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  • January 1989 (Revised March 1991)
  • Case

General Electric Canada: Designing a New Organization

By: Lynda M. Applegate and James I. Cash Jr.
General Electric Canada used sociotechnical design techniques to restructure its financial, administrative, facilities, and information technology service from a decentralized, hierarchical organization to a centralized organization composed of self-managing,... View Details
Keywords: Organizational Design; Information Technology; Groups and Teams; Change; Communication; Information; Industrial Products Industry; Canada
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Applegate, Lynda M., and James I. Cash Jr. "General Electric Canada: Designing a New Organization." Harvard Business School Case 189-138, January 1989. (Revised March 1991.)
  • 1969
  • Book

Organizational Development: Diagnosis and Action

By: J. W. Lorsch and Paul R. Lawrence
Keywords: Organizational Design
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Lorsch, J. W., and Paul R. Lawrence. Organizational Development: Diagnosis and Action. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1969.
  • August 1995 (Revised September 1995)
  • Background Note

Designing and Managing the Information Age IT Architecture

By: Lynda M. Applegate
The co-evolution of technology, work, and the workforce over the past 30 years has dramatically influenced our concept of organizations and the industries within which they compete. No longer simply a tool to support "back-office" transactions, IT has become a... View Details
Keywords: Design; Management; Organizations; Information Technology
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Applegate, Lynda M. "Designing and Managing the Information Age IT Architecture." Harvard Business School Background Note 196-005, August 1995. (Revised September 1995.)
  • May 2017 (Revised October 2017)
  • Case

Hyperloop Transportation Technologies: Building Breakthrough Innovations in Crowd-Powered Ecosystems

By: Lynda M. Applegate, Terri L. Griffith and Ann Majchrzak
Dirk Ahlborn, co-founder and CEO of Hyperloop Transportation Technologies, Inc. (HTT) looks back at the evolving organizational design and community that allows HTT to be crowd-powered. Since the founding in 2013, HTT has dealt with building an organization with less... View Details
Keywords: Collaboration; Crowdsourcing; Entrepreneurial Finance; Innovation; Organizational Design; Startups; Business Startups; Collaborative Innovation and Invention; Entrepreneurship; Finance; Product Development
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Applegate, Lynda M., Terri L. Griffith, and Ann Majchrzak. "Hyperloop Transportation Technologies: Building Breakthrough Innovations in Crowd-Powered Ecosystems." Harvard Business School Case 817-134, May 2017. (Revised October 2017.)
  • Web

Organizational Behavior Curriculum - Faculty & Research

Organizational Behavior Overview Faculty Curriculum Seminars & Conferences Awards & Honors Doctoral Students MBA Required Curriculum (FIRST YEAR) Leadership and Organizational Behavior (LEAD) This course... View Details
  • Article

Organizational Ambidexterity in Action: How Managers Explore and Exploit

By: Charles A. O'Reilly III and Michael L. Tushman
Dynamic capabilities have been proposed as a useful way to understand how organizations are able to adapt to changes in technology and markets. Organizational ambidexterity, the ability of senior managers to seize opportunities through the orchestration and integration... View Details
Keywords: Decision Choices and Conditions; Management Practices and Processes; Resource Allocation; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Organizational Design; Opportunities
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O'Reilly, Charles A., III, and Michael L. Tushman. "Organizational Ambidexterity in Action: How Managers Explore and Exploit." California Management Review 53, no. 4 (Summer 2011): 5–21.
  • October 2021 (Revised December 2021)
  • Case

Customer-Centric Design with Artificial Intelligence: Commonwealth Bank

By: Karim R. Lakhani, Yael Grushka-Cockayne, Jin Hyun Paik and Steven Randazzo
As Commonwealth Bank (CommBank) CEO Matt Comyn delivered the full financial year results in August 2021 over videoconference, it took less than two minutes for him to make his first mention of the organization's Customer Engagement Engine (CEE), the AI-driven customer... View Details
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence; Customer-centricity; Banks and Banking; Customer Focus and Relationships; Technological Innovation; Transformation; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Performance; AI and Machine Learning; Financial Services Industry; Australia
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Lakhani, Karim R., Yael Grushka-Cockayne, Jin Hyun Paik, and Steven Randazzo. "Customer-Centric Design with Artificial Intelligence: Commonwealth Bank." Harvard Business School Case 622-065, October 2021. (Revised December 2021.)
  • 1977
  • Chapter

A Diagnostic Model for Organizational Behavior

By: D. Nadler and M. Tushman
Keywords: Mathematical Methods; Organizational Design; Organizational Structure; Behavior
Citation
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Nadler, D., and M. Tushman. "A Diagnostic Model for Organizational Behavior." In Perspectives on Behavior in Organizations, edited by Richard J. Hackman, Edward E. Lawler, Lyman W. Porter, and Patricia S. Nave. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1977.
  • November 2012 (Revised October 2013)
  • Supplement

Global Expansion at Sanford C. Bernstein (C)

By: Linda A. Hill and Dana Teppert
Robert van Brugge, CEO of Sanford C. Bernstein, a premier sell-side research firm, has recently appointed a new Director of Asian Research to lead the firm's Hong Kong office. Van Brugge wonders what advice he should give the new Director as the firm continues to... View Details
Keywords: Collaboration; Organizational Design; Talent Management; Leadership; Finance; Globalization; Organizational Culture; Financial Services Industry; Hong Kong
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Hill, Linda A., and Dana Teppert. "Global Expansion at Sanford C. Bernstein (C)." Harvard Business School Supplement 413-085, November 2012. (Revised October 2013.)
  • August 1995 (Revised September 1995)
  • Background Note

Managing in an Information Age: Organizational Challenges and Opportunities

By: Lynda M. Applegate
Managers and management theorists spent the majority of this century building and perfecting the hierarchy; however, if we believe the press, they now appear to be engaged in destroying it. While many proclaim the dawning of the "Information Age" organization and the... View Details
Keywords: Management; Information Technology; Problems and Challenges; Opportunities
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Applegate, Lynda M. "Managing in an Information Age: Organizational Challenges and Opportunities." Harvard Business School Background Note 196-002, August 1995. (Revised September 1995.)
  • 2002
  • Comment

Designs, Technology Cycles, and Organizational Outcomes

By: George Westerman and Michael L. Tushman
Keywords: Organizational Design; Information Technology; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Outcome or Result
Citation
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Westerman, George, and Michael L. Tushman. Comment on "Designs, Technology Cycles, and Organizational Outcomes." Chap. 10 Managing in the Modular Age: Architectures, Networks, and Organizations, edited by Raghu Garud, Arun Kumaraswamy, and Richard Langlois, 348–361. Blackwell Publishing, 2002.
  • July – August 2009
  • Article

Organizational Ambidexterity: Balancing Exploitation and Exploration for Sustained Performance

By: Sebastian Raisch, Julian Birkinshaw, Gilbert Probst and Michael Tushman
Organizational ambidexterity has emerged as a new research paradigm in organization theory, yet several issues that are fundamental to this debate remain controversial. We explore four central tensions here: Should organizations achieve ambidexterity through... View Details
Keywords: Change; Innovation and Invention; Business Processes; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Organizational Design; Organizational Structure; Research; Integration
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Raisch, Sebastian, Julian Birkinshaw, Gilbert Probst, and Michael Tushman. "Organizational Ambidexterity: Balancing Exploitation and Exploration for Sustained Performance." Organization Science 20, no. 4 (July–August 2009): 685–695.
  • 17 Oct 2013
  • Working Paper Summaries

Sharing Design Rights: A Commons Approach for Developing Infrastructure

Keywords: by Nuno Gil & Carliss Y. Baldwin
  • Article

Corporate Headquarters in the Twenty-first Century: An Organization Design Perspective

By: Sven Kunisch, Markus Menz and David J. Collis
The corporate headquarters (CHQ) of the multi-business enterprise, which emerged as the dominant organizational form for the conduct of business in the twentieth century, has attracted considerable scholarly attention. As the business environment undergoes a... View Details
Keywords: Corporate Strategy; Organizational Design; Organizational Structure; Business Headquarters
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Kunisch, Sven, Markus Menz, and David J. Collis. "Corporate Headquarters in the Twenty-first Century: An Organization Design Perspective." Art. 22. Journal of Organization Design 9 (2020): 1–32.
  • 2016
  • Chapter

Innovation Experiments: Researching Technical Advance, Knowledge Production and the Design of Supporting Institutions

By: Kevin J. Boudreau and Karim R. Lakhani
This paper discusses several challenges in designing field experiments to better understand how organizational and institutional design shapes innovation outcomes and the production of knowledge. We proceed to describe the field experimental research program carried... View Details
Keywords: Organizational Design; Research; Knowledge; Innovation and Invention
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Boudreau, Kevin J., and Karim R. Lakhani. "Innovation Experiments: Researching Technical Advance, Knowledge Production and the Design of Supporting Institutions." In Innovation Policy and the Economy, Volume 16, edited by William R. Kerr, Josh Lerner, and Scott Stern, 135–167. National Bureau of Economic Research, and University of Chicago Press, 2016.
  • June 2012
  • Article

Meta-organization Design: Rethinking Design in Interorganizational and Community Contexts

By: Ranjay Gulati, P. Puranam and Michael Tushman
This article provides conceptual foundations for analyzing organizations comprising multiple legally autonomous entities, which we call meta-organizations. We assess the antecedents of the emergence of such collectives and the design choices they entail. The article... View Details
Keywords: Organizational Design
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Gulati, Ranjay, P. Puranam, and Michael Tushman. "Meta-organization Design: Rethinking Design in Interorganizational and Community Contexts." Special Issue on Strategy and the Design of Organizational Architecture edited by R. Gulati, P. Puranam, M. Tushman. Strategic Management Journal 33, no. 6 (June 2012): 571–586.
  • Article

Design Physical and Digital Spaces to Foster Inclusion

By: Eric Anicich, Jon M. Jachimowicz, Merrick Osborne and L. Taylor Phillips
Often, strategies around making organizations more anti-racist focus on changing hearts and minds. Sometimes this isn’t enough, however, and can result in backlash or increased self-segregation among white employees. In these situations, leaders should consider using... View Details
Keywords: Anti-racism; Inclusion; Work Environment; Organizational Culture; Diversity; Change Management
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Anicich, Eric, Jon M. Jachimowicz, Merrick Osborne, and L. Taylor Phillips. "Design Physical and Digital Spaces to Foster Inclusion." Harvard Business Review (website) (August 11, 2021).
  • Teaching Interest

MBA Required Curriculum Leadership and Organizational Behavior (LEAD)

By: Rakesh Khurana

This course focuses on how managers become effective leaders by addressing the human side of enterprise.

The first modules examine teams, individuals, and networks in the context of:

  • The determinants of group... View Details
  • May 2011 (Revised March 2013)
  • Case

Marshall & Gordon: Designing an Effective Compensation System (A)

By: Heidi K. Gardner and Kerry Herman
CEO Kelly Browne wrestles with the design of a new compensation system to promote the collaboration and cross-selling necessary for supporting her firm's new strategy. Marshall Gordon International, a global public relations (PR) firm, has recently expanded its service... View Details
Keywords: Change Management; Customer Relationship Management; Compensation and Benefits; Retention; Growth and Development Strategy; Growth Management; Organizational Culture; Partners and Partnerships; Motivation and Incentives; Alignment; Public Relations Industry
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Gardner, Heidi K., and Kerry Herman. "Marshall & Gordon: Designing an Effective Compensation System (A)." Harvard Business School Case 411-038, May 2011. (Revised March 2013.)
  • January 24, 2025
  • Article

Behaviorally Designed Training Leads to More Diverse Hiring

By: Cansin Arslan, Edward H. Chang, Siri Chilazi, Iris Bohnet and Oliver P. Hauser
Many organizations have shown interest in increasing the diversity of their workforces for various reasons. Collectively, they have spent millions of dollars and countless employee hours on diversity training. Yet, there is little empirical evidence that such training... View Details
Keywords: Training; Diversity; Selection and Staffing; Behavior; Outcome or Result; Organizational Change and Adaptation
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Arslan, Cansin, Edward H. Chang, Siri Chilazi, Iris Bohnet, and Oliver P. Hauser. "Behaviorally Designed Training Leads to More Diverse Hiring." Science 387, no. 6732 (January 24, 2025): 364–366.
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