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      • Faculty Publications  (740)

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      • March 2024 (Revised June 2025)
      • Teaching Note

      CoPilot(s): Generative AI at Microsoft and GitHub

      By: Frank Nagle and Maria P. Roche
      This teaching note is the companion to case N9-624-010 CoPilot(s): Generative AI at Microsoft and GitHub, which takes place in late 2021. The case briefly describes the history of both GitHub and Microsoft with a particular focus on open source software (OSS)—software... View Details
      Keywords: Mergers and Acquisitions; AI and Machine Learning; Applications and Software; Technological Innovation; Product Launch; Open Source Distribution; Product Development; Commercialization; Competition; Resource Allocation; Technology Industry
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      Nagle, Frank, and Maria P. Roche. "CoPilot(s): Generative AI at Microsoft and GitHub." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 724-452, March 2024. (Revised June 2025.)
      • March 2024
      • Case

      Nomad: A License to Bank

      By: Paul A. Gompers and Pedro Levindo
      In late 2023, Lucas Vargas, CEO and co-founder of Nomad, a fintech that offered financial services in the United States for Brazilian residents, had to decide what to do to ensure the company’s continued expansion. Nomad launched its first product, a U.S. digital bank... View Details
      Keywords: Mergers and Acquisitions; Business Startups; Customer Satisfaction; Decision Making; Entrepreneurship; Banks and Banking; Initial Public Offering; Global Strategy; Growth and Development Strategy; Brands and Branding; Marketing Strategy; Product Launch; Organizational Culture; Going Public; Ownership Stake; Innovation and Invention; Strategic Planning; Business and Government Relations; Business and Stakeholder Relations; Risk and Uncertainty; Business Strategy; Competitive Advantage; Corporate Strategy; Diversification; Expansion; Vertical Integration; Leadership; Law; Banking Industry; Technology Industry; Service Industry; Brazil; United States; North America; Latin America
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      Gompers, Paul A., and Pedro Levindo. "Nomad: A License to Bank." Harvard Business School Case 824-144, March 2024.
      • March 2024 (Revised May 2025)
      • Case

      Governing OpenAI (A)

      By: Lynn S. Paine, Suraj Srinivasan and Will Hurwitz
      In late November 2023, OpenAI’s new board of directors took stock of the situation. The company, which sought to develop artificial general intelligence (AGI)—computer systems with capabilities exceeding human abilities—was looking to regain its footing after a chaotic... View Details
      Keywords: Artificial Intelligence; Board Of Directors; Board Decisions; Board Dynamics; Corporate Boards; Governance Changes; Governance Structure; Leadership Change; Legal Aspects Of Business; Nonprofit Governance; Strategy And Execution; Technological Change; AI and Machine Learning; Corporate Governance; Leadership; Management; Mission and Purpose; Technological Innovation; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Governing and Advisory Boards; Resignation and Termination; Ethics; Nonprofit Organizations; Open Source Distribution; Partners and Partnerships; Technology Industry; San Francisco; United States
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      Paine, Lynn S., Suraj Srinivasan, and Will Hurwitz. "Governing OpenAI (A)." Harvard Business School Case 324-103, March 2024. (Revised May 2025.)
      • February 2024 (Revised April 2024)
      • Case

      Finberg: Corporate Venture Capital in Türkiye

      By: Paul A. Gompers and Namrata Arora
      In December 2021, Murat Özyeğin, Chairman of Fiba Holding, along with Ömer Mert and İhsan Elgin, engaged in discussions about the future of United Payment, a fintech company in which Finberg, a subsidiary of Fibabanka, held a 20% stake. Finberg, established in 2018 as... View Details
      Keywords: Corporate Venture Capital; Technology; Return On Investment; Venture Capital; Investment; Strategy; Technological Innovation; Competition; Valuation; Acquisition; Business Startups; Information Technology Industry; Banking Industry; Middle East; North Africa; Turkey; Ukraine; Romania; Poland
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      Gompers, Paul A., and Namrata Arora. "Finberg: Corporate Venture Capital in Türkiye." Harvard Business School Case 824-175, February 2024. (Revised April 2024.)
      • February 2024
      • Case

      Horizon Quantum Computing

      By: Paul A. Gompers and Billy Chan
      In 2023, the Singapore-based startup company Horizon Quantum Computing was on the cusp of fast expansion and the founder faced the challenge to decide where to open the second office outside Singapore. To make a choice from the list of 10 countries, the founder had to... View Details
      Keywords: Business Plan; Entrepreneurship; Entrepreneurial Finance; Disruptive Innovation; Business Offices; Business Startups; Talent and Talent Management; Decision Choices and Conditions; Partners and Partnerships; Expansion; Information Technology Industry; Telecommunications Industry; Singapore; Asia
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      Gompers, Paul A., and Billy Chan. "Horizon Quantum Computing." Harvard Business School Case 224-049, February 2024.
      • February 2024 (Revised April 2024)
      • Case

      Uniswap: Fighting a Vampire Attack (A)

      By: Shikhar Ghosh, Shweta Bagai and Liang Wu
      This is the first of a three-case series that explores the challenges faced by Uniswap, a key player in the decentralized finance (DeFi) sector. Founded by Hayden Adams, the case traces Uniswap's rapid growth from a simple idea inspired by a Reddit post to becoming one... View Details
      Keywords: Blockchain; Cryptocurrency; Crypto Economy; Community; Decentralization; Decentralized Exchange; Decentralized Finance; Open Platforms; Open-source Innovation; Market Distruption; Stablecoin; Vampire Attack; Web3; Token; Digital Platforms; Entrepreneurship; Governance; Technological Innovation; Competitive Strategy; Financial Liquidity; Financial Services Industry; Technology Industry; United States
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      Ghosh, Shikhar, Shweta Bagai, and Liang Wu. "Uniswap: Fighting a Vampire Attack (A)." Harvard Business School Case 824-162, February 2024. (Revised April 2024.)
      • February 2024
      • Case

      Compass Pathways: Pioneering Psychedelic Treatment

      By: Tiona Zuzul, Kisha Lashley and Gamze Yucaoglu
      This case follows Compass Pathways, a pioneering company developing treatment for depression based on psilocybin, the compound found in ‘magic mushrooms.’ Psilocybin was a federally illegal substance in the U.S., and a “Schedule I” drug, defined as a drug “with no... View Details
      Keywords: Commercialization; Corporate Strategy; Competitive Strategy; Product Launch; Health Testing and Trials; Research and Development; Laws and Statutes; Pharmaceutical Industry; Europe; United States; United Kingdom
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      Zuzul, Tiona, Kisha Lashley, and Gamze Yucaoglu. "Compass Pathways: Pioneering Psychedelic Treatment." Harvard Business School Case 724-412, February 2024.
      • Winter 2024
      • Article

      Is Pay Transparency Good?

      By: Zoë B. Cullen
      Countries around the world are enacting pay transparency policies to combat pay discrimination. Since 2000, 71 percent of OECD countries have done so. Most are enacting transparency horizontally, revealing pay between coworkers doing similar work within a firm. While... View Details
      Keywords: Policy; Wages; Knowledge Sharing; Job Design and Levels; Negotiation; Performance Productivity; Compensation and Benefits; Motivation and Incentives
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      Cullen, Zoë B. "Is Pay Transparency Good?" Journal of Economic Perspectives 38, no. 1 (Winter 2024): 153–180.
      • January 2024 (Revised July 2024)
      • Case

      CloudEats: Revolutionizing the Cloud Kitchen in Southeast Asia

      By: Paul A. Gompers and Adina Wong
      Philippines-headquartered cloud kitchen CloudEats harbored the ambition of becoming the largest cloud kitchen in Southeast Asia, but it was considering several strategic paths forward. View Details
      Keywords: Technological Innovation; E-commerce; Disruptive Innovation; Growth and Development Strategy; Expansion; Competitive Advantage; Food and Beverage Industry; Philippines; Southeast Asia
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      Gompers, Paul A., and Adina Wong. "CloudEats: Revolutionizing the Cloud Kitchen in Southeast Asia." Harvard Business School Case 824-146, January 2024. (Revised July 2024.)
      • January 2024 (Revised May 2024)
      • Case

      Uncle Nearest: Creating a Legacy

      By: Hise Gibson, Archie L. Jones, Nicole Gilmore and Ai-Ling Jamila Malone
      Fawn Weaver, as a Black woman and industry outsider in a capital-intensive, highly regulated, competitive and male-dominated spirits industry, successfully overcame numerous obstacles to launch a premium American whiskey brand, Uncle Nearest in 2017, which became the... View Details
      Keywords: Advertising; Business Startups; Customer Focus and Relationships; Decisions; Forecasting and Prediction; Age; Ethnicity; Gender; Entrepreneurship; Working Capital; Innovation Leadership; Innovation Strategy; Intellectual Property; Trademarks; Leadership Style; Growth and Development; Growth and Development Strategy; Product Marketing; Product Launch; Marketing Strategy; Mission and Purpose; Organizational Culture; Private Ownership; Performance Effectiveness; Strategic Planning; Problems and Challenges; Prejudice and Bias; Social Issues; Competition; Competitive Strategy; Expansion; Entrepreneurial Finance; Food and Beverage Industry; Tourism Industry; United States; Tennessee; France
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      Gibson, Hise, Archie L. Jones, Nicole Gilmore, and Ai-Ling Jamila Malone. "Uncle Nearest: Creating a Legacy." Harvard Business School Case 824-047, January 2024. (Revised May 2024.)
      • January 2024
      • Case

      Sprouts Farmers Market

      By: Rajiv Lal, Forest L. Reinhardt and Natalie Kindred
      Sprouts Farmers Markets (Sprouts) is a Phoenix, Arizona-based chain of 400-plus natural foods stores in 23 U.S. states and $6.4 billion in sales as of 2022. In its product assortment, brand image, and store environment, Sprouts emphasizes freshness, health, innovation,... View Details
      Keywords: Business Model; Growth and Development Strategy; Brands and Branding; Strategic Planning; Sales; Business Strategy; Expansion; Product Positioning; Marketing Strategy; Competition; Retail Industry; United States; Arizona
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      Lal, Rajiv, Forest L. Reinhardt, and Natalie Kindred. "Sprouts Farmers Market." Harvard Business School Case 524-059, January 2024.
      • 2024
      • Book

      The Everything Token: How NFTs and Web3 Will Transform the Way We Buy, Sell, and Create

      By: Steve Kaczynski and Scott Duke Kominers
      We demystify the coming digital revolution, showing how NFTs will transform our online and offline interactions.

      NFTs aren’t just pictures on the internet, or a fad that has come and gone. Rather, they’re a new technology for creating digital assets and... View Details
      Keywords: Economic Systems; Microeconomics; Entrepreneurship; Cultural Entrepreneurship; Information Technology; Innovation and Invention; Innovation Strategy; Digital Platforms; Digital Strategy; Digital Transformation; Internet and the Web; Technology Adoption; Marketing; Marketing Strategy; Product Marketing; Product Positioning; Markets; E-commerce; Market Design; Value; Customer Value and Value Chain; Collaborative Innovation and Invention; Innovation and Management; Organizational Structure; Customer Ownership; Ownership; Advertising Industry; Communications Industry; Computer Industry; Consumer Products Industry; Fashion Industry; Information Technology Industry; Media and Broadcasting Industry; Technology Industry; Web Services Industry
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      Kaczynski, Steve, and Scott Duke Kominers. The Everything Token: How NFTs and Web3 Will Transform the Way We Buy, Sell, and Create. Portfolio/Penguin, 2024.
      • December 2023 (Revised January 2025)
      • Case

      Research In Motion: Launching and Scaling the World's First Smartphone Empire (A)

      By: Tatiana Sandino and Samuel Grad
      In 2005, Research In Motion’s (RIM) BlackBerry smartphone was a sensation. After its launch in 1999, the groundbreaking BlackBerry had captured the hearts and minds of corporate America through its secure wireless email service. The device was so addictive and... View Details
      Keywords: Business Growth and Maturation; Decision Choices and Conditions; Mobile and Wireless Technology; Innovation and Management; Technological Innovation; Business or Company Management; Management Style; Product Development; Managerial Roles; Growth and Development Strategy; Technology Industry; United States; Canada
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      Sandino, Tatiana, and Samuel Grad. "Research In Motion: Launching and Scaling the World's First Smartphone Empire (A)." Harvard Business School Case 124-023, December 2023. (Revised January 2025.)
      • November 2023
      • Case

      Open Source Machine Learning at Google

      By: Shane Greenstein, Martin Wattenberg, Fernanda B. Viégas, Daniel Yue and James Barnett
      Set in early 2023, the case exposes students to the challenges of managing open source software at Google. The case focuses on the challenges for Alex Spinelli, Vice President of Product Management for Core Machine Learning. He must set priorities for Google’s efforts... View Details
      Keywords: Decision Choices and Conditions; Technological Innovation; Open Source Distribution; Strategy; AI and Machine Learning; Applications and Software; Technology Industry; United States
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      Greenstein, Shane, Martin Wattenberg, Fernanda B. Viégas, Daniel Yue, and James Barnett. "Open Source Machine Learning at Google." Harvard Business School Case 624-015, November 2023.
      • November 2023
      • Case

      From Imitation to Innovation: Zongshen Industrial Group (Abridged)

      By: Willy Shih and Nancy Dai
      Like other small shops based in Chongqing, China, Zongshen Industrial Group started by assembling motorcycles from "standard" parts. The quality of its early products was good enough for rural Chinese buyers, though wealthier consumers usually purchased premium... View Details
      Keywords: Disruptive Innovation; Growth and Development Strategy; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Competitive Strategy; Supply Chain; Product Positioning; Manufacturing Industry; Motorcycle Industry; China
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      Shih, Willy, and Nancy Dai. "From Imitation to Innovation: Zongshen Industrial Group (Abridged)." Harvard Business School Case 624-056, November 2023.
      • November 2023
      • Case

      Apple Inc. in 2023

      By: David B. Yoffie and Sarah von Bargen
      Under CEO Tim Cook, Apple became the first trillion dollar market cap company, the first two trillion dollar company, and the first three trillion dollar company. Since the COVID pandemic, Apple gained over 20% of the world smartphone market and 50% of the U.S. market,... View Details
      Keywords: Competitive Advantage; Product Positioning; Emerging Markets; Competitive Strategy; Technological Innovation; Revenue; Technology Industry
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      Yoffie, David B., and Sarah von Bargen. "Apple Inc. in 2023." Harvard Business School Case 724-419, November 2023.
      • November 2023
      • Teaching Plan

      Geely SEA: New Electric Vehicle Platforms

      By: Willy Shih
      Teaching Plan for HBS Case No. 622-001. Kent Bovellan, the Chief Engineer and Head of the Vehicle Architecture Center for Geely Holding, the Hangzhou, China headquartered global automotive group, was debating the platform choice for an upcoming "D" segment midsized... View Details
      Keywords: Product Innovation; Product Architecture; Product Engineering; Platform Design; Platform Strategy; Product Design; Product Development; Cost Management; Competitive Strategy; Industry Structures; Product Positioning; Auto Industry; China; Sweden
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      Shih, Willy. "Geely SEA: New Electric Vehicle Platforms." Harvard Business School Teaching Plan 624-055, November 2023.
      • November–December 2023
      • Article

      Iterative Coordination and Innovation: Prioritizing Value over Novelty

      By: Sourobh Ghosh and Andy Wu
      An innovating organization faces the challenge of how to prioritize distinct goals of novelty and value, both of which underlie innovation. Popular practitioner frameworks like Agile management suggest that organizations can adopt an iterative approach of frequent... View Details
      Keywords: Innovation; Novelty; Goals; Specialization; Coordination; Field Experiment; Software Development; Agile; Scrum; Iteration; Iterative; Organizations; Innovation and Invention; Value; Goals and Objectives; Integration; Applications and Software
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      Ghosh, Sourobh, and Andy Wu. "Iterative Coordination and Innovation: Prioritizing Value over Novelty." Organization Science 34, no. 6 (November–December 2023): 2182–2206.
      • November 2023
      • Article

      Open Source Software and Global Entrepreneurship

      By: Nataliya Langburd Wright, Frank Nagle and Shane Greenstein
      This is the first study to consider the relationship between open source software (OSS) and entrepreneurship around the globe. This study measures whether country-level participation on the GitHub OSS platform affects the founding of innovative ventures, and where it... View Details
      Keywords: Entrepreneurship; Applications and Software; Business Ventures; Development Economics; Innovation and Invention; Global Range
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      Wright, Nataliya Langburd, Frank Nagle, and Shane Greenstein. "Open Source Software and Global Entrepreneurship." Art. 104846. Research Policy 52, no. 9 (November 2023).
      • October 2023
      • Case

      Fixie and Conversational AI Sidekicks

      By: Jeffrey J. Bussgang and Carin-Isabel Knoop
      In March 2023, Fixie Co-Founder and Chief Architect Matt Welsh and co-founders had the kind of meeting no founders want to have. The president of leading artificial intelligence (AI) research and deployment firm OpenAI, which had catapulted into fame with its ChatGPT... View Details
      Keywords: Large Language Model; Entrepreneurship; Decision Choices and Conditions; AI and Machine Learning; Technological Innovation; Competitive Strategy; Technology Industry; United States
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      Bussgang, Jeffrey J., and Carin-Isabel Knoop. "Fixie and Conversational AI Sidekicks." Harvard Business School Case 824-037, October 2023.
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