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- October 2007 (Revised November 2010)
- Module Note
Evaluating M&A Deals-Equity Consideration
What the acquiring company pays for a target in a merger or acquisition is called "consideration." Consideration can be in the form of cash, shares, or a combination of the two. Lays out the basic mechanics of equity consideration. Derives formulas for the Deal NPV of... View Details
Baldwin, Carliss Y. "Evaluating M&A Deals-Equity Consideration." Harvard Business School Module Note 208-077, October 2007. (Revised November 2010.)
- June 1990 (Revised August 1990)
- Supplement
Sun Microsystems, Inc.--1987 (C)
Outlines the financing agreement reached by Sun and AT&T in early 1988. View Details
Keywords: Financing and Loans; Web Services Industry; Computer Industry; Telecommunications Industry; United States
Baldwin, Carliss Y. "Sun Microsystems, Inc.--1987 (C)." Harvard Business School Supplement 290-053, June 1990. (Revised August 1990.)
- June 2003 (Revised September 2003)
- Background Note
Acquisitions & Alliances: Introduction to the Course
Helps students understand the multiple forms M&A deals can take, while framing the underlying dimensions that managers must consider when designing or assessing a given deal. Begins by introducing students to the ways in which M&A activity creates value, proceeds by... View Details
Baldwin, Carliss Y. "Acquisitions & Alliances: Introduction to the Course." Harvard Business School Background Note 803-199, June 2003. (Revised September 2003.)
- December 2014 (Revised April 2015)
- Case
Apple, Einhorn, and iPrefs
By: Carliss Y. Baldwin, Hanoch Feit, Edward A. Minasian and Brandon Van Buren
In March 2013, Apple Computer has a very large cash balance, and is under pressure to return cash to shareholders. Hedge fund manager David Einhorn thinks Apple can "unlock value" by issuing perpetual preferred stock, dubbed iPrefs. Henry Blodget, CEO of Business... View Details
Baldwin, Carliss Y., Hanoch Feit, Edward A. Minasian, and Brandon Van Buren. "Apple, Einhorn, and iPrefs." Harvard Business School Case 215-037, December 2014. (Revised April 2015.)
- October 2007 (Revised February 2008)
- Background Note
Evaluating M&A Deals: Accretion vs. Dilution of Earnings-per-share
When discussing the pros and cons of an acquisition, practitioners often talk about the impact of the deal on the buyer's earnings-per-share (eps). An acquisition is said to be "accretive" if the buyer's eps goes up post-deal; it is "dilutive" if the buyer's eps goes... View Details
Baldwin, Carliss Y. "Evaluating M&A Deals: Accretion vs. Dilution of Earnings-per-share." Harvard Business School Background Note 208-059, October 2007. (Revised February 2008.)
- 2012
- Working Paper
The Impact of Modularity on Intellectual Property and Value Appropriation
By: Carliss Y. Baldwin and Joachim Henkel
Modularity is a means of partitioning technical knowledge about a product or process. When state-sanctioned intellectual property rights are ineffective or costly to enforce, modularity can be used to hide information and thus protect intellectual property (IP). We... View Details
Baldwin, Carliss Y., and Joachim Henkel. "The Impact of Modularity on Intellectual Property and Value Appropriation." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 12-040, December 2011. (Revised November 2012.)
- November 2015
- Article
Modularity and Intellectual Property Protection
By: Carliss Y. Baldwin and Joachim Henkel
Modularity is a means of partitioning technical knowledge about a product or process. When state-sanctioned intellectual property (IP) rights are ineffective or costly to enforce, modularity can be used to hide information and thus protect IP. We investigate the impact... View Details
Baldwin, Carliss Y., and Joachim Henkel. "Modularity and Intellectual Property Protection." Strategic Management Journal 36, no. 11 (November 2015): 1637–1655.
- 2014
- Working Paper
Modularity and Intellectual Property Protection
By: Carliss Y. Baldwin and Joachim Henkel
Modularity is a means of partitioning technical knowledge about a product or process. When state-sanctioned intellectual property (IP) rights are ineffective or costly to enforce, modularity can be used to hide information and thus protect IP. We investigate the impact... View Details
Keywords: Modularity; Value Appropriation; Relational Contracts; Clans; Rights; Complexity; Intellectual Property
Baldwin, Carliss Y., and Joachim Henkel. "Modularity and Intellectual Property Protection." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 14-046, December 2013. (Revised June 2014.)
- March 1992 (Revised June 1992)
- Case
Thermo Electron Corp.
George Hatsopoulos, CEO at Thermo Electron Corp., is considering whether to issue shares in a subsidiary via an initial public offering (IPO). The company has developed an unusual corporate structure in which subsidiaries fund new ventures by raising debt and equity in... View Details
Keywords: Financial Management; Business Subsidiaries; Resource Allocation; Valuation; Organizational Structure; Business Headquarters; Initial Public Offering; Capital Structure; Capital Markets; Financial Strategy; Corporate Finance; Semiconductor Industry; Technology Industry
Baldwin, Carliss Y. "Thermo Electron Corp." Harvard Business School Case 292-104, March 1992. (Revised June 1992.)
- 2009
- Working Paper
Modeling a Paradigm Shift: From Producer Innovation to User and Open Collaborative Innovation
By: Carliss Y. Baldwin and Eric von Hippel
In this paper we assess the economic viability of innovation by producers relative to two increasingly important alternative models: innovations by single user individuals or firms, and open collaborative innovation projects. We analyze the design costs and... View Details
Keywords: Cost; Policy; Collaborative Innovation and Invention; Independent Innovation and Invention; Intellectual Property; Rights; Welfare
Baldwin, Carliss Y., and Eric von Hippel. "Modeling a Paradigm Shift: From Producer Innovation to User and Open Collaborative Innovation." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 10-038, November 2009.
- September 2002 (Revised March 2003)
- Technical Note
Technical Note on Equity-Linked Consideration, Part 1: All-Stock Deals
What the acquiring company pays for a target in a merger or acquisition is called "consideration." Consideration can be in the form of cash, shares, or a combination of cash and shares. During the 1990s, equity-linked consideration became the dominant method of payment... View Details
Baldwin, Carliss Y. "Technical Note on Equity-Linked Consideration, Part 1: All-Stock Deals." Harvard Business School Technical Note 903-027, September 2002. (Revised March 2003.)
- October 2007 (Revised December 2008)
- Background Note
Evaluating M&A Deals: How Poison Pills Work
The poison pill defense against hostile takeovers was invented in 1982 by Martin Lipton, of Wachtell, Lipton, Rosen and Katz. Pills are considered the most effective of all the normal defenses against a hostile bidder. Describes the two basic types of poison pills... View Details
Baldwin, Carliss Y. "Evaluating M&A Deals: How Poison Pills Work." Harvard Business School Background Note 208-061, October 2007. (Revised December 2008.)
- January 2010 (Revised October 2011)
- Case
The Congressional Oversight Panel's Valuation of the TARP Warrants (A)
The Congressional Oversight Panel wants to value the warrants issued to the government in connection with the TARP investments of 2008, in order to increase the transparency of options repurchases. The case describes the methodology used to value the warrants. Students... View Details
Keywords: Financial Crisis; Asset Pricing; Financial Instruments; Investment; Business and Government Relations; Mathematical Methods; Valuation; Banking Industry; Public Administration Industry; United States
Baldwin, Carliss Y. "The Congressional Oversight Panel's Valuation of the TARP Warrants (A)." Harvard Business School Case 210-035, January 2010. (Revised October 2011.)
- 2019
- Working Paper
Design Rules, Volume 2: How Technology Shapes Organizations: Chapter 13 Platform Systems vs. Step Processes—The Value of Options and the Power of Modularity
This is the first chapter in Part 3. Its purpose is to contrast the value structure of platform systems with step processes from a technological perspective. I first review the basic technical architecture of computers and argue that every computer is inherently a... View Details
Keywords: Platform Systems; Step Processes; Computer Architecture; Modularity; Information Technology; Digital Platforms
Baldwin, Carliss Y. "Design Rules, Volume 2: How Technology Shapes Organizations: Chapter 13 Platform Systems vs. Step Processes—The Value of Options and the Power of Modularity." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 19-073, January 2019.
- October 2007 (Revised February 2008)
- Module Note
Evaluating M&A Deals: Introduction to the Deal NPV
Introduces a framework for evaluating mergers and acquisitions. Assumes that the criterion of a good deal is that it creates value for shareholders; i.e., has a positive deal NPV. Looks at the deal NPV from both the buyer's and seller's point of view. Explains how a... View Details
Baldwin, Carliss Y. "Evaluating M&A Deals: Introduction to the Deal NPV." Harvard Business School Module Note 208-060, October 2007. (Revised February 2008.)
- November – December 2011
- Article
Modeling a Paradigm Shift: From Producer Innovation to User and Open Collaborative Innovation
By: Carliss Baldwin and Eric von Hippel
In this paper, we assess the economic viability of innovation by producers relative to two increasingly important alternative models: innovations by single-user individuals or firms and open collaborative innovation. We analyze the design costs and architectures and... View Details
Keywords: Collaborative Innovation and Invention; Design; Cost; Communication; Competition; Economy; Research; Policy; Practice
Baldwin, Carliss, and Eric von Hippel. "Modeling a Paradigm Shift: From Producer Innovation to User and Open Collaborative Innovation." Organization Science 22, no. 6 (November–December 2011): 1399–1417.
- August 2001
- Technical Note
Technical Note on Expectations
Reviews the mathematics of expectations embedded in a company's current stock price and the related (whole) enterprise value. Begins by showing how the current stock price can be compounded forward to arrive at an expectation one or more years in the future. Describes... View Details
Baldwin, Carliss Y. "Technical Note on Expectations." Harvard Business School Technical Note 902-055, August 2001.
- March 2003
- Case
Compaq's Struggle
By: Carliss Y. Baldwin and David Lane
In 1997, Compaq Computer was locked in price competition with industry leader Dell. Although Compaq sought to escape difficulty by acquiring Digital Equipment Corp. ,a maker of more lucrative servers and minicomputers, in 1998 the simultaneous effort to remain a... View Details
Keywords: Mergers and Acquisitions; Business Exit or Shutdown; Asset Pricing; Alliances; Competitive Strategy; Computer Industry
Baldwin, Carliss Y., and David Lane. "Compaq's Struggle." Harvard Business School Case 903-021, March 2003.
- June 2003 (Revised June 2003)
- Background Note
M & A Legal Context: Basic Framework for Corporate Governance
By: Carliss Y. Baldwin, Constance E. Bagley and James Quinn
Students are introduced to the basic framework for corporate governance. Begins by describing the complex role of the modern corporation, then proceeds by discussing the fiduciary duties to which a board of trustees is bound (duty of care, duty of loyalty, etc.), and... View Details
Baldwin, Carliss Y., Constance E. Bagley, and James Quinn. "M & A Legal Context: Basic Framework for Corporate Governance." Harvard Business School Background Note 803-200, June 2003. (Revised June 2003.)
- 2017
- Working Paper
Explaining the Vertical-to-Horizontal Transition in the Computer Industry
This paper seeks to explain the technological forces that led to the rise of vertically integrated corporations in the late 19th century and the opposing forces that led to a vertical-to-horizontal transition in the computer industry 100 years later. I first model the... View Details
Keywords: Organizational Design; Business History; Vertical Integration; Horizontal Integration; Digital Platforms; Computer Industry
Baldwin, Carliss Y. "Explaining the Vertical-to-Horizontal Transition in the Computer Industry." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 17-084, March 2017.