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    • All HBS Web  (1,409)
      • Faculty Publications  (121)

      Expectancy EffectsRemove Expectancy Effects →

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      • July – August 2010
      • Article

      Are You Ignoring Trends That Could Shake Up Your Business?

      By: Elie Ofek and Luc Wathieu
      Virtually all managers in consumer businesses recognize major social, economic, and technological trends. But many do not consider the profound ways in which trends--especially those that seem unrelated to their core markets--influence consumers' aspirations,... View Details
      Keywords: Trends; Innovation and Invention; Knowledge Use and Leverage; Marketing Strategy; Consumer Behavior; Product Development
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      Ofek, Elie, and Luc Wathieu. "Are You Ignoring Trends That Could Shake Up Your Business?" Harvard Business Review 88, nos. 7-8 (July–August 2010).
      • 2009
      • Working Paper

      Assess, Don't Assume, Part I: Etiquette and National Culture in Negotiation

      By: James K. Sebenius
      When facing a cross-border negotiation, the standard preparatory assessments -- of the parties, their interests, their no-deal options, opportunities for and barriers to creating and claiming value, the most promising sequence and process design, etc. -- should be... View Details
      Keywords: Cross-Cultural and Cross-Border Issues; Negotiation Process; Societal Protocols; Competitive Advantage; Cooperation
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      Sebenius, James K. "Assess, Don't Assume, Part I: Etiquette and National Culture in Negotiation." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 10-048, December 2009.
      • 2009
      • Working Paper

      Assess, Don't Assume, Part II: Negotiating Implications of Cross-Border Differences in Decision Making, Governance, and Political Economy

      By: James K. Sebenius

      When facing a cross-border negotiation, the standard preparatory assessments—of the parties, their interests, their no-deal options, opportunities for and barriers to creating and claiming value, the most promising sequence and process design, etc.—should be... View Details

      Keywords: Decision Making; Cross-Cultural and Cross-Border Issues; Corporate Governance; Negotiation Process; Organizational Culture; Business and Government Relations
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      Sebenius, James K. "Assess, Don't Assume, Part II: Negotiating Implications of Cross-Border Differences in Decision Making, Governance, and Political Economy." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 10-050, December 2009.
      • May 2009 (Revised December 2009)
      • Case

      Reliance Baking Soda: Optimizing Promotional Spending

      By: John A. Quelch and Heather Beckham
      Reliance Baking Soda is Stewart Corporation's oldest and most established product. The new Domestic Brand Director needs to create a 2008 marketing budget that delivers a profit increase of 10% over 2007 levels. She must first evaluate the effectiveness of past... View Details
      Keywords: Communication Strategy; Quantitative Analysis; Consumer Marketing; Marketing Planning; Product Management; Sales Promotions; Program Budgeting; Marketing Strategy; Advertising; Product Marketing; Budgets and Budgeting; Sales; Consumer Products Industry
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      Quelch, John A., and Heather Beckham. "Reliance Baking Soda: Optimizing Promotional Spending." Harvard Business School Brief Case 094-127, May 2009. (Revised December 2009.)
      • 2009
      • Chapter

      Collaboration Across Knowledge Boundaries within Diverse Teams: Reciprocal Expertise Affirmation as an Enabling Condition

      By: Amy C. Edmondson, Kate Roloff and Lucy H. MacPhail
      We review research on expertise diversity, psychological safety, team collaboration, and role identity to propose a model in which reciprocal affirmations of expertise identity among team members—a feature of the team environment that we conceptualize as a dimension of... View Details
      Keywords: Interpersonal Communication; Experience and Expertise; Learning; Knowledge Use and Leverage; Groups and Teams; Familiarity; Identity; Cooperation
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      Edmondson, Amy C., Kate Roloff, and Lucy H. MacPhail. "Collaboration Across Knowledge Boundaries within Diverse Teams: Reciprocal Expertise Affirmation as an Enabling Condition." In Exploring Positive Identities and Organizations: Building a Theoretical and Research Foundation, edited by Laura M. Roberts and Jane E. Dutton, 311–332. Psychology Press, 2009.
      • September 2008
      • Article

      Firm Heterogeneity and Credit Risk Diversification

      By: Samuel G. Hanson, M. Hashem Pesaran and Til Schuermann
      This paper examines the impact of neglected heterogeneity on credit risk. We show that neglecting heterogeneity in firm returns and/or default thresholds leads to under estimation of expected losses (EL), and its effect on portfolio risk is ambiguous. Once EL is... View Details
      Keywords: Volatility; Credit; Investment Return; Outcome or Result; Risk and Uncertainty; Loss; Diversification; Complexity; United States
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      Hanson, Samuel G., M. Hashem Pesaran, and Til Schuermann. "Firm Heterogeneity and Credit Risk Diversification." Journal of Empirical Finance 15, no. 4 (September 2008): 583–612.
      • November 2007
      • Article

      A Model of Consumer Learning for Service Quality and Usage

      By: Raghuram Iyengar, Asim Ansari and Sunil Gupta
      In many services, e.g., the wireless service industry, consumers choose a service plan based on their expected consumption. In such situations, consumers experience two forms of uncertainty. First, consumers may be uncertain about the quality of their service provider... View Details
      Keywords: Experience and Expertise; Customer Value and Value Chain; Learning; Price; Knowledge Use and Leverage; Marketing Strategy; Consumer Behavior; Service Delivery; Quality; Risk and Uncertainty; Service Industry
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      Iyengar, Raghuram, Asim Ansari, and Sunil Gupta. "A Model of Consumer Learning for Service Quality and Usage." Journal of Marketing Research (JMR) 44, no. 4 (November 2007): 529–544.
      • 2007
      • Working Paper

      Dynamics of Platform Competition: Exploring the Role of Installed Base, Platform Quality and Consumer Expectations

      By: Feng Zhu and Marco Iansiti
      This paper seeks to answer three questions. First, which drives the success of a platform, installed base, platform quality or consumer expectations? Second, when does a monopoly emerge in a platform-based market? Finally, when is a platform-based market socially... View Details
      Keywords: Price; Network Effects; Digital Platforms; Monopoly; Quality; Competitive Advantage; Digital Platforms
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      Zhu, Feng, and Marco Iansiti. "Dynamics of Platform Competition: Exploring the Role of Installed Base, Platform Quality and Consumer Expectations." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 08-031, November 2007.
      • 2007
      • Book

      When Professionals Have to Lead: A New Model for High Performance

      By: Thomas J. DeLong, John J. Gabarro and Robert Lees
      For too long, professional services firms (PSFs) have relied on the "producer-manager" model, which works well in uncomplicated business environments. However, today's managing directors must balance conflicting roles, more demanding clients, tougher competitors, and... View Details
      Keywords: Leadership; Management Practices and Processes; Service Operations; Performance Effectiveness; Strategy
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      DeLong, Thomas J., John J. Gabarro, and Robert Lees. When Professionals Have to Lead: A New Model for High Performance. Harvard Business School Press, 2007.
      • October 2007
      • Article

      The Effectiveness of Pre-Release Advertising for Motion Pictures: An Empirical Investigation Using a Simulated Market

      By: Anita Elberse and Bharat N. Anand
      One of the most visible and publicized trends in the movie industry is the escalation in movie advertising expenditures over time. Yet, the returns to movie advertising are poorly understood. The main reason is that disentangling the causal effect of advertising on... View Details
      Keywords: Advertising; Stocks; Investment Return; Price; Revenue; Quality; Mathematical Methods; Motion Pictures and Video Industry
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      Elberse, Anita, and Bharat N. Anand. "The Effectiveness of Pre-Release Advertising for Motion Pictures: An Empirical Investigation Using a Simulated Market." Information Economics and Policy 19, nos. 3-4 (October 2007): 319–343. (Special Issue on Economics of the Media.)
      • Article

      Gross National Happiness As an Answer to the Easterlin Paradox?

      By: Rafael Di Tella and Robert MacCulloch
      The Easterlin Paradox refers to the fact that happiness data are typically stationary in spite of considerable increases in income. This amounts to a rejection of the hypothesis that current income is the only argument in the utility function. We find that the... View Details
      Keywords: Wealth and Poverty; Happiness; Employment; Income; Mathematical Methods; Welfare
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      Di Tella, Rafael, and Robert MacCulloch. "Gross National Happiness As an Answer to the Easterlin Paradox?" Journal of Development Economics 86, no. 1 (April 2008).
      • June 2007 (Revised January 2008)
      • Case

      The Vanguard Group, Inc. in 2006 and Target Retirement Funds

      By: Luis M. Viceira
      The Vanguard Group is one of the largest asset managers in the U.S., with over $1 trillion in assets, ninety percent of which are mutual fund assets, and more than 12,000 employees at year-end 2006. Vanguard has built a strong reputation as the manager of reference for... View Details
      Keywords: Asset Management; Investment Funds; Personal Finance; Brands and Branding; Retirement; Trust; Financial Services Industry; United States
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      Viceira, Luis M. "The Vanguard Group, Inc. in 2006 and Target Retirement Funds." Harvard Business School Case 207-129, June 2007. (Revised January 2008.)
      • September 2006 (Revised October 2007)
      • Module Note

      Platform-Mediated Networks: Definitions and Core Concepts

      By: Thomas R. Eisenmann
      Defines platform-mediated networks and introduces concepts central to their study. First, it defines networks and network effects; explains how network effects influence users' willingness-to-pay for network access; describes factors that determine the strength of... View Details
      Keywords: Consumer Behavior; Network Effects; Digital Platforms; Information Technology; Information Infrastructure; Digital Platforms
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      Eisenmann, Thomas R. "Platform-Mediated Networks: Definitions and Core Concepts." Harvard Business School Module Note 807-049, September 2006. (Revised October 2007.)
      • September 2006
      • Article

      The Speed of Learning in Noisy Games: Partial Reinforcement and the Sustainability of Cooperation

      By: Yoella Bereby-Meyer and Alvin E. Roth
      In an experiment, players ability to learn to cooperate in the repeated prisoners dilemma was substantially diminished when the payoffs were noisy, even though players could monitor one anothers past actions perfectly. In contrast, in one-time play against a succession... View Details
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      Bereby-Meyer, Yoella, and Alvin E. Roth. "The Speed of Learning in Noisy Games: Partial Reinforcement and the Sustainability of Cooperation." American Economic Review 96, no. 4 (September 2006): 1029–1042.
      • 2006
      • Working Paper

      Too Motivated?

      By: Eric J. Van den Steen

      I show that an agent's motivation to do well (objectively) may be unambiguously bad in a world with differing priors, i.e., when people openly disagree on the optimal course of action. The reason is that an agent who is strongly motivated is more likely to follow... View Details

      Keywords: Governance Controls; Employees; Wages; Measurement and Metrics; Outcome or Result; Performance; Agency Theory; Motivation and Incentives
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      Van den Steen, Eric J. "Too Motivated?" Sloan School of Management Working Paper, No. 4547-05, April 2006. (Available at SSRN.)
      • Article

      Policy Implications of Weak Patent Rights

      By: James J. Anton, Hillary Greene and Dennis Yao
      Patents vary substantially in the degree of protection provided against unauthorized imitation. In this chapter we explore a range of work addressing the economic and policy implications of "weak" patents—patents that have a significant probability of being overturned... View Details
      Keywords: Patents; Motivation and Incentives; Entrepreneurship; Competition; Policy; Innovation and Invention; Rights; Monopoly; Business Startups
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      Anton, James J., Hillary Greene, and Dennis Yao. "Policy Implications of Weak Patent Rights." Innovation Policy and the Economy 6 (2006): 1–26. (Harvard users click here for full text.)
      • April 2005
      • Article

      Partisan Social Happiness

      By: Rafael Di Tella and Robert MacCulloch
      We use a new approach to study questions in political economy that relies on data on the subjective well-being of a large sample of people living in the OECD over the period 1975-1992. Controlling for the personal characteristics of the respondents, year and country... View Details
      Keywords: Political Partisanship; Political Economy; Society; Happiness
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      Di Tella, Rafael, and Robert MacCulloch. "Partisan Social Happiness." Review of Economic Studies 72, no. 2 (April 2005): 367–93.
      • November 2004
      • Article

      Unemployment Benefits As a Substitute for a Conservative Central Banker

      By: Rafael Di Tella and Robert MacCulloch
      In the many years since their introduction, positive theories of inflation have rarely been tested. This paper documents a negative relationship between inflation and the welfare state (proxied by the parameters of the unemployment benefit program) that is to be... View Details
      Keywords: Unemployment; Welfare State; Compensation and Benefits; Inflation and Deflation
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      Di Tella, Rafael, and Robert MacCulloch. "Unemployment Benefits As a Substitute for a Conservative Central Banker." Review of Economics and Statistics 86, no. 4 (November 2004): 911–23.
      • April 2003
      • Article

      The Role of Wages and Auditing during a Crackdown on Corruption in the City of Buenos Aires

      By: Rafael Di Tella and Ernesto Schargrodsky
      We study the prices paid for basic inputs during a crackdown on corruption in the public hospitals of the city of Buenos Aires, Argentina, during 1996 97. We find a well-defined, negative effect on the measures used to capture corruption. Prices paid by hospitals for... View Details
      Keywords: Crime and Corruption; Compensation and Benefits; Accounting Audits; Buenos Aires
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      Di Tella, Rafael, and Ernesto Schargrodsky. "The Role of Wages and Auditing during a Crackdown on Corruption in the City of Buenos Aires." Journal of Law & Economics 46, no. 1 (April 2003): 269–92.
      • April 2000 (Revised October 2002)
      • Background Note

      Career Strategies and Tactics in Professional Service Firms

      By: Ashish Nanda, Thomas J. DeLong and Scot H. Landry
      Presents suggestions for ensuring a good start in a professional services career. View Details
      Keywords: Personal Development and Career; Performance Expectations; Performance Effectiveness; Customization and Personalization; Practice; Valuation; Performance Evaluation; Business Startups; Competency and Skills; Learning; Talent and Talent Management; Management Skills; Consulting Industry
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      Nanda, Ashish, Thomas J. DeLong, and Scot H. Landry. "Career Strategies and Tactics in Professional Service Firms." Harvard Business School Background Note 800-375, April 2000. (Revised October 2002.)
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