
Keywords: Corporate Social Responsibility; Firm Innovation; Transaction-specific Investments; Firm Risk; Environmental Munificence; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Business and Stakeholder Relations; Innovation and Invention
Shen, Rui, Yi Tang, and Ying Zhang. "Does Firm Innovation Affect Corporate Social Responsibility?" Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 16-096, February 2016.
- August 2004 (Revised September 2004)
- Background Note
Note on Bond Valuation and Returns
All securities can be evaluated based on certain common characteristics: value, rate of return, risk, maturity, and so forth. This case examines how bonds are valued and how their rates of return are computed. It begins with basic definitions and features of... View Details
Chacko, George C., Peter A. Hecht, Vincent Dessain, and Monika Stachowiak. "Note on Bond Valuation and Returns." Harvard Business School Background Note 205-008, August 2004. (Revised September 2004.)
- March 2012
- Article
The Incentive Bubble
By: Mihir Desai
The past three decades have seen American capitalism quietly transformed by a single, powerful idea—that financial markets are a suitable tool for measuring performance and structuring compensation. Stock instruments for managers, high-powered incentive contracts for... View Details
Keywords: Economic Systems; Financial Markets; Executive Compensation; Motivation and Incentives; Corporate Governance; Equality and Inequality; Human Capital; United States
Desai, Mihir. "The Incentive Bubble." Harvard Business Review 90, no. 3 (March 2012).
- February 1992 (Revised July 1993)
- Case
Telefonica de Argentina S.A.
Deals with the privatization of the Argentine telephone industry. Focuses on the restructuring aspect. Commercial banks owned sovereign debt of Argentina trading at a deep discount to par. The question is whether the banks should exchange their sovereign debt... View Details
Keywords: Financial Instruments; Restructuring; Privatization; Commercial Banking; Telecommunications Industry; Argentina
Fenster, Steven R. "Telefonica de Argentina S.A." Harvard Business School Case 292-039, February 1992. (Revised July 1993.)
- Research Summary
Corporate Risk Management
Traditionally companies have managed different kinds of risk individually: the corporate treasurer or finance director handles credit risk and foreign exchange risk, the human resources manager handles employment risk, and so on. Integrated risk management calls for... View Details
- January 2025 (Revised March 2025)
- Case
Gavi and the 'Next' Pandemic
By: Tarun Khanna and Kerry Herman
In 2025, CEO Dr. Sania Nishtar and her team consider the lessons the Global Alliance for Vaccine and Immunizations (GAVI) learned from the pandemic. GAVI successfully brought COVID-19 vaccines to large swaths of the undeveloped and under-developed world by pooling... View Details
Keywords: Developing Countries and Economies; Health Care and Treatment; Health Pandemics; Crisis Management; Success; Innovation and Invention; Service Delivery; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Strategic Planning; Pharmaceutical Industry; Africa
Khanna, Tarun, and Kerry Herman. "Gavi and the 'Next' Pandemic." Harvard Business School Case 725-351, January 2025. (Revised March 2025.)
- May 2013
- Case
Bridgewater Associates
By: Jeffrey T. Polzer and Heidi K. Gardner
Bridgewater Associates was the world's largest hedge fund with approximately $120 billion in assets under management in mid-2012, and its leaders attribute its record-beating performance to the firm's culture of "radical transparency." The founder, Ray Dalio, was... View Details
Keywords: Management Style; Motivation and Incentives; Management Practices and Processes; Organizational Culture; Performance; Leadership Style; Investment; Financial Services Industry
Polzer, Jeffrey T., and Heidi K. Gardner. "Bridgewater Associates." Harvard Business School Multimedia/Video Case 413-702, May 2013.
- Research Summary
Business Ethics
Joshua Margolis is interested in how individuals can exercise leadership in the face of competing ethical and economic responsibilities, and how organizations can enable them to do that. In particular, how can managers and companies simultaneously advance... View Details
- March 2017
- Article
Land Institutions and Chinese Political Economy: Institutional Complementarities and Macroeconomic Management
By: Meg Rithmire
This article critically examines the origins and evolution of China’s unique land institutions and situates land policy in the larger context of China’s reforms and pursuit of economic growth. It argues that the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) has strengthened the... View Details
Keywords: China; Economic Reform; Land Politics; Macromanagement; Government and Politics; Macroeconomics; China
Rithmire, Meg. "Land Institutions and Chinese Political Economy: Institutional Complementarities and Macroeconomic Management." Politics & Society 45, no. 1 (March 2017): 123–153.
- 2012
- Working Paper
Colonial Institutions, Trade Shocks, and the Diffusion of Elementary Education in Brazil, 1889–1930
By: Aldo Musacchio, Andre Martinez-Fritscher and Martina Viarengo
In this paper, we examine the role of trade shocks in promoting the diffusion of elementary education in subnational units in Brazil during a period (1889–1930) in which they had relative financial autonomy to collect export taxes and spend on public goods. The... View Details
Keywords: History; Literacy; Voting; Education; Spending; Performance Improvement; Government and Politics; Brazil
Musacchio, Aldo, Andre Martinez-Fritscher, and Martina Viarengo. "Colonial Institutions, Trade Shocks, and the Diffusion of Elementary Education in Brazil, 1889–1930." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 10-075, March 2010. (Revised December 2012.)