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      • September 2022 (Revised November 2023)
      • Case

      Wordle

      By: Karen G. Mills, Christina Wallace, Ebehi Iyoha, Gabriella Elanbeck and Morgane Herculano
      After sourdough bread, countertop chive gardens, and vaccine selfies came a pandemic-era trend that everyone seemed to be in on: one daily chance to guess a five-letter word and crow about your success on social media via little green and yellow squares. From a... View Details
      Keywords: Games; Innovation; General Management; Mergers and Acquisitions; Trends; Entrepreneurship; Bids and Bidding; Consumer Behavior; Entertainment and Recreation Industry; Technology Industry
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      Mills, Karen G., Christina Wallace, Ebehi Iyoha, Gabriella Elanbeck, and Morgane Herculano. "Wordle." Harvard Business School Case 323-032, September 2022. (Revised November 2023.)
      • September 12, 2022
      • Article

      Merit or Inherit: How to Approach Succession in a Family Business

      By: Josh Baron
      One of the most critical questions facing family businesses is how to treat the next generation. They are clearly different from other employees, as current or potential owners of the company, whose wealth and reputation are on the line. On the flip side, most parents... View Details
      Keywords: Family Business; Family and Family Relationships; Management Succession
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      Baron, Josh. "Merit or Inherit: How to Approach Succession in a Family Business." Harvard Business Review (website) (September 12, 2022).
      • September 2022
      • Article

      The Limits of Inconspicuous Incentives

      By: Leslie K. John, Hayley Blunden, Katherine Milkman, Luca Foschini and Bradford Tuckfield
      Managers and policymakers regularly rely on incentives to encourage valued behaviors. While incentives are often successful, there are also notable and surprising examples of their ineffectiveness. Why? We propose a contributing factor may be that they are not... View Details
      Keywords: Motivation and Incentives; Behavior
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      John, Leslie K., Hayley Blunden, Katherine Milkman, Luca Foschini, and Bradford Tuckfield. "The Limits of Inconspicuous Incentives." Art. 104180. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 172 (September 2022).
      • 2024
      • Working Paper

      Private Equity Fund Valuation Management during Fundraising

      By: Brian K. Baik
      I investigate whether and how private equity fund managers (GPs) inflate their interim fund valuations (net asset values or NAVs) during fundraising periods. Specifically, I study the extent to which the GPs inflate NAVs by managing valuation assumptions (e.g.,... View Details
      Keywords: Private Equity; Institutional Investors; Valuation Multiples; Earnings Management; Private Firms; Valuation; Investment Funds
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      Baik, Brian K. "Private Equity Fund Valuation Management during Fundraising." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 23-013, August 2022. (Revised May 2024.)
      • Article

      Financing Constraints, Home Equity and Selection into Entrepreneurship

      By: Thais Laerkholm Jensen, Søren Leth-Petersen and Ramana Nanda
      We exploit a mortgage reform that differentially unlocked home equity across the Danish population and study how this impacted selection into entrepreneurship. We find that increased entry was concentrated among entrepreneurs whose firms were founded in industries... View Details
      Keywords: Mortgage Reform; Home Equity; Financing Constraints; Entrepreneurs; Entrepreneurship; Mortgages; Denmark
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      Jensen, Thais Laerkholm, Søren Leth-Petersen, and Ramana Nanda. "Financing Constraints, Home Equity and Selection into Entrepreneurship." Journal of Financial Economics 145, no. 2A (August 2022): 318–337.
      • 2022
      • Working Paper

      Retail Investors’ Contrarian Behavior Around News, Attention, and the Momentum Effect

      By: Cheng (Patrick) Luo, Enrichetta Ravina, Marco Sammon and Luis M. Viceira
      Using a large panel of U.S. brokerage accounts trades and positions, we show that a large fraction of retail investors trade as contrarians after large earnings surprises, especially for loser stocks, and that such contrarian trading contributes to post earnings... View Details
      Keywords: Retail Investors; Post Earnings Announcement Drift; Price Momentum; Behavioral Finance; Investment; Demographics
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      Luo, Cheng (Patrick), Enrichetta Ravina, Marco Sammon, and Luis M. Viceira. "Retail Investors’ Contrarian Behavior Around News, Attention, and the Momentum Effect." Working Paper, June 2022.
      • 2022
      • Article

      Values and Inequality: Prosocial Jobs and the College Wage Premium

      By: Nathan Wilmers and Letian Zhang
      Employers often recruit workers by invoking corporate social responsibility, organizational purpose, or other claims to a prosocial mission. In an era of substantial labor market inequality, commentators typically dismiss these claims as hypocritical: prosocial... View Details
      Keywords: Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Equality and Inequality; Wages; Recruitment
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      Wilmers, Nathan, and Letian Zhang. "Values and Inequality: Prosocial Jobs and the College Wage Premium." American Sociological Review 87, no. 3 (2022): 415–442.
      • Article

      Early Withdrawal of Pandemic Unemployment Insurance: Effects on Earnings, Employment and Consumption

      By: Kyle Coombs, Arindrajit Dube, Calvin Jahnke, Raymond Kluender, Suresh Naidu and Michael Stepner
      In June 2021, 22 states ended all supplemental pandemic unemployment insurance (UI) benefits, eliminating benefits entirely for over 2 million workers and reducing benefits by $300 per week for over 1 million workers. Using anonymous bank transaction data and a... View Details
      Keywords: COVID-19 Pandemic; Unemployment Insurance; Health Pandemics; Insurance; Employment; Financial Condition; Spending; Government Administration
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      Coombs, Kyle, Arindrajit Dube, Calvin Jahnke, Raymond Kluender, Suresh Naidu, and Michael Stepner. "Early Withdrawal of Pandemic Unemployment Insurance: Effects on Earnings, Employment and Consumption." AEA Papers and Proceedings 112 (May 2022): 85–90.
      • Article

      A Better Way to Assess Managerial Performance

      By: Mihir Desai, Mark Egan and Scott Mayfield
      Total shareholder return (TSR) has become the definitive metric for gauging performance. Unlike accounting measures such as revenue growth or earnings per share that reflect the past, TSR is based on share price and thus captures investor expectations of what will... View Details
      Keywords: Total Shareholder Return; Buybacks; Core Operating Shareholder Return; Management; Operations; Performance; Measurement and Metrics
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      Desai, Mihir, Mark Egan, and Scott Mayfield. "A Better Way to Assess Managerial Performance." Harvard Business Review 100, no. 2 (March–April 2022): 134–141.
      • 2023
      • Working Paper

      Fintech to the (Worker) Rescue: Access to Earned Wages, Financial Health and Employee Turnover

      By: Jose Murillo, Boris Vallée and Dolly Yu
      Using novel data from a Mexican FinTech firm, we study the usage by workers of earned wages access, an innovative financial service offered by firms to their employees as a benefit. We find usage to be significant and concentrated towards the end of the pay cycle. We... View Details
      Keywords: Fintech; Present Bias; Earned Wage Access; Wages; Employees; Retention; Well-being; Mexico
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      Murillo, Jose, Boris Vallée, and Dolly Yu. "Fintech to the (Worker) Rescue: Access to Earned Wages, Financial Health and Employee Turnover." Working Paper, 2023.
      • March 2022
      • Article

      How Much Does Your Boss Make? The Effects of Salary Comparisons

      By: Zoë B. Cullen and Ricardo Perez-Truglia
      The vast majority of the pay inequality in an organization comes from differences in pay between employees and their bosses. But are employees aware of these pay disparities? Are employees demotivated by this inequality? To address these questions, we conducted a... View Details
      Keywords: Salary; Inequality; Managers; Career Concerns; Pay Transparency; Wages; Equality and Inequality; Perception; Behavior
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      Cullen, Zoë B., and Ricardo Perez-Truglia. "How Much Does Your Boss Make? The Effects of Salary Comparisons." Journal of Political Economy 130, no. 3 (March 2022): 766–822.
      • 2022
      • Working Paper

      Markups to Financial Intermediation in Foreign Exchange Markets

      By: Jonathan Wallen
      On average from 2013 to 2020, foreign asset managers in net sold forward 1.1 trillion U.S. dollars. This forward sale of dollars hedges the currency mismatch of foreign investment in U.S. dollar assets. By accommodating this demand, U.S. and European banks earn an... View Details
      Keywords: Foreign Exchange; Financial Intermediation; Arbitrage; Market Power; Regulations; Currency; Assets; Interest Rates; Banking Industry
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      Wallen, Jonathan. "Markups to Financial Intermediation in Foreign Exchange Markets." Working Paper, March 2022.
      • February 2022 (Revised January 2024)
      • Supplement

      Winning Business at Russell Reynolds (C)

      By: Ethan Bernstein and Cara Mazzucco
      In an effort to make compensation drive collaboration, Russell Reynolds Associates’ (RRA) CEO Clarke Murphy sought to re-engineer the bonus system for his executive search consultants in 2016. As his HR analytics guru, Kelly Smith, points out, that risks upsetting—and... View Details
      Keywords: Restructuring; Talent and Talent Management; Compensation and Benefits; Growth and Development Strategy; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Organizational Culture; Performance Evaluation; Motivation and Incentives; Consulting Industry
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      Bernstein, Ethan, and Cara Mazzucco. "Winning Business at Russell Reynolds (C)." Harvard Business School Spreadsheet Supplement 422-703, February 2022. (Revised January 2024.)
      • February 2022
      • Article

      How Global Leaders Gain Power Through Downward Deference and Reduction of Social Distance

      By: Tsedal Neeley and Sebastian Reiche
      We theorize about how people with positional power enact downward deference—a practice of lowering oneself to be equal to that of lower power workers—based on a study of 115 top global leaders at a large U.S. company. These leaders were charged with advancing... View Details
      Keywords: Leadership; Leadership Style; Global Range; Relationships; Rank and Position; Power and Influence; Cross-Cultural and Cross-Border Issues
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      Neeley, Tsedal, and Sebastian Reiche. "How Global Leaders Gain Power Through Downward Deference and Reduction of Social Distance." Academy of Management Journal 65, no. 1 (February 2022): 11–34.
      • January 2022
      • Article

      Replicating Private Equity with Value Investing, Homemade Leverage, and Hold-to-Maturity Accounting

      By: Erik Stafford
      The contributions of asset selection and incremental leverage to buyout investment performance are more important than typically assumed or estimated to be. Buyout funds select small firms with distinct value characteristics. Public equities with these characteristics... View Details
      Keywords: Replicating Portfolio; Private Equity; Investment Portfolio
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      Stafford, Erik. "Replicating Private Equity with Value Investing, Homemade Leverage, and Hold-to-Maturity Accounting." Review of Financial Studies 35, no. 1 (January 2022): 299–342.
      • 2025
      • Working Paper

      Threat and Assimilation: Evidence from Refugees in Germany

      By: Philipp Jaschke, Sulin Sardoschau and Marco Tabellini
      This paper studies the effects of local threat on the cultural assimilation and economic integration of refugees, exploiting plausibly exogenous variation in their allocation across German regions between 2013 and 2016. We use representative survey data and... View Details
      Keywords: Assimilation; Threat Hypothesis; Migration; Cultural Change; Refugees; Culture; Identity; Germany
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      Jaschke, Philipp, Sulin Sardoschau, and Marco Tabellini. "Threat and Assimilation: Evidence from Refugees in Germany." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 22-043, December 2021. (Revised January 2025. Revise and resubmit at the Economic Journal. Also available from NBER, and featured on Le Monde.)
      • 2021
      • Working Paper

      Limits to Bank Deposit Market Power

      By: Juliane Begenau and Erik Stafford
      Claims about the market power of bank deposits in the banking literature are numerous and far reaching. Recently, a causal narrative has emerged in the banking literature: market power in bank deposits, measured as imperfect pass-through of short-term market rates on... View Details
      Keywords: Bank Deposits; Market Power; Net Interest Margin (NIM); Banks and Banking; Interest Rates; Risk and Uncertainty
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      Begenau, Juliane, and Erik Stafford. "Limits to Bank Deposit Market Power." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 22-039, November 2021.
      • December 2021
      • Case

      Danish Crown: Feeding the Future

      By: David E. Bell, Damien P. McLoughlin, Daniela Beyersdorfer and Mette Fuglsang Hjortshoej
      Danish Crown, one of the world’s largest exporters of pork meat and one of Europe’s top five producers of beef, faced increasing headwinds in 2021, making CEO Jais Valeur feel like the core of the meat business was under attack. As a cooperative and prominent player in... View Details
      Keywords: Agribusiness; Animal-Based Agribusiness; Food; Environmental Management; Climate Change; Environmental Sustainability; Nutrition; Cooperative Ownership; Change Management; Transition; Leadership; Leading Change; Marketing; Product Marketing; Corporate Strategy; Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry; Food and Beverage Industry; Europe; Denmark
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      Bell, David E., Damien P. McLoughlin, Daniela Beyersdorfer, and Mette Fuglsang Hjortshoej. "Danish Crown: Feeding the Future." Harvard Business School Case 522-057, December 2021.
      • 2021
      • Working Paper

      Stock Investors' Returns Are Exaggerated

      By: Jesse M. Fried, Paul Ma and Charles C.Y. Wang
      The stock market generates less wealth than it appears. We show that total shareholder return (TSR), the standard measure of stock investor performance, substantially exaggerates returns earned by these investors in aggregate, and thus by most investors. The main... View Details
      Keywords: All-shareholder Returns; Capital Flows; Dividend Reinvestment; Equity Premium; Total Shareholder Returns; Stocks; Investment Return; Market Timing
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      Fried, Jesse M., Paul Ma, and Charles C.Y. Wang. "Stock Investors' Returns Are Exaggerated." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 22-036, November 2021.
      • Article

      Core Earnings: New Data and Evidence

      By: Ethan Rouen, Eric C. So and Charles C.Y. Wang
      Using a novel dataset, we show that components of firms' GAAP earnings stemming from ancillary business activities or transitory shocks are significant in frequency and magnitude. These components have grown over time and are dispersed across various sections of the... View Details
      Keywords: Core Earnings; Transitory Earnings; Non-operating Earnings; Quantitative Disclosures; Equity Valuation; Big Data; Business Earnings; Financial Reporting; Valuation; Analytics and Data Science
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      Rouen, Ethan, Eric C. So, and Charles C.Y. Wang. "Core Earnings: New Data and Evidence." Journal of Financial Economics 142, no. 3 (December 2021): 1068–1091.
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