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      Motivation and IncentivesRemove Motivation and Incentives →

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      • 2023
      • Working Paper

      The Buy-In Effect: When Increasing Initial Effort Motivates Behavioral Follow-Through

      By: Holly Dykstra, Shibeal O'Flaherty and A.V. Whillans
      Behavioral interventions often focus on reducing friction to encourage behavior change. In contrast, we provide evidence that adding friction can promote long-term behavior change when behaviors involve repeated costly efforts over longer time horizons. In... View Details
      Keywords: Friction; Behavior; Environmental Sustainability; Transportation; Outcome or Result
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      Dykstra, Holly, Shibeal O'Flaherty, and A.V. Whillans. "The Buy-In Effect: When Increasing Initial Effort Motivates Behavioral Follow-Through." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 24-020, October 2023.
      • September 2023
      • Teaching Note

      Roche: ESG and Access to Healthcare

      By: George Serafeim
      Teaching Note for HBS Case No. 123-075. In May 2022, Roche Group, one of the largest healthcare companies in the world, hosted its first ESG investor event focused exclusively on its efforts to impact access to healthcare. While Roche had recently set an ambitious goal... View Details
      Keywords: ESG; Access To Care; Healthcare; Healthcare Access; Innovation; Social Impact; Affordable; Health Care and Treatment; Innovation and Invention; Product Development; Resource Allocation; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Health Industry
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      Serafeim, George. "Roche: ESG and Access to Healthcare." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 124-028, September 2023.
      • September 2023
      • Article

      A Pull versus Push Framework for Reputation

      By: Jillian J. Jordan
      Reputation is a powerful driver of human behavior. Reputation systems incentivize 'actors' to take reputation-enhancing actions, and 'evaluators' to reward actors with positive reputations by preferentially cooperating with them. This article proposes a reputation... View Details
      Keywords: Reputation; Behavior; Game Theory
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      Jordan, Jillian J. "A Pull versus Push Framework for Reputation." Trends in Cognitive Sciences 27, no. 9 (September 2023): 852–866.
      • 2025
      • Working Paper

      Better Keep the Twenty Dollars: Incentivizing Innovation in Open Source

      By: Annamaria Conti, Vansh Gupta, Jorge Guzman and Maria P. Roche
      Open source is key to innovation yet is assumed to be done largely through intrinsic motivation. How can we incentivize it? In this paper, we examine the impact of a program providing monetary incentives to motivate innovators to contribute to open source. The Sponsors... View Details
      Keywords: Open Source; Innovation; Incentives; Financial Rewards; Crowding Out; Open Source Distribution; Innovation and Invention; Motivation and Incentives; Technology Industry
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      Conti, Annamaria, Vansh Gupta, Jorge Guzman, and Maria P. Roche. "Better Keep the Twenty Dollars: Incentivizing Innovation in Open Source." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 24-014, September 2023. (Revised January 2025. NBER Working Paper Series, No. 31668, September 2023)
      • September 2023
      • Article

      Corporate Purpose in Public and Private Firms

      By: Claudine Gartenberg and George Serafeim
      Analyzing data from approximately 1.5 million employees across 1,108 established public and private US companies, we find that the strength of employee beliefs related to purpose is weaker in public companies. Among public companies, those beliefs are stronger for... View Details
      Keywords: Purpose; Corporate Purpose; Culture; Corporate Culture; Public And Private Organizations; Hedge Fund; Executive Pay; Corporate Governance; Corporate Strategy; Organizational Culture; Mission and Purpose; Employees; Attitudes; Executive Compensation; Ownership
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      Gartenberg, Claudine, and George Serafeim. "Corporate Purpose in Public and Private Firms." Management Science 69, no. 9 (September 2023): 5087–5111.
      • September–October 2023
      • Article

      The New Era of Industrial Policy Is Here

      By: Willy C. Shih
      Governments around the world are increasingly intervening in the private sector through industrial policies designed to help domestic sectors reach goals that markets alone are unlikely to achieve. Companies in targeted sectors—such as automakers, energy companies, and... View Details
      Keywords: Policy; Government and Politics; Business and Government Relations; Research and Development; Economic Sectors
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      Shih, Willy C. "The New Era of Industrial Policy Is Here." Harvard Business Review 101, no. 5 (September–October 2023): 66–75.
      • August 2023 (Revised January 2024)
      • Supplement

      Arla Foods: Data-Driven Decarbonization (A)

      By: Michael Parzen, Michael W. Toffel, Amram Migdal and Susan Pinckney
      Arla implemented a data-based price incentive system to measure, track, and influence climate friendly changes to reduce CO2 emissions across the world’s fourth largest dairy cooperative. View Details
      Keywords: Dairy Industry; Business Earnings; Earnings Management; Environmental Accounting; Agribusiness; Animal-Based Agribusiness; Acquisition; Mergers and Acquisitions; Decision Making; Decisions; Voting; Environmental Management; Climate Change; Environmental Regulation; Environmental Sustainability; Green Technology; Pollution; Moral Sensibility; Values and Beliefs; Financial Strategy; Price; Profit; Revenue; Food; Geopolitical Units; Global Strategy; Ownership Type; Cooperative Ownership; Performance Efficiency; Performance Evaluation; Problems and Challenges; Natural Environment; Science-Based Business; Business Strategy; Commercialization; Cooperation; Corporate Strategy; Food and Beverage Industry; Food and Beverage Industry; Europe; United Kingdom; European Union; Germany; Denmark; Sweden; Luxembourg; Belgium
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      Parzen, Michael, Michael W. Toffel, Amram Migdal, and Susan Pinckney. "Arla Foods: Data-Driven Decarbonization (A)." Harvard Business School Spreadsheet Supplement 624-031, August 2023. (Revised January 2024.)
      • August 2023 (Revised March 2024)
      • Case

      Arla Foods: Data-Driven Decarbonization (A)

      By: Michael Parzen, Michael W. Toffel, Susan Pinckney and Amram Migdal
      The case describes Arla’s history, in particular its climate change mitigation efforts, and how it implemented a price incentive system to motivate individual farms to implement scope 1 greenhouse gas emissions mitigation measures and receive a higher milk price. The... View Details
      Keywords: Dairy Industry; Business Earnings; Agribusiness; Animal-Based Agribusiness; Acquisition; Mergers and Acquisitions; Decision Making; Decisions; Voting; Environmental Management; Climate Change; Environmental Regulation; Environmental Sustainability; Green Technology; Pollution; Moral Sensibility; Values and Beliefs; Financial Strategy; Price; Profit; Revenue; Food; Geopolitical Units; Global Strategy; Ownership Type; Cooperative Ownership; Performance Efficiency; Performance Evaluation; Problems and Challenges; Natural Environment; Science-Based Business; Business Strategy; Commercialization; Cooperation; Corporate Strategy; Food and Beverage Industry; Food and Beverage Industry; Europe; United Kingdom; European Union; Germany; Denmark; Sweden; Luxembourg; Belgium
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      Parzen, Michael, Michael W. Toffel, Susan Pinckney, and Amram Migdal. "Arla Foods: Data-Driven Decarbonization (A)." Harvard Business School Case 624-003, August 2023. (Revised March 2024.)
      • August 2023 (Revised January 2024)
      • Supplement

      Arla Foods: Data-Driven Decarbonization (B)

      By: Michael Parzen, Michael W. Toffel, Susan Pinckney and Amram Migdal
      The case describes Arla’s history, in particular its climate change mitigation efforts, and how it implemented a price incentive system to motivate individual farms to implement scope 1 greenhouse gas emissions mitigation measures and receive a higher milk price. The... View Details
      Keywords: Dairy Industry; Earnings Management; Environmental Accounting; Animal-Based Agribusiness; Mergers and Acquisitions; Decisions; Voting; Climate Change; Environmental Regulation; Environmental Sustainability; Green Technology; Pollution; Moral Sensibility; Values and Beliefs; Financial Strategy; Price; Profit; Revenue; Food; Geopolitical Units; Cross-Cultural and Cross-Border Issues; Global Strategy; Cooperative Ownership; Performance Efficiency; Performance Evaluation; Problems and Challenges; Natural Environment; Science-Based Business; Business Strategy; Commercial Banking; Cooperation; Corporate Strategy; Motivation and Incentives; Food and Beverage Industry; Food and Beverage Industry; Europe; United Kingdom; European Union; Denmark; Sweden; Luxembourg; Belgium
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      Parzen, Michael, Michael W. Toffel, Susan Pinckney, and Amram Migdal. "Arla Foods: Data-Driven Decarbonization (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 624-036, August 2023. (Revised January 2024.)
      • August 2023 (Revised February 2024)
      • Case

      Toby Norman: Is Passion Enough for Simprints to Thrive?

      By: Jon M. Jachimowicz, Amram Migdal and Max Hancock
      As co-founder and CEO of Simprints—a social enterprise with the mission to “transform the way the world fights poverty"—Toby Norman was at a crossroads. His organization had developed ground-breaking technology used to verify aid delivery, reached more than 2.5 million... View Details
      Keywords: Mission and Purpose; Motivation and Incentives; Social Enterprise; Employees; Growth and Development Strategy
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      Jachimowicz, Jon M., Amram Migdal, and Max Hancock. "Toby Norman: Is Passion Enough for Simprints to Thrive?" Harvard Business School Case 424-015, August 2023. (Revised February 2024.)
      • August 2023
      • Technical Note

      Two Ways of Pursuing a Calling

      By: Leslie Perlow and Hannah Weisman
      Work can be a means to a financial end, a stepping stone to higher-level jobs, or a meaningful end in itself: a calling. The technical note provides an overview of two different ways people can pursue a calling: with an internal focus or external focus. View Details
      Keywords: Personal Development and Career; Job Search; Job Design and Levels; Happiness; Identity; Well-being; Motivation and Incentives; Human Needs; Satisfaction; Mission and Purpose; Motion Pictures and Video Industry; Motion Pictures and Video Industry; Motion Pictures and Video Industry; Motion Pictures and Video Industry; Motion Pictures and Video Industry
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      Perlow, Leslie, and Hannah Weisman. "Two Ways of Pursuing a Calling." Harvard Business School Technical Note 424-023, August 2023.
      • August 2023
      • Background Note

      Pricing and Customer Psychology

      By: Elie Ofek
      This note provides an overview of how psychological principles may be used as part of a seller’s pricing strategy. The note defines the concept of psychological pricing and explains the motivations for firms to engage in it. Prominent practices and tactics, with... View Details
      Keywords: Price; Marketing Strategy; Consumer Behavior
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      Ofek, Elie. "Pricing and Customer Psychology." Harvard Business School Background Note 524-019, August 2023.
      • August 2023
      • Article

      Anti-Corruption, Government Subsidies, and Innovation: Evidence from China

      By: Lily Fang, Josh Lerner, Chaopeng Wu and Qi Zhang
      We leverage an exogenous shock—the crackdown on corrupt Chinese officials beginning in 2012—and examine how the allocation of research subsidies and innovative outcomes were affected. We argue that the staggered removal of provincial heads on corruption charges during... View Details
      Keywords: Government Subsidies; Research and Development; Innovation and Invention; Crime and Corruption; Government and Politics; China
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      Fang, Lily, Josh Lerner, Chaopeng Wu, and Qi Zhang. "Anti-Corruption, Government Subsidies, and Innovation: Evidence from China." Management Science 69, no. 8 (August 2023): 4363–4388.
      • July 2023
      • Article

      Marketplace Scalability and Strategic Use of Platform Investment

      By: Jin Li, Gary Pisano, Richard Xu and Feng Zhu
      The scalability of a marketplace depends on the operations of the marketplace platform as well as its sellers’ capacities. In this study, we explore one strategy that a marketplace platform can use to enhance its scalability: providing an ancillary service to sellers.... View Details
      Keywords: Two-sided Platforms; Services; Digital Platforms
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      Li, Jin, Gary Pisano, Richard Xu, and Feng Zhu. "Marketplace Scalability and Strategic Use of Platform Investment." Management Science 69, no. 7 (July 2023): 3958–3975.
      • 2023
      • Book

      The State and Capitalism in China

      By: Meg Rithmire, Margaret M. Pearson and Kellee S. Tsai
      This element explains China's political economic evolution from state socialist economy to a reform era state capitalism model to a more politicized, risk management approach we call "party-state capitalism." We emphasize the internal and external sources of perceived... View Details
      Keywords: China's Political Economy; State Capitalism; State-business Relations; State Ownership; Economic Systems; Government and Politics; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Business and Government Relations; China
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      Rithmire, Meg, Margaret M. Pearson, and Kellee S. Tsai. The State and Capitalism in China. Cambridge Elements, Elements in Politics and Society in East Asia. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2023.
      • June 2023
      • Supplement

      Roche: ESG and Access to Healthcare

      By: George Serafeim
      In May 2022, Roche Group, one of the largest healthcare companies in the world, hosted its first ESG investor event focused exclusively on its efforts to impact access to healthcare. While Roche had recently set an ambitious goal to double the number of patients that... View Details
      Keywords: ESG (Environmental, Social, Governance) Performance; Sustainable Finance; Growth Strategy And Execution; Sustainability Targets; Impact Evaluation; Healthcare Access; Healthcare Innovation; Healthcare Systems; Healthcare Operations; Finance; Strategy; Health Testing and Trials; Health Care and Treatment; Growth Management; Measurement and Metrics; Innovation Strategy; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Health Industry; Pharmaceutical Industry; Switzerland; North America; Europe; Asia; Latin America; Africa
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      Serafeim, George. "Roche: ESG and Access to Healthcare." Harvard Business School Multimedia/Video Supplement 123-713, June 2023.
      • 2024
      • Working Paper

      Second- versus Third-party Audit Quality: Evidence from Global Supply Chain Monitoring

      By: Maria R. Ibanez, Ashley Palmarozzo, Jodi L. Short and Michael W. Toffel
      Capitalizing on the superior credibility and flexibility and potential lower cost of external assessments, many global buyers are relying less on their own employee (“second-party”) auditors and more on third-party auditors to monitor and prevent environmental and... View Details
      Keywords: Auditing; Audit Quality; Working Conditions; Sustainability; Empirical Operations; Empirical Service Operations; Sustainability Management; Corporate Accountability; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Supply Chain Management
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      Ibanez, Maria R., Ashley Palmarozzo, Jodi L. Short, and Michael W. Toffel. "Second- versus Third-party Audit Quality: Evidence from Global Supply Chain Monitoring." Working Paper, August 2024.
      • June 14, 2023
      • Article

      Research: Your Love for Work May Alienate Your Colleagues

      By: Mijeong Kwon, Julia Lee Cunningham and Jon M. Jachimowicz
      Research shows that employees who are passionate about their work are more productive, innovative, and collaborative. New research suggests that these employees also see passion for work as a moral imperative, and they’re more likely to judge colleagues who are... View Details
      Keywords: Employees; Motivation and Incentives
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      Kwon, Mijeong, Julia Lee Cunningham, and Jon M. Jachimowicz. "Research: Your Love for Work May Alienate Your Colleagues." Harvard Business Review (website) (June 14, 2023).
      • 2023
      • Working Paper

      Location-Specificity and Geographic Competition for Remote Workers

      By: Thomaz Teodorovicz, Prithwiraj Choudhury and Evan Starr
      The precipitous growth of remote work has given rise to a new phenomenon: geographic competition between localities for the physical presence of remote workers. Remote workers with high general human capital may create value for their new destinations and reverse net... View Details
      Keywords: Remote Work; Human Capital; Geographic Location; Civil Society or Community; Motivation and Incentives
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      Teodorovicz, Thomaz, Prithwiraj Choudhury, and Evan Starr. "Location-Specificity and Geographic Competition for Remote Workers." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 23-071, May 2023.
      • June 2023
      • Article

      Can Purpose Foster Stakeholder Trust in Corporations

      By: Ranjay Gulati and Franz Wohlgezogen
      As part of institutional changes toward more responsible capitalism, firms increasingly articulate a purpose beyond simply profit as a central tenet of their governance. Management scholarship has noted the potential advantages of such purpose-focus for stakeholder... View Details
      Keywords: Stakeholder Management; Moral Identity; Mission and Purpose; Trust; Corporate Governance; Business and Stakeholder Relations
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      Gulati, Ranjay, and Franz Wohlgezogen. "Can Purpose Foster Stakeholder Trust in Corporations." Strategy Science 8, no. 2 (June 2023): 270–287.
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