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- All HBS Web (145)
- Faculty Publications (59)
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- November 2019
- Case
Apple, Einhorn, and iPrefs (Abridged)
By: Carliss Y. Baldwin and W. Carl Kester
In March 2013, Apple Computer has a very large cash balance, and is under pressure to return cash to shareholders. Hedge fund manager David Einhorn thinks Apple can "unlock value" by issuing perpetual preferred stock, dubbed iPrefs. Henry Blodget, CEO of Business... View Details
Baldwin, Carliss Y., and W. Carl Kester. "Apple, Einhorn, and iPrefs (Abridged)." Harvard Business School Case 220-043, November 2019.
- September 2002 (Revised March 2003)
- Technical Note
Technical Note on Equity-Linked Consideration, Part 3: Cash-and-Stock Deals
The consideration paid by an acquiring company to a target can be a combination of cash and stock. During the 1980s and 1990s, for example, approximately 12% to 13% of all deals between public companies involved both cash and stock. This case series describes the basic... View Details
Baldwin, Carliss Y. "Technical Note on Equity-Linked Consideration, Part 3: Cash-and-Stock Deals." Harvard Business School Technical Note 903-029, September 2002. (Revised March 2003.)
- 2020
- Working Paper
Design Rules, Volume 2: How Technology Shapes Organizations: Chapter 5 Ecosystems and Complementarities
The purpose of this chapter is to introduce two new building blocks to the theory of how technology shapes organizations. The first is a new layer of organization structure: a business “ecosystem.” The second is the economic concept of “complementarity.” Ecosystems are... View Details
Baldwin, Carliss Y. "Design Rules, Volume 2: How Technology Shapes Organizations: Chapter 5 Ecosystems and Complementarities." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 21-033, August 2020.
- 2010
- Working Paper
When Open Architecture Beats Closed: The Entrepreneurial Use of Architectural Knowledge
This paper describes how entrepreneurial firms can use superior architectural knowledge to open up a technical system to gain strategic advantage. The strategy involves, first, identifying "bottlenecks" in the existing system, and then creating a new open architecture... View Details
Keywords: Entrepreneurship; Investment Return; Growth and Development Strategy; Product Design; Organizational Design; Competitive Advantage; Technology Industry
Baldwin, Carliss Y. "When Open Architecture Beats Closed: The Entrepreneurial Use of Architectural Knowledge." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 10-063, February 2010. (Revised July 2010, October 2010.)
- 06 Jun 2017
- First Look
First Look at New Research and Ideas: June 6, 2017
implications from suboptimal peer-selection. Download working paper: https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=51919 Designing an Agile Software Portfolio Architecture: The Impact of Coupling on Performance By: MacCormack, Alan,... View Details
Keywords: Sean Silverthorne
- 2020
- Working Paper
Design Rules, Volume 2: How Technology Shapes Organizations: Chapter 4 The Mirroring Hypothesis: Linkages Inside and Across Transaction Free Zones
A technology is a specific way to achieve a material goal. It describes a feasible path—a recipe—by which a group of people can arrive at a goal that none could achieve individually. Technical recipes thus require linkages between and among the various contributors to... View Details
Baldwin, Carliss Y. "Design Rules, Volume 2: How Technology Shapes Organizations: Chapter 4 The Mirroring Hypothesis: Linkages Inside and Across Transaction Free Zones." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 21-032, August 2020.
- 2016
- Article
The Mirroring Hypothesis: Theory, Evidence, and Exceptions
By: Lyra J. Colfer and Carliss Y. Baldwin
The mirroring hypothesis predicts that organizational ties within a project, firm, or group of firms (e.g., communication, collocation, employment) will correspond to the technical dependencies in the work being performed. This article presents a unified picture of... View Details
Keywords: Modularity; Mirroring Hypothesis; Organization Design; Conway's Law; Knowledge Boundaries; Relational Contracts; Open Source Software; Organizational Design; Organizational Structure; Boundaries; Knowledge Management; Applications and Software
Colfer, Lyra J., and Carliss Y. Baldwin. "The Mirroring Hypothesis: Theory, Evidence, and Exceptions." Industrial and Corporate Change 25, no. 5 (2016): 709–738. (Lead Article.)
- 2019
- Working Paper
Design Rules, Volume 2: How Technology Shapes Organizations: Chapter 17 The Wintel Standards-based Platform
The purpose of this chapter is to use the theory of bottlenecks laid out in previous chapters to better understand the dynamics of an open standards-based platform. I describe how the Wintel platform evolved from 1990 through 2000 under joint sponsorship of Intel and... View Details
Keywords: Open Platforms; Bottlenecks; Wintel Platform; Disintermediation; Information Infrastructure; Applications and Software; Business History; Digital Platforms; Computer Industry
Baldwin, Carliss Y. "Design Rules, Volume 2: How Technology Shapes Organizations: Chapter 17 The Wintel Standards-based Platform." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 20-055, November 2019.
- 03 Feb 2015
- First Look
First Look: February 3
MacCormack, Alan, Robert Lagerstrom, and Carliss Y. Baldwin Abstract—We propose a network-based methodology for operationalizing enterprise... View Details
Keywords: Sean Silverthorne
- November 2005 (Revised October 2012)
- Case
The Auction for Burger King (A)
By: Carliss Y. Baldwin and James Quinn
Paul Walsh, CEO of Diageo, must evaluate bids received in an auction of the Burger King restaurant unit. Describes how Diageo came to own Burger King, the attempts to turn the unit around, the strategic reasons for its sale, the auction process, and various bidders'... View Details
Keywords: Management Teams; Leveraged Buyouts; Bids and Bidding; Valuation; Auctions; Decision Choices and Conditions; Negotiation Tactics; Service Industry; Food and Beverage Industry
Baldwin, Carliss Y., and James Quinn. "The Auction for Burger King (A)." Harvard Business School Case 906-012, November 2005. (Revised October 2012.)
- 2019
- Working Paper
Design Rules, Volume 2: How Technology Shapes Organizations: Chapter 8 Rationalizing Flow Processes
The purpose of this chapter is to examine the value structure of flow production processes and to explain why it is necessary to rationalize flow processes using the tools of systematic management. I first explain the problems facing managers of multi-step flow... View Details
Keywords: Flow Processes; Bottlenecks; Systematic Management; Production; Management; Problems and Challenges
Baldwin, Carliss Y. "Design Rules, Volume 2: How Technology Shapes Organizations: Chapter 8 Rationalizing Flow Processes." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 20-032, September 2019.
- 2008
- Working Paper
The Architecture of Platforms: A Unified View
By: Carliss Y. Baldwin and C. Jason Woodard
The central role of "platform" products and services in mediating the activities of disaggregated "clusters" or "ecosystems" of firms has been widely recognized. But platforms and the systems in which they are embedded are very diverse. In particular, platforms may... View Details
Keywords: Digital Platforms; Industry Clusters; Infrastructure; Information Infrastructure; Digital Platforms
Baldwin, Carliss Y., and C. Jason Woodard. "The Architecture of Platforms: A Unified View." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 09-034, September 2008.
- Research Summary
Distributed Innovation in Open Systems—The Role of Modularity
Distributed innovation in open systems is an important trend in the modern global economy. As education levels rise and communication costs fall, more people have the means and motivation to innovate. Supply chains now stretch around the world as firms outsource... View Details
- 30 Aug 2016
- First Look
August 30, 2016
https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=51569 Building the Agile Enterprise: IT Architecture, Modularity and the Cost of IT Change By: MacCormack, Alan, Robert Lagerstrom, David Dreyfus, and Carliss... View Details
Keywords: Carmen Nobel
- 18 Mar 2008
- First Look
First Look: March 18, 2008
Download the paper: http://www.hbs.edu/research/pdf/08-084.pdf Exploring the Duality between Product and Organizational Architectures: A Test of the Mirroring Hypothesis Authors:Alan D. MacCormack, John Rusnak, and View Details
Keywords: Martha Lagace
- 25 Jun 2013
- First Look
First Look: June 25
Network Methods to Map Product Architecture By: Baldwin, Carliss Y., Alan MacCormack, and John Rusnak Abstract—In this paper, we describe an operational methodology for... View Details
Keywords: Anna Secino
- 07 Mar 2017
- First Look
First Look at New Research, March 7
Between Architecture Coupling and Software Vulnerabilities: A Google Chrome Case By: Lagerström, Robert, Carliss Y. Baldwin, Alan MacCormack, Dan... View Details
Keywords: Sean Silverthorne
- 24 Sep 2013
- First Look
First Look: September 24
By: Gil, Nuno, and Carliss Y. Baldwin Abstract—We argue that a design commons can be an advantageous organizational form under two salient conditions: 1) high... View Details
Keywords: Sean Silverthorne
- 17 Oct 2017
- First Look
First Look at New Research and Ideas, October 17, 2017
Digital Agility: The Impact of Software Portfolio Architecture on IT System Evolution By: MacCormack, Alan, Robert Lagerström, Martin Mocker, and Carliss Y. View Details
Keywords: Sean Silverthorne
- June 2001 (Revised September 2011)
- Case
PepsiCo's Bid for Quaker Oats (A)
By: Carliss Y. Baldwin and Leonid P Sudakov
Throughout 1999, PepsiCo closely tracked several potential strategic acquisitions. In the fall of 2000, it appeared that the right moment for an equity-financed acquisition had arrived. At this time, PepsiCo management decided to initiate confidential discussions with... View Details
Keywords: Mergers and Acquisitions; Private Equity; Stock Shares; Negotiation; Strategy; Valuation; Food and Beverage Industry
Baldwin, Carliss Y., and Leonid P Sudakov. "PepsiCo's Bid for Quaker Oats (A)." Harvard Business School Case 801-458, June 2001. (Revised September 2011.)