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      • September 1993 (Revised September 1997)
      • Case

      China (A): The Great Awakening

      By: Debora L. Spar
      As the third largest economy after the United States and Japan, China's startling economic growth has spurred increasing interest in the economic, social, and political factors that catapulted the country to sudden prominence. This case starts with an overview of the... View Details
      Keywords: History; Government and Politics; Society; Macroeconomics; China
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      Spar, Debora L. "China (A): The Great Awakening." Harvard Business School Case 794-019, September 1993. (Revised September 1997.)
      • September 1993 (Revised October 1994)
      • Case

      Environment and International Trade

      By: Forest L. Reinhardt
      During the 1990s, environmental activists became interested in trade issues for the first time. Whereas GATT, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, had previously been the province of trade specialists, a new poster popular among environmentalists depicted the... View Details
      Keywords: Trade; Environmental Sustainability; Science-Based Business; Policy; Government and Politics; Agreements and Arrangements; Alliances; Globalization; International Relations; Conflict of Interests
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      Reinhardt, Forest L. "Environment and International Trade." Harvard Business School Case 794-018, September 1993. (Revised October 1994.)
      • June 1993 (Revised September 1993)
      • Case

      Retail in Mexico 1993

      By: David B. Yoffie and Charles McHugh LaFollette
      In the wake of NAFTA, U.S. retail firms begin to see Mexico as an attractive market for international expansion. This case examines the structure of Mexico's volume retail (grocery, discount, warehouse club, hypermarket) industry, the joint ventures between U.S. and... View Details
      Keywords: Expansion; Global Strategy; Joint Ventures; Industry Structures; Trade; Retail Industry; United States; Mexico
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      Yoffie, David B., and Charles McHugh LaFollette. "Retail in Mexico 1993." Harvard Business School Case 793-144, June 1993. (Revised September 1993.)
      • June 1993 (Revised April 1998)
      • Case

      COMCO Holding AG (B): COMCO Martech

      By: Rosabeth M. Kanter
      COMCO Martech was a new breed of joint venture for COMCO Holding, a mid-sized Swiss-German company that had grown over a five-year period through tie-ups with small, start-up companies. Whereas a typical COMCO venture provided services to a large German retailer, was... View Details
      Keywords: Joint Ventures; Business Startups; Trade; Operations; Environmental Sustainability; Business or Company Management; Multinational Firms and Management; Partners and Partnerships; Switzerland; United States; Europe
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      Kanter, Rosabeth M. "COMCO Holding AG (B): COMCO Martech." Harvard Business School Case 393-143, June 1993. (Revised April 1998.)
      • December 1992 (Revised June 1996)
      • Case

      Siemens Corporation (A): Corporate Advertising for 1992

      By: Stephen A. Greyser and Norman Klein
      Describes the approach of the German-based multinational company, Siemens Corp., to establishing an identity in the United States. The specific goals for the 1991-92 corporate advertising campaign are described. Examples of print and television messages are included,... View Details
      Keywords: Advertising Campaigns; Trade; Marketing Strategy; Market Entry and Exit; Performance Evaluation; Germany; United States
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      Greyser, Stephen A., and Norman Klein. "Siemens Corporation (A): Corporate Advertising for 1992." Harvard Business School Case 593-022, December 1992. (Revised June 1996.)
      • November 1992 (Revised October 1994)
      • Case

      U.S. Economic Performance--1960-93

      By: Nancy F. Koehn
      Keywords: Performance; Economy; United States
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      Koehn, Nancy F. "U.S. Economic Performance--1960-93." Harvard Business School Case 793-045, November 1992. (Revised October 1994.)
      • September 1992 (Revised November 1993)
      • Supplement

      Germany in the 1990s: Managing Reunification, Supplement Two

      By: George C. Lodge
      Designed to be handed out after discussion of Germany in the 1990s: Managing Reunification and its Supplement. View Details
      Keywords: Political Elections; Economy; Situation or Environment; Inflation and Deflation; Interest Rates; Central Banking; Integration; Germany; Italy; United Kingdom; Europe
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      Lodge, George C. "Germany in the 1990s: Managing Reunification, Supplement Two." Harvard Business School Supplement 793-043, September 1992. (Revised November 1993.)
      • September 1992 (Revised July 1998)
      • Case

      Germany in the 1990s: Managing Reunification

      By: George C. Lodge and James W. Ragsdale
      In October 1990, eastern Germany was incorporated into the Federal Republic of Germany. The German people rewarded the architect of these changes, Helmut Kohl, with an enhanced majority in national elections. But only two years later it was hard to remember these heady... View Details
      Keywords: Economy; Inflation and Deflation; Central Banking; Interest Rates; Political Elections; Situation or Environment; Integration; Europe; Germany; Italy; United Kingdom
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      Lodge, George C., and James W. Ragsdale. "Germany in the 1990s: Managing Reunification." Harvard Business School Case 793-033, September 1992. (Revised July 1998.)
      • September 1992 (Revised March 1998)
      • Case

      Japan Confronts an Interdependent World

      By: George C. Lodge
      Traces the evolution of Japan's economic strategy from 1972 to 1992. Describes the collapse of the Japanese stock market in the spring of 1992, raising the question: Is this the end of Japan's miraculous growth? To help students consider that question, the case... View Details
      Keywords: Policy; Financial Markets; Information Technology; System Shocks; Borrowing and Debt; Financial Crisis; Government and Politics; Growth and Development; Situation or Environment; Japan; United States
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      Lodge, George C. "Japan Confronts an Interdependent World." Harvard Business School Case 793-034, September 1992. (Revised March 1998.)
      • March 1992 (Revised October 1994)
      • Case

      AT&T Consumer Products

      By: Joseph L. Badaracco Jr.
      Describes the factors AT&T Consumer Products managers considered in deciding whether to locate a new plant for telephone answering machines in the United States, Asia, or Mexico. Describes in depth the restructuring of AT&T during the 1980s, the competition facing its... View Details
      Keywords: Restructuring; Competitive Strategy; Trade; Management; Operations; Crime and Corruption; Executive Compensation; Selection and Staffing; Demand and Consumers; Asia; Mexico
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      Badaracco, Joseph L., Jr. "AT&T Consumer Products." Harvard Business School Case 392-108, March 1992. (Revised October 1994.)
      • February 1992 (Revised April 1995)
      • Case

      Pfizer: Global Protection of Intellectual Property

      By: Lynn S. Paine and Michael Santoro
      Top officials at Pfizer are assessing their strategy for improving protection of Pfizer's patents around the world. The outcome of the Uruguay Round of the GATT negotiations is uncertain, and it is not clear whether an acceptable intellectual property protection... View Details
      Keywords: Patents; Trade; Policy; Government and Politics; Business Strategy; Agreements and Arrangements; Alliances; Cross-Cultural and Cross-Border Issues; Pharmaceutical Industry; United States; Japan; Europe
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      Paine, Lynn S., and Michael Santoro. "Pfizer: Global Protection of Intellectual Property." Harvard Business School Case 392-073, February 1992. (Revised April 1995.)
      • February 1992 (Revised April 1993)
      • Case

      Acid Rain: The Southern Co. (A)

      By: Forest L. Reinhardt
      The Southern Co., an electric utility, is planning its compliance with the 1990 amendments to the Clean Air Act. The Act established a system of tradeable permits for sulfur dioxide emissions. The company must decide whether to install pollution control equipment and... View Details
      Keywords: Energy Generation; Business Strategy; Environmental Sustainability; Cost vs Benefits; Financial Management; Strategic Planning; Investment Return; Government Legislation; Wastes and Waste Processing; Utilities Industry; Energy Industry; United States
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      Reinhardt, Forest L. "Acid Rain: The Southern Co. (A)." Harvard Business School Case 792-060, February 1992. (Revised April 1993.)
      • 1992
      • Other Unpublished Work

      By Choice or By Chance? Tracking the Values in Massachusetts' Public Spending

      By: Dutch Leonard
      Keywords: Spending; Public Sector; Value; Massachusetts
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      Leonard, Dutch. "By Choice or By Chance? Tracking the Values in Massachusetts' Public Spending." Pioneer Institute, January 1992.
      • 1992
      • Chapter

      U.S.-Japan Trade Today

      By: Kenneth A. Froot
      Keywords: International Trade; International Finance; Trade; International Relations; Japan; United States
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      Froot, Kenneth A. "U.S.-Japan Trade Today." In U.S.-Japan Economic Forum. Vol. 2, by Martin S. Feldstein and Yutaka Kosai. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1992.
      • October 1991 (Revised August 1993)
      • Case

      Acid Rain: Burlington Northern, Inc. (A)

      By: Forest L. Reinhardt
      Burlington Northern (BN) hauls low-sulfur coal from the northern Great Plains to electric utilities in the Midwest. Acid rain legislation may affect the geographic scope of BN's markets. Railroad managers need to assess the economic effects of acid rain controls and... View Details
      Keywords: Rail Transportation; Environmental Sustainability; Development Economics; Government Legislation; Natural Environment; Policy; Metals and Minerals; Industry Growth; Industry Structures; Rail Industry; United States
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      Reinhardt, Forest L. "Acid Rain: Burlington Northern, Inc. (A)." Harvard Business School Case 792-018, October 1991. (Revised August 1993.)
      • September 1991 (Revised August 1994)
      • Background Note

      Note on Pharmaceutical Industry Regulation

      By: Willis M. Emmons III
      Traces the evolution of U.S. regulatory policy towards the pharmaceutical industry over the course of the twentieth century. A major theme is the steady shift away from a policy of 'let the buyer beware' to the creation of a complex and time-consuming review process,... View Details
      Keywords: Safety; Industry Growth; Marketing; Research and Development; Health Testing and Trials; Economics; Pharmaceutical Industry; United States
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      Emmons, Willis M., III. "Note on Pharmaceutical Industry Regulation." Harvard Business School Background Note 792-002, September 1991. (Revised August 1994.)
      • September 1991 (Revised February 1993)
      • Case

      Burroughs Wellcome and AZT (A)

      By: Willis M. Emmons III
      Burroughs Wellcome Co., developer of AZT, the first drug approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), finds itself under siege in September 1989 by AIDS activists and various segments of the U.S.... View Details
      Keywords: Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Ethics; Business and Government Relations; Communication Strategy; Health Care and Treatment; Monopoly; Intellectual Property; Research and Development; Price; Pharmaceutical Industry; London
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      Emmons, Willis M., III. "Burroughs Wellcome and AZT (A)." Harvard Business School Case 792-004, September 1991. (Revised February 1993.)
      • July 1991
      • Case

      Managing the U.S. Dollar in the 1980s

      By: W. Carl Kester and Richard P. Melnick
      Provides numerical data and alternative explanations concerning the U.S. dollar's rise and subsequent fall in value from 1981 through 1987. Students are challenged to study the evidence and make their own inferences concerning the dollar's movements and the degree of... View Details
      Keywords: Macroeconomics; Currency Exchange Rate; Price; Theory; United States
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      Kester, W. Carl, and Richard P. Melnick. "Managing the U.S. Dollar in the 1980s." Harvard Business School Case 292-001, July 1991.
      • June 1991 (Revised May 1992)
      • Case

      Lithonia Lighting

      By: Nitin Nohria
      In early 1991, Lithonia, the U.S.'s largest manufacturer of lighting fixtures, faced a major slump in the construction business that threatened to cause its first decline in revenues after over a decade of strong growth. With financial pressures from its parent company... View Details
      Keywords: Organizational Structure; Industry Growth; Decision Making; Information Technology; Financial Crisis; Investment; Business Growth and Maturation; Electronics Industry; United States
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      Nohria, Nitin. "Lithonia Lighting." Harvard Business School Case 492-003, June 1991. (Revised May 1992.)
      • April 1991 (Revised July 1992)
      • Case

      Koito Manufacturing Ltd.

      By: W. Carl Kester and Robert W. Lightfoot
      Having acquired a 26% stake in Koito Manufacturing, a Japanese automotive parts supplier in the Toyota Group, T. Boone Pickens seeks a seat on Koito's board of directors. Koito's management resists, claiming Pickens is an unhelpful greenmailer, not a true long-term... View Details
      Keywords: Acquisition; Debates; Corporate Governance; Production; Supply Chain; Performance Efficiency; Welfare; Auto Industry; Japan; United States
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      Kester, W. Carl, and Robert W. Lightfoot. "Koito Manufacturing Ltd." Harvard Business School Case 291-027, April 1991. (Revised July 1992.)
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