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      • February 1991
      • Case

      Burlington Northern: The ARES Decision (B)

      By: Julie H. Hertenstein and Robert S. Kaplan
      The ARES team formally proposes that Burlington Northern implement the ARES system. The project meets resistance. In light of financial restructuring and high level of debt, executives wonder whether the company can afford ARES. Weak links during the ARES development... View Details
      Keywords: Accounting Audits; Restructuring; Cost vs Benefits; Decision Choices and Conditions; Borrowing and Debt; Capital Budgeting; Projects; Technology Adoption; Service Industry
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      Hertenstein, Julie H., and Robert S. Kaplan. "Burlington Northern: The ARES Decision (B)." Harvard Business School Case 191-123, February 1991.
      • February 1991 (Revised February 1992)
      • Background Note

      Information Technology and Organizations

      By: Lynda M. Applegate
      Keywords: Information Technology; Organizations
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      Applegate, Lynda M. "Information Technology and Organizations." Harvard Business School Background Note 191-136, February 1991. (Revised February 1992.)
      • February 1991 (Revised February 1992)
      • Case

      Appex Corp.

      By: Nitin Nohria
      1990 Business Week named Appex Corp. the fastest growing high-technology company in the United States. Appex provided management information systems and intercarrier network services to cellular telephone companies. During its rapid growth, the company went through... View Details
      Keywords: Information Technology; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Organizational Design; Management Analysis, Tools, and Techniques; Organizational Culture; Mobile and Wireless Technology; Performance Productivity; Problems and Challenges; Management Practices and Processes; Business Divisions; Information Management; Information Technology Industry; Information Technology Industry; United States
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      Nohria, Nitin. "Appex Corp." Harvard Business School Case 491-082, February 1991. (Revised February 1992.)
      • First Quarter 1991
      • Article

      Technology Support for Cooperative Work: A Framework for Studying Introduction and Assimilation in Organization

      By: Lynda M. Applegate
      Keywords: Information Technology; Framework; Organizations
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      Applegate, Lynda M. "Technology Support for Cooperative Work: A Framework for Studying Introduction and Assimilation in Organization." Journal of Organizational Computing 1, no. 1 (First Quarter 1991).
      • December 1990
      • Case

      Allen-Bradley's ICCG: Repositioning for the 1990s

      By: Nitin Nohria
      Allen-Bradley's Industrial Computer and Communication Group (ICCG) underwent a period of rapid transformation in the 1980s, instituting a wide array of innovations from product development to information systems. In 1990 the Ohio-based group announced a major... View Details
      Keywords: Organizational Change and Adaptation; Technological Innovation; Information Technology; Organizational Culture; Business Organization; Problems and Challenges; Information Technology Industry
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      Nohria, Nitin. "Allen-Bradley's ICCG: Repositioning for the 1990s." Harvard Business School Case 491-066, December 1990.
      • November 1990 (Revised September 1991)
      • Case

      The Transformation of IBM

      By: Andrall E. Pearson and David B. Yoffie
      John Akers, IBM's chairman, must confront how to transform a $60 billion, full line, global computer company that is the leader in every market it serves, yet losing share across the board. The case explores senior management's perspective on the process of... View Details
      Keywords: Organizational Change and Adaptation; Transformation; Corporate Strategy; Adoption; Management Teams; Information Infrastructure; Information Technology; Multinational Firms and Management; Computer Industry
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      Pearson, Andrall E., and David B. Yoffie. "The Transformation of IBM." Harvard Business School Case 391-073, November 1990. (Revised September 1991.)
      • July 1990 (Revised August 1995)
      • Case

      Symantec--1982-90

      By: Nitin Nohria
      As Symantec grew from a small, upstart software development company to a major player in the software development industry, the channels of information flow and the internal communication needs of the company became more complex. The geographically-dispersed structure... View Details
      Keywords: Applications and Software; Communication Technology; Communication; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Employee Relationship Management; Growth and Development; Knowledge Dissemination; Knowledge Sharing; Knowledge Management; Information Technology Industry; United States
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      Nohria, Nitin. "Symantec--1982-90." Harvard Business School Case 491-010, July 1990. (Revised August 1995.)
      • April 1990 (Revised November 1992)
      • Case

      Population Services International: The Social Marketing Project in Bangladesh (Abridged)

      By: James E. Austin
      Population Services International (PSI) was a not-for-profit agency founded to disseminate family planning information and to market birth control products, primarily in less developed countries seeking to curb their population explosions. In 1976, PSI concluded an... View Details
      Keywords: Conferences; Developing Countries and Economies; Information Publishing; Growth and Development Strategy; Marketing Strategy; Social Marketing; Agreements and Arrangements; Product; Nonprofit Organizations; Pharmaceutical Industry; Bangladesh; Washington (state, US)
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      Austin, James E. "Population Services International: The Social Marketing Project in Bangladesh (Abridged)." Harvard Business School Case 590-061, April 1990. (Revised November 1992.)
      • March 1990 (Revised September 1993)
      • Case

      People Express Airlines: Rise and Decline

      By: Michael Beer
      Describes the innovative approach to organizing and managing employees by People Express and describes the company's eventual demise. This material can be used to inform about leading edge human resource management practices and to raise questions about what went... View Details
      Keywords: Employee Relationship Management; Human Resources; Air Transportation Industry
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      Beer, Michael. "People Express Airlines: Rise and Decline." Harvard Business School Case 490-012, March 1990. (Revised September 1993.)
      • March 1990
      • Article

      Technology, Organizations and Innovation: An Introduction

      By: Michael Tushman and R. Nelson
      Keywords: Information Technology; Organizations; Innovation and Invention; Information
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      Tushman, Michael, and R. Nelson. "Technology, Organizations and Innovation: An Introduction." Administrative Science Quarterly 35, no. 1 (March 1990): 1–8.
      • February 1990 (Revised July 1990)
      • Case

      Internal Revenue Service: Automated Collection System

      By: Nitin Nohria
      Describes how the IRS's collection operations changed from a largely manual system (COF) to an automated system (ACS). A central aspect of ACS was the electronic scheduling and maintaining of work. While with ACS the IRS accomplished significant improvements in the... View Details
      Keywords: Sovereign Finance; Revenue; Information Technology; Taxation; Change Management; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Organizational Design; Human Resources; Public Administration Industry; United States
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      Nohria, Nitin. "Internal Revenue Service: Automated Collection System." Harvard Business School Case 490-042, February 1990. (Revised July 1990.)
      • February 1990 (Revised June 1990)
      • Case

      Prudential: Organizing for Technology Innovation (B)

      By: Lynda M. Applegate
      Keywords: Information Technology; Innovation and Invention; Strategy
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      Applegate, Lynda M. "Prudential: Organizing for Technology Innovation (B)." Harvard Business School Case 190-119, February 1990. (Revised June 1990.)
      • January 1990 (Revised June 1995)
      • Case

      Colliers International Property Consultants

      By: Nitin Nohria
      Describes the origins, organizational structure, management practices, and use of information technology (IT) in Colliers, a real estate network. Colliers provides local firms with a way to maintain local autonomy while gaining national and international coverage.... View Details
      Keywords: Property; Organizational Structure; Information Technology; Management Practices and Processes; Partners and Partnerships; Business Model; Mission and Purpose; Business Growth and Maturation; Conflict and Resolution; Quality; Real Estate Industry
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      Nohria, Nitin. "Colliers International Property Consultants." Harvard Business School Case 490-049, January 1990. (Revised June 1995.)
      • January 1990 (Revised March 1991)
      • Case

      American Red Cross Blood Services: Northeast Region

      By: Robert L. Simons
      Recounts the financial difficulties and management changes experienced by American Red Cross Blood Services: Northeast Region (NER) during the 1980s. After summarizing industry-wide changes in the collection, testing, and distribution of blood and blood products, the... View Details
      Keywords: Change Management; Budgets and Budgeting; Financial Management; Restructuring; Health; SWOT Analysis; Social Enterprise; Marketplace Matching; Management Style; Organizational Culture; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Medical Devices and Supplies Industry; Health Industry; North and Central America
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      Simons, Robert L. "American Red Cross Blood Services: Northeast Region." Harvard Business School Case 190-078, January 1990. (Revised March 1991.)
      • December 1989 (Revised February 1993)
      • Case

      Frito-Lay, Inc.: A Strategic Transition (C)

      By: Lynda M. Applegate
      In 1989, Frito-Lay designed an information technology infrastructure to support time-based competition and organizational restructuring. The company planned to provide timely flexible information to all major decision makers at all levels. This case describes the... View Details
      Keywords: Design; Information Technology; Information Infrastructure; Competitive Strategy; Time Management; Organizational Structure; Information Management; Strategic Planning; Performance Effectiveness; Decision Choices and Conditions; Food and Beverage Industry; Manufacturing Industry
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      Applegate, Lynda M. "Frito-Lay, Inc.: A Strategic Transition (C)." Harvard Business School Case 190-071, December 1989. (Revised February 1993.)
      • Article

      Knowledge Disavowal: Structural Determinants of Information Processing Breakdown in Organizations

      By: Rohit Deshpandé and Ajay K. Kohli
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      Deshpandé, Rohit, and Ajay K. Kohli. "Knowledge Disavowal: Structural Determinants of Information Processing Breakdown in Organizations." Knowledge 11, no. 2 (December 1989): 155–169.
      • 1 Nov 1989
      • Conference Presentation

      Computer Supported Cooperative Work: A Field Study on Organization Assimilation of Innovation

      By: L. M. Applegate
      Keywords: Information Technology; Cooperation
      Citation
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      Applegate, L. M. "Computer Supported Cooperative Work: A Field Study on Organization Assimilation of Innovation." Paper presented at the Conference on Organizational Computing, Coordination and Collaboration, November 01, 1989.
      • 1989
      • Chapter

      Technocratic Organization and Technological Development in China, 1928-1953

      By: William C. Kirby
      Keywords: History; Information Technology; Technological Innovation; Organizational Design; Developing Countries and Economies; China
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      Kirby, William C. "Technocratic Organization and Technological Development in China, 1928-1953." In Science and Technology in Post-Mao China, edited by Denis Fred Simon and Merle Goldman, 23–44. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989.
      • July 1989 (Revised July 1990)
      • Case

      Prudential: Organizing for Technology Innovation (A)

      By: Lynda M. Applegate
      Keywords: Information Technology; Innovation and Invention
      Citation
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      Applegate, Lynda M. "Prudential: Organizing for Technology Innovation (A)." Harvard Business School Case 190-010, July 1989. (Revised July 1990.)
      • February 1989 (Revised October 1994)
      • Case

      Asahi Breweries Ltd.

      By: Malcolm S. Salter
      Focuses on competitive repositioning, organizational renewal, and personal leadership. Describes how Asahi Breweries was faced with a major capacity expansion decision after succeeding in increasing market share dramatically in the traditionally stable Japanese beer... View Details
      Keywords: Competitive Strategy; Expansion; Leadership; Organizational Structure; Product Launch; Management Teams; Business or Company Management; Marketing Strategy; Supply Chain Management; Mission and Purpose; Food and Beverage Industry; Japan
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      Salter, Malcolm S. "Asahi Breweries Ltd." Harvard Business School Case 389-114, February 1989. (Revised October 1994.)
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