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      Market FailuresRemove Market Failures →

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      • April 2012
      • Case

      Bella Healthcare India

      By: Dorothy Leonard and Sunru Yong
      Bella Healthcare India was originally established in Bangalore as a low-cost manufacturing facility for a U.S.-based cardiology equipment developer. Under country manager Joseph Cherian it evolved considerably, developing its own research and development capabilities.... View Details
      Keywords: India; Productivity; Organizational Development; International Business; R&D; Cross-cultural Relations; Medical Equipment & Devices; Joint Ventures; Medical Specialties; Research and Development; Product Development; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Strategy; Decision Choices and Conditions; Health Care and Treatment; Product Launch; Failure; Cross-Cultural and Cross-Border Issues; Medical Devices and Supplies Industry; Bangalore
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      Leonard, Dorothy, and Sunru Yong. "Bella Healthcare India." Harvard Business School Brief Case 124-440, April 2012.
      • March 2011 (Revised June 2011)
      • Background Note

      Government Policy and Clean-Energy Finance

      By: Ramana Nanda, Sanjay Aggarwal and Nilam Ganenthiran
      What leads to market failures in finance of clean energy startups? How do different governments approach this issue? View Details
      Keywords: Government and Politics; Finance; Policy; Energy Industry
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      Nanda, Ramana, Sanjay Aggarwal, and Nilam Ganenthiran. "Government Policy and Clean-Energy Finance." Harvard Business School Background Note 811-026, March 2011. (Revised June 2011.)
      • January 2011
      • Teaching Note

      Online Pet Supply Retailing (TN)

      By: Tom Nicholas
      Teaching Note for 809-117. View Details
      Keywords: Economic Growth; Internet and the Web; Business Startups; Failure; Information Technology; Market Entry and Exit; Decisions; Retail Industry; United States
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      Nicholas, Tom. "Online Pet Supply Retailing (TN)." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 811-066, January 2011.
      • December 2010
      • Background Note

      Risk and Reward in Venture Capital

      By: William A. Sahlman
      This note describes the payoff structure of investment in individual venture capital–backed companies and in venture capital portfolios. Venture Capital investments are characterized by high failure rate (0ver 50%) and a small number of given successes (greater than... View Details
      Keywords: Capital Markets; Venture Capital; Investment Return; Investment Portfolio; Analytics and Data Science; Failure; Performance; Information Technology
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      Sahlman, William A. "Risk and Reward in Venture Capital." Harvard Business School Background Note 811-036, December 2010.
      • 2010
      • Working Paper

      Regulating for Legitimacy: Consumer Credit Access in France and America

      By: J. Gunnar Trumbull
      Theories of legitimate regulation have emphasized the role of governments either in fixing market failures to promote greater efficiency or in restricting the efficient functioning of markets in order to pursue public welfare goals. In either case, features of markets... View Details
      Keywords: Borrowing and Debt; Credit; Financial Markets; Personal Finance; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Business History; Business and Government Relations; Welfare; France; United States
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      Trumbull, J. Gunnar. "Regulating for Legitimacy: Consumer Credit Access in France and America." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 11-047, November 2010.
      • 2010
      • Working Paper

      Reversing the Null: Regulation, Deregulation, and the Power of Ideas

      By: David Moss
      It has been said that deregulation was an important source of the recent financial crisis. It may be more accurate, however, to say that a deregulatory mindset was an important source of the crisis—a mindset that, to a very significant extent, grew out of profound... View Details
      Keywords: Financial Crisis; Financial Markets; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Government and Politics; Failure; Business and Government Relations; Financial Services Industry; United States
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      Moss, David. "Reversing the Null: Regulation, Deregulation, and the Power of Ideas." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 10-080, October 2010.
      • January 2010 (Revised August 2010)
      • Background Note

      Advanced Leadership Note: An Institutional Perspective and Framework for Managing and Leading

      By: Rosabeth M. Kanter and Rakesh Khurana
      Large-scale societal issues increasingly appear on the agenda of business leaders, including poverty, health, education, business-government relations, and the degradation of the environment. These problems are not entirely new, but the forces of globalization and the... View Details
      Keywords: Change Management; Framework; Global Range; Leadership; Business and Stakeholder Relations; Social Enterprise; Social Issues; Complexity
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      Kanter, Rosabeth M., and Rakesh Khurana. "Advanced Leadership Note: An Institutional Perspective and Framework for Managing and Leading." Harvard Business School Background Note 410-076, January 2010. (Revised August 2010.)
      • 2010
      • Chapter

      Deferred Acceptance Algorithms: History, Theory, Practice

      By: Alvin E. Roth
      The deferred acceptance algorithm proposed by Gale and Shapley (1962) has had a profound influence on market design, both directly, by being adapted into practical matching mechanisms, and indirectly, by raising new theoretical questions. Deferred acceptance algorithms... View Details
      Keywords: Labor; Market Design; Marketplace Matching; Failure; Mathematical Methods
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      Roth, Alvin E. "Deferred Acceptance Algorithms: History, Theory, Practice." In Better Living through Economics, edited by John J. Siegfried, 206–222. Harvard University Press, 2010.
      • 2009
      • Chapter

      The Effects of a Central Clearinghouse on Job Placement, Wages, and Hiring Practices

      By: Muriel Niederle and Alvin E. Roth
      New gastroenterologists participated in a labor market clearinghouse (a "match") from 1986 through the late 1990s, after which the match was abandoned. This provides an opportunity to study the effects of a match by observing the differences in the outcomes and... View Details
      Keywords: Labor; Market Timing; Marketplace Matching; Failure
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      Niederle, Muriel, and Alvin E. Roth. "The Effects of a Central Clearinghouse on Job Placement, Wages, and Hiring Practices." In Studies of Labor Market Intermediation, edited by David H. Autor, 273–306. University of Chicago Press, 2009.
      • October 2009
      • Article

      Democratizing Entry: Banking Deregulations, Financing Constraints, and Entrepreneurship

      By: William R. Kerr and Ramana Nanda
      We examine entrepreneurship and creative destruction following US banking deregulations using Census Bureau data. US banking reforms brought about exceptional growth in both entrepreneurship and business closures. Most of the closures, however, were the new ventures... View Details
      Keywords: Entrepreneurship; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Market Entry and Exit; Capital Markets; Banks and Banking; Growth and Development; Disruptive Innovation
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      Kerr, William R., and Ramana Nanda. "Democratizing Entry: Banking Deregulations, Financing Constraints, and Entrepreneurship." Journal of Financial Economics 94, no. 1 (October 2009): 124–149.
      • July 2009 (Revised August 2011)
      • Case

      What Happened at Citigroup? (A)

      By: Clayton S. Rose and Aldo Sesia
      What went wrong at Citigroup? In 1998, the Travelers Group and Citicorp merged to create Citigroup Inc., considered the first true global "financial supermarket" and a business model to be envied, feared, and emulated. By year-end 2006 the firm had a market... View Details
      Keywords: Mergers and Acquisitions; Business Model; Decision Choices and Conditions; Globalized Firms and Management; Leadership; Risk Management; Failure; Financial Services Industry
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      Rose, Clayton S., and Aldo Sesia. "What Happened at Citigroup? (A)." Harvard Business School Case 310-004, July 2009. (Revised August 2011.)
      • 2009
      • Article

      Modeling Expert Opinions on Food Healthfulness: A Nutrition Metric

      By: Jolie M. Martin, John Beshears, Katherine L. Milkman, Max H. Bazerman and Lisa Sutherland

      Research over the last several decades indicates the failure of existing nutritional labels to substantially improve the healthiness of consumers' food and beverage choices. The difficulty for policy-makers is to encapsulate a wide body of scientific knowledge in a... View Details

      Keywords: Judgments; Food; Nutrition; Labels; Knowledge Use and Leverage; Demand and Consumers; Measurement and Metrics; Mathematical Methods
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      Martin, Jolie M., John Beshears, Katherine L. Milkman, Max H. Bazerman, and Lisa Sutherland. "Modeling Expert Opinions on Food Healthfulness: A Nutrition Metric." Journal of the American Dietetic Association 109, no. 6 (June 2009): 1088–1091.
      • April 2009 (Revised December 2015)
      • Case

      Dot.com: Online Pet Retailing

      By: Tom Nicholas and David Chen
      From 1995 to 1999, the U.S. experienced a period of tremendous growth in its information technology (IT) sector. The IT industry, although it accounted for less than 10% of the U.S. economy's total output, contributed disproportionately to economic growth. One market... View Details
      Keywords: Entrepreneurship; Price Bubble; Growth and Development Strategy; Failure; Competitive Strategy; Online Technology; Retail Industry
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      Nicholas, Tom, and David Chen. "Dot.com: Online Pet Retailing." Harvard Business School Case 809-117, April 2009. (Revised December 2015.)
      • April 2009
      • Article

      How to Market in a Downturn

      By: John A. Quelch and Katherine Jocz
      This article includes a one-page preview that quickly summarizes the key ideas and provides an overview of how the concepts work in practice along with suggestions for further reading. Because no two recessions are exactly alike, marketers find themselves in poorly... View Details
      Keywords: Customers; Economic Slowdown and Stagnation; Spending; Marketing Strategy; Consumer Behavior; Segmentation
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      Quelch, John A., and Katherine Jocz. "How to Market in a Downturn." Harvard Business Review 87, no. 4 (April 2009): 52–62.
      • January 2009
      • Supplement

      The Tip of the Iceberg: JP Morgan Chase and Bear Stearns (B2)

      By: Clayton S. Rose, Daniel Baird Bergstresser and David Lane
      Bear Stearns & Co burned through nearly all of its $18 billion in cash reserves during the week of March 10, 2008, and an unprecedented provision of liquidity support from the Federal Reserve on Friday March 13 was insufficient to reverse the decline in Bear's... View Details
      Keywords: Economic Slowdown and Stagnation; Capital; Insolvency and Bankruptcy; Financial Liquidity; Banks and Banking; Governance; Crisis Management; Goals and Objectives; System; Valuation; New York (state, US)
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      Rose, Clayton S., Daniel Baird Bergstresser, and David Lane. "The Tip of the Iceberg: JP Morgan Chase and Bear Stearns (B2)." Harvard Business School Supplement 309-091, January 2009.
      • January 2009 (Revised November 2011)
      • Case

      The Tip of the Iceberg: JP Morgan Chase and Bear Stearns (A)

      By: Clayton S. Rose, Daniel Baird Bergstresser and David Lane
      "Bear Stearns & Co. burned through nearly all of its $18 billion in cash reserves during the week of March 10, 2008, and an unprecedented provision of liquidity support from the Federal Reserve on Friday, March 13 was insufficient to reverse the decline in Bear's... View Details
      Keywords: Mergers and Acquisitions; Financial Crisis; Capital; Financial Liquidity; Financial Strategy; Corporate Governance; Crisis Management; Business and Stakeholder Relations; Competition; Valuation; Financial Services Industry
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      Rose, Clayton S., Daniel Baird Bergstresser, and David Lane. "The Tip of the Iceberg: JP Morgan Chase and Bear Stearns (A)." Harvard Business School Case 309-001, January 2009. (Revised November 2011.)
      • January 2009
      • Supplement

      The Tip of the Iceberg: JP Morgan Chase and Bear Stearns (B1)

      By: Clayton S. Rose, Daniel Baird Bergstresser and David Lane
      Bear Stearns & Co burned through nearly all of its $18 billion in cash reserves during the week of March 10, 2008, and an unprecedented provision of liquidity support from the Federal Reserve on Friday March 13 was insufficient to reverse the decline in Bear's... View Details
      Keywords: Economic Slowdown and Stagnation; Capital; Financial Liquidity; Banks and Banking; Governance; Crisis Management; Failure; Business and Stakeholder Relations; Balance and Stability; Valuation; New York (state, US)
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      Rose, Clayton S., Daniel Baird Bergstresser, and David Lane. "The Tip of the Iceberg: JP Morgan Chase and Bear Stearns (B1)." Harvard Business School Supplement 309-070, January 2009.
      • Article

      Fixing Market Failures or Fixing Elections? Elections, Banks and Agricultural Lending in India

      By: Shawn A. Cole
      Keywords: Failure; Voting; Banks and Banking; Agribusiness; India
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      Cole, Shawn A. "Fixing Market Failures or Fixing Elections? Elections, Banks and Agricultural Lending in India." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 1, no. 1 (January 2009): 219–50.
      • Article

      MIT Roundtable on Corporate Risk Management

      By: Robert C. Merton

      Against the backdrop of financial crisis, a distinguished group of academics and practitioners discusses the contribution of financial management and innovation to corporate growth and value, along with the pitfalls and unintended consequences of such innovation.... View Details

      Keywords: Financial Crisis; Market Participation; Finance; Innovation and Invention; Growth and Development Strategy; Value; Distribution; Capital Structure; Risk Management; Business Ventures; Business Model; Strategy
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      Merton, Robert C. "MIT Roundtable on Corporate Risk Management." Journal of Applied Corporate Finance 20, no. 4 (Fall 2008): 20–38.
      • 2008
      • Working Paper

      Variation in Experience and Team Familiarity: Addressing the Knowledge Acquisition-Application Problem

      By: Robert S. Huckman and Bradley R. Staats
      Prior work in organizational learning has failed to find a consistent effect of variation in experience on performance. While some studies find a positive relationship between these two variables, others find no effect or even a negative relationship. In this paper, we... View Details
      Keywords: Experience and Expertise; Learning; Knowledge Acquisition; Knowledge Use and Leverage; Organizational Culture; Performance Improvement; Groups and Teams; Familiarity; India
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      Huckman, Robert S., and Bradley R. Staats. "Variation in Experience and Team Familiarity: Addressing the Knowledge Acquisition-Application Problem." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 09-035, September 2008.
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