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      • February 2024
      • Case

      Levels.fyi: How Negotiations Coaching and Pay Transparency Change Job Market Outcomes

      By: Zoë B. Cullen
      Salary information is everywhere. What impact does it have on compensation? How should employees and employers use salary information in negotiations? This case brings to light how pay information affects behavior and job market outcomes in surprising ways. View Details
      Keywords: Knowledge Use and Leverage; Compensation and Benefits; Negotiation
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      Cullen, Zoë B. "Levels.fyi: How Negotiations Coaching and Pay Transparency Change Job Market Outcomes." Harvard Business School Case 824-078, February 2024.
      • 2023
      • Working Paper

      'De Gustibus' and Disputes about Reference Dependence

      By: Thomas Graeber, Pol Campos-Mercade, Lorenz Goette, Alexandre Kellogg and Charles Sprenger
      Existing tests of reference-dependent preferences assume universal loss aversion. This paper examines the implications of heterogeneity in gain-loss attitudes for such tests. In experiments on labor supply and exchange behavior we measure gain-loss attitudes and then... View Details
      Keywords: Behavioral Economics; Decision Choices and Conditions; Forecasting and Prediction
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      Graeber, Thomas, Pol Campos-Mercade, Lorenz Goette, Alexandre Kellogg, and Charles Sprenger. "'De Gustibus' and Disputes about Reference Dependence." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 24-046, January 2024.
      • February 2024
      • Article

      An Economic Framework for Vaccine Prioritization

      By: Mohammad Akbarpour, Eric Budish, Piotr Dworczak and Scott Duke Kominers
      We propose an economic framework for determining the optimal allocation of a scarce supply of vaccines that become gradually available during a public health crisis, such as the Covid-19 pandemic. Agents differ in observable and unobservable characteristics, and the... View Details
      Keywords: Vaccine; Fairness; Public Finance; Public Goods; Allocation Problems; Allocative Efficiency; Allocation Rules; Social Welfare; Pandemics; Inequality; COVID-19; COVID-19 Pandemic; Public Sector; Resource Allocation; Market Design; Marketplace Matching; Public Administration Industry
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      Akbarpour, Mohammad, Eric Budish, Piotr Dworczak, and Scott Duke Kominers. "An Economic Framework for Vaccine Prioritization." Quarterly Journal of Economics 139, no. 1 (February 2024): 359–417. (Authors' names are in certified random order.)
      • February 2024
      • Article

      Conveying and Detecting Listening in Live Conversation

      By: Hanne Collins, Julia A. Minson, Ariella S. Kristal and Alison Wood Brooks
      Across all domains of human social life, positive perceptions of conversational listening (i.e., feeling heard) predict well-being, professional success, and interpersonal flourishing. But a fundamental question remains: Are perceptions of listening accurate? Prior... View Details
      Keywords: Interpersonal Communication; Behavior; Perception
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      Collins, Hanne, Julia A. Minson, Ariella S. Kristal, and Alison Wood Brooks. "Conveying and Detecting Listening in Live Conversation." Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 153, no. 2 (February 2024): 473–494.
      • 2024
      • Working Paper

      Platform Information Provision and Consumer Search: A Field Experiment

      By: Lu Fang, Yanyou Chen, Chiara Farronato, Zhe Yuan and Yitong Wang
      Despite substantial efforts to help consumers search in more intuitive ways, text search remains the predominant tool for product discovery online. In this paper, we explore the effects of visual and textual cues for search refinement on consumer search and purchasing... View Details
      Keywords: Consumer Behavior; E-commerce; Decision Choices and Conditions; Learning; Internet and the Web
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      Fang, Lu, Yanyou Chen, Chiara Farronato, Zhe Yuan, and Yitong Wang. "Platform Information Provision and Consumer Search: A Field Experiment." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 32099, February 2024.
      • 2024
      • Chapter

      Regulating Collective Emotions

      By: Amit Goldenberg
      When we think of emotion and emotion regulation, we typically think of them as processes occurring at the individual level. Even when emotions are experienced by multiple people who interact with each other, analysis is typically centered around individual-level... View Details
      Keywords: Groups and Teams; Emotions; Behavior
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      Goldenberg, Amit. "Regulating Collective Emotions." Chap. 22 in Handbook of Emotion Regulation. Third Edition edited by James J. Gross and Brett Q. Ford, 183–189. Guilford Press, 2024.
      • 2025
      • Working Paper

      Warnings and Endorsements: Improving Human-AI Collaboration in the Presence of Outliers

      By: Matthew DosSantos DiSorbo, Kris Ferreira, Maya Balakrishnan and Jordan Tong
      Problem definition: While artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms may perform well on data that are representative of the training set (inliers), they may err when extrapolating on non-representative data (outliers). How can humans and algorithms work together to make... View Details
      Keywords: AI and Machine Learning; Decision Choices and Conditions
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      DosSantos DiSorbo, Matthew, Kris Ferreira, Maya Balakrishnan, and Jordan Tong. "Warnings and Endorsements: Improving Human-AI Collaboration in the Presence of Outliers." Working Paper, May 2025.
      • January 2024
      • Supplement

      Winning Business at Russell Reynolds

      By: Ethan Bernstein and Cara Mazzucco
      In an effort to make compensation drive collaboration, Russell Reynolds Associates’ (RRA) CEO Clarke Murphy sought to re-engineer the bonus system for his executive search consultants in 2016. As his HR analytics guru, Kelly Smith, points out, that risks upsetting—and... View Details
      Keywords: Restructuring; Talent and Talent Management; Compensation and Benefits; Growth and Development Strategy; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Organizational Culture; Performance Evaluation; Motivation and Incentives; Consulting Industry
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      Bernstein, Ethan, and Cara Mazzucco. "Winning Business at Russell Reynolds." Harvard Business School Multimedia/Video Supplement 424-704, January 2024.
      • 2024
      • Working Paper

      Private Regulation, Institutional Entrepreneurship and Climate Change: A Business History Perspective

      By: Ann-Kristin Bergquist and Geoffrey Jones
      Private regulatory systems, including voluntary efforts by firms to restrain their own behavior are the primary form of global climate change governance. However, when environmental challenges first rose up on the scientific and political agendas during the 1970s, the... View Details
      Keywords: Certification; Climate Change; Environmental Regulation; Business History; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Policy
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      Bergquist, Ann-Kristin, and Geoffrey Jones. "Private Regulation, Institutional Entrepreneurship and Climate Change: A Business History Perspective." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 24-041, January 2024.
      • January 2024 (Revised February 2024)
      • Exercise

      Travelogo: Understanding Customer Journeys

      By: Eva Ascarza, Nicolas Padilla and Oded Netzer
      In late May 2023, Sarah Merino, the newly appointed manager of the Customer Insights group at Travelogo—an online travel booking platform—initiates a comprehensive analysis of clickstream data to understand the varied behaviors and needs of their users. In preparation... View Details
      Keywords: Customer Relationship Management; Analysis; Analytics and Data Science; Marketing Strategy; Segmentation; Consumer Behavior; Travel Industry; United States
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      Ascarza, Eva, Nicolas Padilla, and Oded Netzer. "Travelogo: Understanding Customer Journeys." Harvard Business School Exercise 524-044, January 2024. (Revised February 2024.)
      • 2024
      • Working Paper

      Employer-Based Short-Term Savings Accounts

      By: Sarah Holmes Berk, John Beshears, Jay Garg, James J. Choi and David Laibson
      We study the introduction of a choice architecture design intended to increase short-term savings among employees at five U.K. firms. Employees were offered the opportunity to opt into a payroll deduction program that auto-deposits funds from each paycheck into a... View Details
      Keywords: Behavior; Personal Finance; Investment Funds; Employees; Saving; United Kingdom
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      Berk, Sarah Holmes, John Beshears, Jay Garg, James J. Choi, and David Laibson. "Employer-Based Short-Term Savings Accounts." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 32074, January 2024.
      • January–February 2024
      • Article

      Shared Service Delivery Can Increase Client Engagement: A Study of Shared Medical Appointments

      By: Ryan W. Buell, Kamalini Ramdas, Nazlı Sönmez, Kavitha Srinivasan and Rengaraj Venkatesh
      Problem Definition: Clients and service providers alike often consider one-on-one service delivery to be ideal, assuming – perhaps unquestioningly – that devoting individualized attention best improves client outcomes. In contrast, in shared service delivery, clients... View Details
      Keywords: Health Care and Treatment; Customer Satisfaction; Outcome or Result; Performance Improvement
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      Buell, Ryan W., Kamalini Ramdas, Nazlı Sönmez, Kavitha Srinivasan, and Rengaraj Venkatesh. "Shared Service Delivery Can Increase Client Engagement: A Study of Shared Medical Appointments." Manufacturing & Service Operations Management 26, no. 1 (January–February 2024): 154–166.
      • 2025
      • Working Paper

      Enhancing Treatment Effect Prediction on Privacy-Protected Data: An Honest Post-Processing Approach

      By: Ta-Wei Huang and Eva Ascarza
      As firms increasingly rely on customer data for personalization, concerns over privacy and regulatory compliance have grown. Local Differential Privacy (LDP) offers strong individual-level protection by injecting noise into data before collection. While... View Details
      Keywords: Targeted Intervention; Conditional Average Treatment Effect Estimation; Differential Privacy; Honest Estimation; Post-processing; Analytics and Data Science; Consumer Behavior; Marketing
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      Huang, Ta-Wei, and Eva Ascarza. "Enhancing Treatment Effect Prediction on Privacy-Protected Data: An Honest Post-Processing Approach." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 24-034, December 2023. (Revised March 2025.)
      • December 4, 2023
      • Article

      Stop Assuming Introverts Aren't Passionate About Work

      By: Kai Krautter, Anabel Büchner and Jon M. Jachimowicz
      Society often assumes that the only way to be passionate is to act extroverted, but that is simply not true. In their new research, the authors found that regardless of their actual level of passion, extroverted employees are perceived as more passionate than... View Details
      Keywords: Passion; Personality; Extraversion; Scale Development; Personal Characteristics; Perception; Employees; Prejudice and Bias
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      Krautter, Kai, Anabel Büchner, and Jon M. Jachimowicz. "Stop Assuming Introverts Aren't Passionate About Work." Harvard Business Review Digital Articles (December 4, 2023).
      • December 18, 2023
      • Article

      Are Everywhere Stores the New Face of Retail?

      By: David R. Bell, Santiago Gallino and Antonio Moreno
      Historically, customer engagement and product fulfillment occurred in the same place — a traditional retail store. But today, retailers are beginning to explore how they can create opportunities for customers to engage with products in native environments. A related... View Details
      Keywords: Customer Focus and Relationships; Consumer Behavior; Distribution; Logistics; Retail Industry
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      Bell, David R., Santiago Gallino, and Antonio Moreno. "Are Everywhere Stores the New Face of Retail?" MIT Sloan Management Review (website) (December 18, 2023).
      • 2023
      • Working Paper

      Complexity and Hyperbolic Discounting

      By: Benjamin Enke, Thomas Graeber and Ryan Oprea
      A large literature shows that people discount financial rewards hyperbolically instead of exponentially. While discounting of money has been questioned as a measure of time preferences, it continues to be highly relevant in empirical practice and predicts a wide range... View Details
      Keywords: Hyperbolic Discounting; Present Bias; Bounded Rationality; Cognitive Uncertainty; Behavioral Finance
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      Enke, Benjamin, Thomas Graeber, and Ryan Oprea. "Complexity and Hyperbolic Discounting." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 24-048, February 2024.
      • December 2023
      • Article

      Discerning Saints: Moralization of Intrinsic Motivation and Selective Prosociality at Work

      By: Mijeong Kwon, Julia Lee Cunningham and Jon M. Jachimowicz
      Intrinsic motivation has received widespread attention as a predictor of positive work outcomes, including employees’ prosocial behavior. In the current research, we offer a more nuanced view by proposing that intrinsic motivation does not uniformly increase prosocial... View Details
      Keywords: Motivation and Incentives; Behavior; Moral Sensibility; Employees
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      Kwon, Mijeong, Julia Lee Cunningham, and Jon M. Jachimowicz. "Discerning Saints: Moralization of Intrinsic Motivation and Selective Prosociality at Work." Academy of Management Journal 66, no. 6 (December 2023): 1625–1650.
      • 2023
      • Chapter

      Malleability Interventions in Intergroup Relations

      By: Smadar Cohen-Chen, Amit Goldenberg, James J. Gross and Eran Halperin
      One important characteristic of intergroup relations and conflicts is the fact that toxic or violent intergroup relations are often associated with fixed and stable perceptions of various entities, including the ingroup (stable and positive), the outgroup (stable and... View Details
      Keywords: Conflict and Resolution; Groups and Teams; Attitudes
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      Cohen-Chen, Smadar, Amit Goldenberg, James J. Gross, and Eran Halperin. "Malleability Interventions in Intergroup Relations." Chap. 7 in Psychological Intergroup Interventions: Evidence-based Approaches to Improve Intergroup Relations, by Eran Halperin, Boaz Hameiri, and Rebecca Littman. Routledge, 2023.
      • December 2023
      • Article

      Save More Today or Tomorrow: The Role of Urgency in Precommitment Design

      By: Joseph Reiff, Hengchen Dai, John Beshears, Katherine L. Milkman and Shlomo Benartzi
      To encourage farsighted behaviors, past research suggests that marketers may be wise to invite consumers to pre-commit to adopt them “later.” However, the authors propose that people will draw different inferences from different types of pre-commitment offers, and that... View Details
      Keywords: Consumer Behavior; Decision Choices and Conditions
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      Reiff, Joseph, Hengchen Dai, John Beshears, Katherine L. Milkman, and Shlomo Benartzi. "Save More Today or Tomorrow: The Role of Urgency in Precommitment Design." Journal of Marketing Research (JMR) 60, no. 6 (December 2023): 1095–1113.
      • December 2023
      • Article

      Self-Orienting in Human and Machine Learning

      By: Julian De Freitas, Ahmet Uğuralp, Zeliha Uğuralp, Laurie Paul, Joshua B. Tenenbaum and T. Ullman
      A current proposal for a computational notion of self is a representation of one’s body in a specific time and place, which includes the recognition of that representation as the agent. This turns self-representation into a process of self-orientation, a challenging... View Details
      Keywords: AI and Machine Learning; Behavior; Learning
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      De Freitas, Julian, Ahmet Uğuralp, Zeliha Uğuralp, Laurie Paul, Joshua B. Tenenbaum, and T. Ullman. "Self-Orienting in Human and Machine Learning." Nature Human Behaviour 7, no. 12 (December 2023): 2126–2139.
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