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      • February 2024
      • Teaching Note

      AB InBev: Brewing Up Forecasts during COVID-19

      By: Mark Egan and C. Fritz Foley
      Teaching Note for HBS Case No. 224-020. In July 2021, the CEO of AB InBev's European operations and his team strategized to position the company for success post-pandemic. As the world's largest beer company, boasting over 500 brands, revenue of $46 billion, and a... View Details
      Keywords: Forecasting; Investor Relations; Beverage Industry; Corporate Finance; Decisions; Forecasting and Prediction; Health Pandemics; Analytics and Data Science; Digital Transformation; Crisis Management; Business Model; Food and Beverage Industry; United States; Europe
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      Egan, Mark, and C. Fritz Foley. "AB InBev: Brewing Up Forecasts during COVID-19." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 224-074, February 2024.
      • February 2024
      • Article

      Diversification as an Adaptive Learning Process: An Empirical Study of General-Purpose and Market-Specific Technological Know-How in New Market Entry

      By: Dominika Kinga Randle and Gary P. Pisano
      An enduring trait of modern corporations is their propensity to diversify into multiple lines of business. Penrosian theories conceptualize diversification as a strategy to exploit a firm’s fungible, yet “untradeable”, resources and point to redeployment of... View Details
      Keywords: Diversification; Market Entry and Exit; Assets
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      Randle, Dominika Kinga, and Gary P. Pisano. "Diversification as an Adaptive Learning Process: An Empirical Study of General-Purpose and Market-Specific Technological Know-How in New Market Entry." Special Issue on Knowledge Resources and Heterogeneity of Entrants within and across Industries. Industrial and Corporate Change 33, no. 1 (February 2024): 238–252.
      • January 2024
      • Supplement

      Winning Business at Russell Reynolds

      By: Ethan Bernstein and Cara Mazzucco
      In an effort to make compensation drive collaboration, Russell Reynolds Associates’ (RRA) CEO Clarke Murphy sought to re-engineer the bonus system for his executive search consultants in 2016. As his HR analytics guru, Kelly Smith, points out, that risks upsetting—and... View Details
      Keywords: Restructuring; Talent and Talent Management; Compensation and Benefits; Growth and Development Strategy; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Organizational Culture; Performance Evaluation; Motivation and Incentives; Consulting Industry
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      Bernstein, Ethan, and Cara Mazzucco. "Winning Business at Russell Reynolds." Harvard Business School Multimedia/Video Supplement 424-704, January 2024.
      • 2024
      • Working Paper

      Contributing to Growth? The Role of Open Source Software for Global Startups

      By: Nataliya Langburd Wright, Frank Nagle and Shane Greenstein
      How does participating in open source software (OSS) communities spur entrepreneurial growth? To address this question, we analyze novel data matching accounts from GitHub—the largest OSS hosting platform—to the universe of global software venture-backed firms... View Details
      Keywords: Applications and Software; Open Source Distribution; Entrepreneurship; Business Growth and Maturation; Human Capital; Valuation; Corporate Strategy
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      Wright, Nataliya Langburd, Frank Nagle, and Shane Greenstein. "Contributing to Growth? The Role of Open Source Software for Global Startups." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 24-040, January 2024. (Revised August 2024.)
      • January 2024 (Revised March 2024)
      • Case

      Tesla Motors in 2024--Turbulence Ahead?

      By: Felix Oberholzer-Gee and Kate Stoppiello
      Over its 20 years in existence, Tesla had become nearly synonymous with electric vehicles, and the company assumed an enviable market position. By 2023, however, Tesla faced intense competition. Traditional carmakers and EV upstarts were expected to introduce close to... View Details
      Keywords: Competitive Strategy; Product Positioning; Competition; Industry Growth; Auto Industry; North America; Europe; China; Australia
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      Oberholzer-Gee, Felix, and Kate Stoppiello. "Tesla Motors in 2024--Turbulence Ahead?" Harvard Business School Case 724-446, January 2024. (Revised March 2024.)
      • January 2024
      • Case

      Sprouts Farmers Market

      By: Rajiv Lal, Forest L. Reinhardt and Natalie Kindred
      Sprouts Farmers Markets (Sprouts) is a Phoenix, Arizona-based chain of 400-plus natural foods stores in 23 U.S. states and $6.4 billion in sales as of 2022. In its product assortment, brand image, and store environment, Sprouts emphasizes freshness, health, innovation,... View Details
      Keywords: Business Model; Growth and Development Strategy; Brands and Branding; Strategic Planning; Sales; Business Strategy; Expansion; Product Positioning; Marketing Strategy; Competition; Retail Industry; United States; Arizona
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      Lal, Rajiv, Forest L. Reinhardt, and Natalie Kindred. "Sprouts Farmers Market." Harvard Business School Case 524-059, January 2024.
      • 2024
      • Book

      The Everything Token: How NFTs and Web3 Will Transform the Way We Buy, Sell, and Create

      By: Steve Kaczynski and Scott Duke Kominers
      We demystify the coming digital revolution, showing how NFTs will transform our online and offline interactions.

      NFTs aren’t just pictures on the internet, or a fad that has come and gone. Rather, they’re a new technology for creating digital assets and... View Details
      Keywords: Economic Systems; Microeconomics; Entrepreneurship; Cultural Entrepreneurship; Information Technology; Innovation and Invention; Innovation Strategy; Digital Platforms; Digital Strategy; Digital Transformation; Internet and the Web; Technology Adoption; Marketing; Marketing Strategy; Product Marketing; Product Positioning; Markets; E-commerce; Market Design; Value; Customer Value and Value Chain; Collaborative Innovation and Invention; Innovation and Management; Organizational Structure; Customer Ownership; Ownership; Advertising Industry; Communications Industry; Computer Industry; Consumer Products Industry; Fashion Industry; Information Technology Industry; Media and Broadcasting Industry; Technology Industry; Web Services Industry
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      Kaczynski, Steve, and Scott Duke Kominers. The Everything Token: How NFTs and Web3 Will Transform the Way We Buy, Sell, and Create. Portfolio/Penguin, 2024.
      • 2025
      • Working Paper

      Enhancing Treatment Effect Prediction on Privacy-Protected Data: An Honest Post-Processing Approach

      By: Ta-Wei Huang and Eva Ascarza
      As firms increasingly rely on customer data for personalization, concerns over privacy and regulatory compliance have grown. Local Differential Privacy (LDP) offers strong individual-level protection by injecting noise into data before collection. While... View Details
      Keywords: Targeted Intervention; Conditional Average Treatment Effect Estimation; Differential Privacy; Honest Estimation; Post-processing; Analytics and Data Science; Consumer Behavior; Marketing
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      Huang, Ta-Wei, and Eva Ascarza. "Enhancing Treatment Effect Prediction on Privacy-Protected Data: An Honest Post-Processing Approach." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 24-034, December 2023. (Revised March 2025.)
      • December 2023 (Revised February 2024)
      • Case

      21Seeds: Taking Shots at Breakout Growth

      By: Elie Ofek, Julian De Freitas, Michael Moynihan and Nicole Tempest Keller
      21Seeds, a female-founded flavor-infused tequila startup launched in 2019, had made inroads into the alcoholic beverage industry by focusing on an underserved consumer segment in spirits—women, primarily in their 30s and 40s, many of whom were moms—and by following a... View Details
      Keywords: Mergers and Acquisitions; Business Startups; Growth and Development Strategy; Brands and Branding; Product Positioning; Distribution Channels; Sales; Food and Beverage Industry
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      Ofek, Elie, Julian De Freitas, Michael Moynihan, and Nicole Tempest Keller. "21Seeds: Taking Shots at Breakout Growth." Harvard Business School Case 524-008, December 2023. (Revised February 2024.)
      • 2023
      • Working Paper

      Financial and Informational Integration Through Oracle Networks

      By: Lin William Cong, Eswar Prasad and Daniel Rabetti
      Oracles are software components that enable data exchange between siloed blockchains and external environments, enhancing smart contract capabilities and platform interoperability. We find that oracle integration is positively associated with total value locked and... View Details
      Keywords: Decentralized Finance; Blockchain; Smart Contract; International Economy; Interoperability; Risk Sharing; Applications and Software; Financial Markets; Economics; Risk Management
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      Cong, Lin William, Eswar Prasad, and Daniel Rabetti. "Financial and Informational Integration Through Oracle Networks." Working Paper, December 2023.
      • November 2023 (Revised April 2024)
      • Case

      BiomX: Bringing Phage Back to the Stage

      By: Paul A. Gompers, Elie Ofek, Orna Dan and Emilie Billaud
      In the spring of 2023, and following the favorable results of a trial involving its phage cocktail for treating lung infections among cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, the leadership of BiomX had several critical issues to wrestle with. First, given its precarious... View Details
      Keywords: Working Capital; Financing and Loans; Health Testing and Trials; Product Development; Research and Development; Science-Based Business; Commercialization; Biotechnology Industry; Pharmaceutical Industry
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      Gompers, Paul A., Elie Ofek, Orna Dan, and Emilie Billaud. "BiomX: Bringing Phage Back to the Stage." Harvard Business School Case 524-051, November 2023. (Revised April 2024.)
      • November 2023
      • Case

      From Imitation to Innovation: Zongshen Industrial Group (Abridged)

      By: Willy Shih and Nancy Dai
      Like other small shops based in Chongqing, China, Zongshen Industrial Group started by assembling motorcycles from "standard" parts. The quality of its early products was good enough for rural Chinese buyers, though wealthier consumers usually purchased premium... View Details
      Keywords: Disruptive Innovation; Growth and Development Strategy; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Competitive Strategy; Supply Chain; Product Positioning; Manufacturing Industry; Motorcycle Industry; China
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      Shih, Willy, and Nancy Dai. "From Imitation to Innovation: Zongshen Industrial Group (Abridged)." Harvard Business School Case 624-056, November 2023.
      • November 2023
      • Case

      Apple Inc. in 2023

      By: David B. Yoffie and Sarah von Bargen
      Under CEO Tim Cook, Apple became the first trillion dollar market cap company, the first two trillion dollar company, and the first three trillion dollar company. Since the COVID pandemic, Apple gained over 20% of the world smartphone market and 50% of the U.S. market,... View Details
      Keywords: Competitive Advantage; Product Positioning; Emerging Markets; Competitive Strategy; Technological Innovation; Revenue; Technology Industry
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      Yoffie, David B., and Sarah von Bargen. "Apple Inc. in 2023." Harvard Business School Case 724-419, November 2023.
      • November 2023
      • Teaching Plan

      Geely SEA: New Electric Vehicle Platforms

      By: Willy Shih
      Teaching Plan for HBS Case No. 622-001. Kent Bovellan, the Chief Engineer and Head of the Vehicle Architecture Center for Geely Holding, the Hangzhou, China headquartered global automotive group, was debating the platform choice for an upcoming "D" segment midsized... View Details
      Keywords: Product Innovation; Product Architecture; Product Engineering; Platform Design; Platform Strategy; Product Design; Product Development; Cost Management; Competitive Strategy; Industry Structures; Product Positioning; Auto Industry; China; Sweden
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      Shih, Willy. "Geely SEA: New Electric Vehicle Platforms." Harvard Business School Teaching Plan 624-055, November 2023.
      • November–December 2023
      • Article

      Look the Part? The Role of Profile Pictures in Online Labor Markets

      By: Isamar Troncoso and Lan Luo
      Profile pictures are a key component of many freelancing platforms, a design choice that can impact hiring and matching outcomes. In this paper, we examine how appearance-based perceptions of a freelancer’s fit for the job (i.e., whether a freelancer "looks the part"... View Details
      Keywords: Freelancers; Gig Workers; Demographics; Prejudice and Bias; Selection and Staffing; Jobs and Positions; Analytics and Data Science
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      Troncoso, Isamar, and Lan Luo. "Look the Part? The Role of Profile Pictures in Online Labor Markets." Marketing Science 42, no. 6 (November–December 2023): 1080–1100.
      • October 2023
      • Case

      Leading Transformation at IHCL

      By: Krishna G. Palepu, V.G. Narayanan and Malini Sen
      In November 2017, Puneet Chhatwal, took charge as MD and CEO of IHCL, popularly referred to as the Taj Hotels. Despite being India’s largest hospitality company by market capitalization and respected for its values and service, IHCL had made losses for the last seven... View Details
      Keywords: Turn Around Management; Hospitality Industry; Brand Management; Financial Strategy; Business Model; Restructuring; Asset Management; Leadership Style; Crisis Management; Brands and Branding; Product Positioning; Segmentation; Asia; India
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      Palepu, Krishna G., V.G. Narayanan, and Malini Sen. "Leading Transformation at IHCL." Harvard Business School Case 124-041, October 2023.
      • October 2023 (Revised February 2024)
      • Case

      Loris

      By: Shunyuan Zhang, Das Narayandas, Stacy Straaberg and David Lane
      In December 2022, Loris’s executive team considered their go-to-market strategy. Loris was an artificial intelligence (AI) software startup for the customer service industry with two products on the market: 1) Agent Assist which provided customer service agents (CSAs)... View Details
      Keywords: Decisions; Growth and Development Strategy; Product Launch; Product Positioning; Business Strategy; Competitive Strategy; Business Startups; AI and Machine Learning; Applications and Software; Marketing Strategy; Sales; Technology Industry; United States
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      Zhang, Shunyuan, Das Narayandas, Stacy Straaberg, and David Lane. "Loris." Harvard Business School Case 524-010, October 2023. (Revised February 2024.)
      • October 2023 (Revised April 2024)
      • Case

      FARM Rio: Bringing a Brazilian Fashion Brand to the World

      By: Isamar Troncoso and Jill Avery
      FARM Rio, a twenty-six year old Brazilian fashion brand, had recently put down roots in the U.S. The brand, known for its bold, colorful, nature-inspired tropical prints, was testing the waters in Europe to assess if and how the brand should further expand globally.... View Details
      Keywords: Global Marketing; Go-to-market Strategy; Global Branding; Brand Positioning; Marketing; Brands and Branding; Marketing Strategy; Growth and Development Strategy; Product Positioning; Market Entry and Exit; Distribution Channels; Expansion; Fashion Industry; Brazil; United States; Europe
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      Troncoso, Isamar, and Jill Avery. "FARM Rio: Bringing a Brazilian Fashion Brand to the World." Harvard Business School Case 524-003, October 2023. (Revised April 2024.)
      • 2023
      • Working Paper

      No Revenge for Nerds? Evaluating the Careers of Ivy League Athletes

      By: Natee Amornsiripanitch, Paul A. Gompers, George Hu, Will Levinson and Vladimir Mukharlyamov
      This paper compares the careers of Ivy League athletes to those of their non-athlete classmates. Combining team-level information on all Ivy League athletes from 1970 to 2021 with resume data for all Ivy League graduates, we examine both post-graduate education and... View Details
      Keywords: Outcome or Result; Higher Education; Personal Development and Career; Human Capital
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      Amornsiripanitch, Natee, Paul A. Gompers, George Hu, Will Levinson, and Vladimir Mukharlyamov. "No Revenge for Nerds? Evaluating the Careers of Ivy League Athletes." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 31753, October 2023.
      • October 2023
      • Article

      Speedy Activists: Firm Response Time to Sociopolitical Events Influences Consumer Behavior

      By: Jimin Nam, Maya Balakrishnan, Julian De Freitas and Alison Wood Brooks
      Organizations face growing pressure from their consumers and stakeholders to take public stances on sociopolitical issues. However, many are hesitant to do so lest they make missteps, promises they cannot keep, appear inauthentic, or alienate consumers, employees, or... View Details
      Keywords: Brands and Branding; Public Opinion; Social Media; Social Issues
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      Nam, Jimin, Maya Balakrishnan, Julian De Freitas, and Alison Wood Brooks. "Speedy Activists: Firm Response Time to Sociopolitical Events Influences Consumer Behavior." Special Issue on Consumer Insights from Text Analysis edited by Grant Packard, Sarah G. Moore, and Jonah Berger. Journal of Consumer Psychology 33, no. 4 (October 2023): 632–644.
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