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      • Faculty Publications  (440)

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      • 2022
      • Working Paper

      The Issuance and Design of Sustainability-linked Loans

      By: Maria Loumioti and George Serafeim
      Sustainability-linked loans (i.e., syndicated loans for which pricing is linked to a sustainability performance indicator) have rapidly evolved into a significant private debt product. We find that sustainability-linked lending has been available mostly to borrowers... View Details
      Keywords: Sustainability; Sustainability Management; Credit Products; Loan Contracts; Loans; Corporate Finance; Credit Risk; Environment; ESG; ESG Ratings; Climate Change; Finance; Borrowing and Debt; Risk and Uncertainty; Credit
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      Loumioti, Maria, and George Serafeim. "The Issuance and Design of Sustainability-linked Loans." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 23-027, November 2022.
      • October 2022 (Revised September 2023)
      • Case

      SolarWinds Confronts SUNBURST (A)

      By: Frank Nagle, George A. Riedel, William R. Kerr and David Lane
      On December 12, 2020, SolarWinds learned that malware had been inserted in its software, potentially granting hackers access to thousands and thousands of its 300,000 customers. General Counsel Jason Bliss needed to orchestrate the company response without knowing how... View Details
      Keywords: Cyberattacks; Cybersecurity; Corporate Disclosure; Crisis Management; Customer Focus and Relationships; Legal Liability; Information Technology Industry; United States
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      Nagle, Frank, George A. Riedel, William R. Kerr, and David Lane. "SolarWinds Confronts SUNBURST (A)." Harvard Business School Case 723-357, October 2022. (Revised September 2023.)
      • October 2022 (Revised September 2023)
      • Supplement

      SolarWinds Confronts SUNBURST (B)

      By: Frank Nagle, George A. Riedel, William R. Kerr and David Lane
      Supplements the (A) case, describing actions taken by SolarWinds as well as by regulatory agencies in the aftermath of the immediate crisis. The case also includes reflections by SolarWinds managers on the choices they made with respect to disclosure, media relations,... View Details
      Keywords: Cyberattacks; Cybersecurity; Corporate Disclosure; Crisis Management; Customer Focus and Relationships; Legal Liability; Governance Compliance; Business and Government Relations; Information Technology Industry; United States
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      Nagle, Frank, George A. Riedel, William R. Kerr, and David Lane. "SolarWinds Confronts SUNBURST (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 723-368, October 2022. (Revised September 2023.)
      • October 2022
      • Case

      Sustainable Finance at Itau BBA

      By: George Serafeim, Maria Loumioti and Benjamin Maletta
      As of August 2022, the Itau BBA had structured dozens of sustainability linked bonds, which made future interest payments a function of the borrower meeting a target for a sustainability metric, and had solidified its reputation as a pioneer of sustainable finance in... View Details
      Keywords: Sustainable Finance; Corporate Social Responsibility; Environmental Sustainability; Growth Strategy; Debt Contracting; Performance Metrics; Risk Assessment; ESG (Environmental, Social, Governance) Performance; Financial Instruments; Risk Management; Debt Securities; Measurement and Metrics; Banking Industry; Pulp and Paper Industry; Latin America
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      Serafeim, George, Maria Loumioti, and Benjamin Maletta. "Sustainable Finance at Itau BBA." Harvard Business School Case 123-036, October 2022.
      • October 2022
      • Background Note

      Note on Cyberattacks and Regulatory Regimes

      By: Frank Nagle, George A. Riedel, William R. Kerr and David Lane
      Describes common types of cyberattacks on enterprises and their costs, as well as the fragmentary regulatory regimes through which U.S. states and regulatory agencies at the start of 2021 attempted to encourage disclosure of cyberattacks and to pursue enforcement... View Details
      Keywords: Regulations; Regulatory Agencies; Cyberattacks; Governance; Corporate Disclosure; Cybersecurity; Information Industry; Information Technology Industry; Health Industry; Financial Services Industry; United States
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      Nagle, Frank, George A. Riedel, William R. Kerr, and David Lane. "Note on Cyberattacks and Regulatory Regimes." Harvard Business School Background Note 723-392, October 2022.
      • October 2022 (Revised June 2024)
      • Case

      Driving Decarbonization at BMW

      By: Shirley Lu, George Serafeim and Michael W. Toffel
      The case describes BMW’s electrification and decarbonization strategy, and how the company measured carbon emissions throughout the life cycle of its vehicles and used tools like carbon abatement cost curves to evaluate decarbonization opportunities. In mid-2022,... View Details
      Keywords: Decarbonization; Climate Change; Environment; Sustainability; Carbon Accounting; Carbon; Carbon Abatement; Electric Vehicles; Automobiles; Transportation; Environmental Accounting; Environmental Management; Environmental Sustainability; Accounting; Strategy; Technological Innovation; Supply Chain; Business and Stakeholder Relations; Transportation Industry; Auto Industry; Battery Industry; Germany; China; United States; Europe
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      Lu, Shirley, George Serafeim, and Michael W. Toffel. "Driving Decarbonization at BMW." Harvard Business School Case 123-008, October 2022. (Revised June 2024.)
      • October 2022
      • Case

      EducationSuperHighway 2.0

      By: William A. Sahlman, Allison M. Ciechanover and Emily Grandjean
      In 2012, Evan Marwell launched EducationSuperHighway (ESH) to address a major problem: though most public K-12 schools in the US had access to the Internet, only roughly 30% had true broadband access that would enable every student to have high speed connectivity. ... View Details
      Keywords: Nonprofit Organizations; Social Entrepreneurship; Social Issues; Leading Change; Early Childhood Education; Infrastructure; Internet and the Web; Telecommunications Industry; Education Industry; Technology Industry; United States; San Francisco
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      Sahlman, William A., Allison M. Ciechanover, and Emily Grandjean. "EducationSuperHighway 2.0." Harvard Business School Case 823-060, October 2022.
      • September 2022 (Revised June 2025)
      • Case

      York Capital CLOs and WorldStrides International

      By: Victoria Ivashina and William Vrattos
      The case follows the debt restructuring of WorldStrides International, a travel program provider in the education market, after the onset of COVID-19. The pandemic severely impacted the travel industry, creating challenges for many companies like WorldStrides, which... View Details
      Keywords: COVID-19 Pandemic; Debt Restructuring; CLO; Compliance; Debt Securities; Financing and Loans; Decision Making; Travel Industry; Education Industry
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      Ivashina, Victoria, and William Vrattos. "York Capital CLOs and WorldStrides International." Harvard Business School Case 223-034, September 2022. (Revised June 2025.)
      • September 2022
      • Article

      House Prices, Home Equity and Entrepreneurship: Evidence from U.S. Census Micro Data

      By: Sari Pekkala Kerr, William R. Kerr and Ramana Nanda
      During 1992-2007, house price growth is strongly correlated with local entrepreneurship. We show with Census Bureau data that most of this entry is related to construction and real estate; these entrants tend to be small and short-lived. Using a 1998 Texas reform that... View Details
      Keywords: House Prices; Collateral Channel; Entry; Entrepreneurship; Housing; Real Estate Industry; Construction Industry
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      Kerr, Sari Pekkala, William R. Kerr, and Ramana Nanda. "House Prices, Home Equity and Entrepreneurship: Evidence from U.S. Census Micro Data." Journal of Monetary Economics 130 (September 2022): 103–119.
      • August 2022 (Revised February 2023)
      • Case

      Braintrust: The Blockchain-Powered Talent Network

      By: Christopher Stanton, Joseph B. Fuller and George Gonzalez
      A San Francisco startup seeks to disrupt the freelancing industry through its user-owned talent network powered by the cryptocurrency, BTRST. View Details
      Keywords: Freelancers; Blockchain; Cryptocurrency; Social and Collaborative Networks; Talent and Talent Management; Consulting Industry; Technology Industry; United States
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      Stanton, Christopher, Joseph B. Fuller, and George Gonzalez. "Braintrust: The Blockchain-Powered Talent Network." Harvard Business School Case 823-039, August 2022. (Revised February 2023.)
      • 2022
      • Book

      Purpose + Profit: How Business Can Lift Up the World

      By: George Serafeim
      The roadmap and best practices to reap the enormous value that can emerge when your business prioritizes social and environmental goals—such as climate change, diversity and inclusion, and sustainability—right alongside the pursuit of profit.

      We not only... View Details
      Keywords: ESG (Environmental, Social, Governance) Performance; Profitability; Business And Society; Organizations; Mission and Purpose; Goals and Objectives; Social Issues; Environmental Sustainability; Value Creation; Organizational Change and Adaptation
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      Serafeim, George. Purpose + Profit: How Business Can Lift Up the World. New York: HarperCollins Leadership, 2022.
      • July 2022
      • Case

      David Crane’s Clean(er) Energy Strategy at NRG

      By: George Serafeim, Michael W. Toffel and Tom Quinn
      In 2015, David Crane was the CEO of NRG, the second-largest energy producer in the United States. NRG got most of its power from fossil fuels, but Crane – hired as CEO in 2003 as NRG emerged from bankruptcy – had invested heavily in alternative energy, loudly... View Details
      Keywords: Energy; Leadership; Corporate Governance; Transformation; Alternative Energy; Energy Generation; Climate Change; Corporate Accountability; Renewable Energy; Energy Industry; United States
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      Serafeim, George, Michael W. Toffel, and Tom Quinn. "David Crane’s Clean(er) Energy Strategy at NRG." Harvard Business School Case 623-005, July 2022.
      • July 2022 (Revised September 2024)
      • Case

      York Capital and Enovix

      By: William Vrattos, Jo Tango and Alys Ferragamo
      In June 2020, Jeremy Blank prepared for a meeting with his fellow partners at York Capital to discuss an investment he had championed in Enovix, a company developing a state-of-the-art, silicon-based battery. Early-stage technology companies, like Enovix, were not... View Details
      Keywords: Investment Evaluation; Partners and Partnerships; Investment Portfolio; Judgments; Opportunities
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      Vrattos, William, Jo Tango, and Alys Ferragamo. "York Capital and Enovix." Harvard Business School Case 223-006, July 2022. (Revised September 2024.)
      • July 2022
      • Case

      General Mills: Responding to the Killing of George Floyd (A)

      By: Debora L. Spar and Alicia Dadlani
      Jeff Harmening, CEO of General Mills, one of the world's largest manufacturers of breakfast cereals and packaged foods, was deeply disturbed and instantly aware that he and General Mills would need to respond. George Floyd, an African-American man who had been accused... View Details
      Keywords: Race; Decisions; Social Issues; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Consumer Products Industry; Food and Beverage Industry; Minneapolis; Minnesota; United States
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      Spar, Debora L., and Alicia Dadlani. "General Mills: Responding to the Killing of George Floyd (A)." Harvard Business School Case 323-019, July 2022.
      • July 2022
      • Supplement

      General Mills: Responding to the Killing of George Floyd (B)

      By: Debora L. Spar and Alicia Dadlani
      Jeff Harmening, CEO of General Mills, one of the world's largest manufacturers of breakfast cereals and packaged foods, was deeply disturbed and instantly aware that he and General Mills would need to respond. George Floyd, an African-American man who had been accused... View Details
      Keywords: Race; Decisions; Social Issues; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Consumer Products Industry; Minneapolis; Minnesota; United States
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      Spar, Debora L., and Alicia Dadlani. "General Mills: Responding to the Killing of George Floyd (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 323-020, July 2022.
      • 2022
      • Working Paper

      Failing Just Fine: Assessing Careers of Venture Capital-backed Entrepreneurs via a Non-wage Measure

      By: Natee Amornsiripanitch, Paul Gompers, George Hu, Will Levinson and Vladimir Mukharlyamov
      This paper proposes a non-pecuniary measure of career achievement, Seniority. Based on a database of over 5 million resumes, this metric exploits the variation in job titles and how long they take to attain. When non-monetary factors influence career choice, inference... View Details
      Keywords: Career Outcomes; Founders; Personal Development and Career; Venture Capital; Entrepreneurship
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      Amornsiripanitch, Natee, Paul Gompers, George Hu, Will Levinson, and Vladimir Mukharlyamov. "Failing Just Fine: Assessing Careers of Venture Capital-backed Entrepreneurs via a Non-wage Measure." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 30179, June 2022.
      • June 2022
      • Case

      Business Implications from Regulating Carbon Emissions in the EU

      By: George Serafeim and Benjamin Maletta
      In the beginning of the 21st century, the European Union (the EU) had led the global fight against climate change with a wide array of policy measures. The EU’s primary approach to climate policy had been taxation via the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU... View Details
      Keywords: Regulation; Carbon Emissions; Trade; Sustainability; Decarbonization; Performance; Climate Change; Analysis; Strategy; Taxation; Policy; Environmental Regulation; Industry Structures; European Union
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      Serafeim, George, and Benjamin Maletta. "Business Implications from Regulating Carbon Emissions in the EU." Harvard Business School Case 122-106, June 2022.
      • May 2022 (Revised April 2024)
      • Case

      Third Point in 2020: Growth Is Where the Value Is?

      By: Robin Greenwood, James Williams and Denise Han
      In early May 2020, Daniel Loeb’s team at Third Point was evaluating a potential growth opportunity in the Walt Disney Company and whether investor activism might play a role. Battered by the effects of COVID-19, the company’s stock had initially tumbled to $86 and then... View Details
      Keywords: Growth; Equity; Disney; Value; COVID-19 Pandemic; Economics; Strategy; Growth and Development; Investment Return; Opportunities; Business and Stakeholder Relations; North America
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      Greenwood, Robin, James Williams, and Denise Han. "Third Point in 2020: Growth Is Where the Value Is?" Harvard Business School Case 222-029, May 2022. (Revised April 2024.)
      • April 2022
      • Case

      NIO: A Chinese EV Company's Global Strategy

      By: William C. Kirby, Shu Lin and Noah B. Truwit
      Founded in November 2014 and based in Shanghai, NIO designed, jointly manufactured, and sold premium “smart” EVs. Its mission was to “shape a joyful lifestyle by offering high-performance smart electric vehicles and being the best user enterprise. At NIO Day 2021,... View Details
      Keywords: Electric Vehicles; Expansion; Technological Innovation; Market Entry and Exit; Competitive Strategy; Consumer Behavior; Green Technology; Auto Industry; China; Europe; Norway
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      Kirby, William C., Shu Lin, and Noah B. Truwit. "NIO: A Chinese EV Company's Global Strategy." Harvard Business School Case 322-106, April 2022.
      • April 2022
      • Article

      Consumers Value Effort over Ease When Caring for Close Others

      By: Ximena Garcia-Rada, Mary Steffel, Elanor F. Williams and Michael I. Norton
      Many products and services are designed to make caregiving easier, from premade meals for feeding families to robo-cribs that automatically rock babies to sleep. Yet, using these products may come with a cost: consumers may feel they have not exerted enough effort.... View Details
      Keywords: Effor; Caregiving; Close Relationships; Symbolic Meaning; Signaling; Relationships; Consumer Behavior; Perception
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      Garcia-Rada, Ximena, Mary Steffel, Elanor F. Williams, and Michael I. Norton. "Consumers Value Effort over Ease When Caring for Close Others." Journal of Consumer Research 48, no. 6 (April 2022): 970–990.
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