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- Faculty Publications (1,116)
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- November 2004 (Revised November 2005)
- Background Note
Introduction to the Internal Control Process
By: David F. Hawkins
An introduction to the internal control process from a managerial perspective. View Details
Hawkins, David F. "Introduction to the Internal Control Process." Harvard Business School Background Note 105-040, November 2004. (Revised November 2005.)
- 24 Jun 2013
- Working Paper Summaries
The Entrepreneurial Gap: How Managers Adjust Span of Accountability and Span of Control to Implement Business Strategy
Keywords: by Robert L. Simons
- 1995
- Book
Levers of Control: How Managers Use Innovative Control Systems to Drive Strategic Renewal
By: R. Simons
Keywords: Management Systems
Simons, R. Levers of Control: How Managers Use Innovative Control Systems to Drive Strategic Renewal. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1995.
- Article
The Art of Balancing Autonomy and Control: What Managers Can Learn from Hackathon Organizers about Spurring Innovation.
By: Hila Lifshitz - Assaf, Sarah Lebovitz and Lior Zalmanson
Today, managers recognize that innovation requires a high level of work autonomy for their employees. This encourages curiosity, enables independent thinking, and provides an environment in which employees can experiment and test new problem-solving approaches with... View Details
Keywords: Innovation; Hackathon; Autonomy; Control; Innovation and Invention; Innovation and Management
Lifshitz - Assaf, Hila, Sarah Lebovitz, and Lior Zalmanson. "The Art of Balancing Autonomy and Control: What Managers Can Learn from Hackathon Organizers about Spurring Innovation." MIT Sloan Management Review 60, no. 2 (Winter 2019): 1–6.
- Article
Employee Selection as a Control System
By: Dennis Campbell
Theories from the economics, management control, and organizational behavior literatures predict that when it is difficult to align incentives by contracting on output, aligning preferences via employee selection may provide a useful alternative. This study... View Details
Keywords: Management Systems; Governance Controls; Employees; Selection and Staffing; Motivation and Incentives; Decision Making; Business Model
Campbell, Dennis. "Employee Selection as a Control System." Journal of Accounting Research 50, no. 4 (September 2012): 931–966.
- 2010
- Working Paper
Employee Selection as a Control System
By: Dennis Campbell
Theories from the economics, management control, and organizational behavior literatures predict that when it is difficult to align incentives by contracting on output, aligning preferences via employee selection may provide a useful alternative. This study... View Details
Keywords: Accounting; Decision Making; Governance Controls; Employees; Selection and Staffing; Management Systems; Financial Services Industry
Campbell, Dennis. "Employee Selection as a Control System." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 11-021, August 2010. (Revised September 2010, April 2012.)
- 2008
- Working Paper
Performance and Control across Multiple Markets
By: Tatiana Sandino, Dennis Campbell and Shelby Yu
Chain organizations typically operate units across different types of markets, with significantly diverging customer bases. Such market-type dispersion potentially influences performance through two channels: it makes performance a noisier indicator of store manager... View Details
Keywords: Governance Controls; Organizational Design; Markets; Franchise Ownership; Performance; Retail Industry
Sandino, Tatiana, Dennis Campbell, and Shelby Yu. "Performance and Control across Multiple Markets." American Accounting Association Financial Accounting and Reporting Section Paper, January 2008.
- May 1987 (Revised February 2000)
- Case
Codman & Shurtleff, Inc.: Planning and Control System
By: Robert L. Simons
Detailed description of the planning and control systems in use at Johnson & Johnson. Focuses on the actions of managers in one subsidiary in revising budget targets. Illustrates intensive strategic planning and financial planning process in a large, decentralized... View Details
Keywords: Strategic Planning; Planning; Forecasting and Prediction; Accounting Audits; Budgets and Budgeting; Business Strategy; Financial Management; Business or Company Management; Management Systems; Public Administration Industry; Financial Services Industry
Simons, Robert L. "Codman & Shurtleff, Inc.: Planning and Control System." Harvard Business School Case 187-081, May 1987. (Revised February 2000.)
- 1990
- Article
The Role of Management Control Systems in Creating Competitive Advantage: New Perspectives
By: R. Simons
Simons, R. "The Role of Management Control Systems in Creating Competitive Advantage: New Perspectives." Accounting, Organizations and Society 15, nos. 1-2 (1990): 127–143.
- November 1992
- Case
Process Control at Polaroid (B)
By: H. Kent Bowen and Steven C. Wheelwright
The plant manager of a film production operation wants to create and implement a new approach to quality within the next 12 months. Issues of personnel (and their roles), production processes (and their control), and quality standards must be addressed. View Details
Keywords: Employee Relationship Management; Job Design and Levels; Management Practices and Processes; Production; Quality; Mathematical Methods
Bowen, H. Kent, and Steven C. Wheelwright. "Process Control at Polaroid (B)." Harvard Business School Case 693-048, November 1992.
- February 1987 (Revised August 1988)
- Case
Gillette Personal Care Division: Marketing Planning and Control
Bill Ryan, president of the Gillette Co.'s Personal Care Division, is considering changing the division's planning and control system for marketing. White Rain, the division's most recent success, had been launched by taking shortcuts through the system, while other... View Details
Bonoma, Thomas V. "Gillette Personal Care Division: Marketing Planning and Control." Harvard Business School Case 587-099, February 1987. (Revised August 1988.)
- October 1982 (Revised December 1984)
- Case
Air Traffic Controllers (Condensed)
By: Michael Beer
Keywords: Government Administration; Labor and Management Relations; Human Resources; Management; Public Administration Industry; Air Transportation Industry; United States
Beer, Michael. "Air Traffic Controllers (Condensed)." Harvard Business School Case 483-054, October 1982. (Revised December 1984.)
- November 1983 (Revised June 1994)
- Case
Controls at the Sands Hotel and Casino
Describes the controls used in the casino over the blackjack game and cash stocks, and movements of cash. Also describes the results measures available in the casino and their limitations for control purposes. View Details
Merchant, Kenneth A. "Controls at the Sands Hotel and Casino." Harvard Business School Case 184-048, November 1983. (Revised June 1994.)
- April 1985 (Revised March 1987)
- Background Note
Organizing and Controlling MNCs
Keywords: Multinational Firms and Management
Bartlett, Christopher A. "Organizing and Controlling MNCs." Harvard Business School Background Note 385-325, April 1985. (Revised March 1987.)
- 19 Aug 2021
- Op-Ed
Don't Ignore Your Employees' Misery—TAKE Control
officers—some of the military’s most senior leaders—sometimes assume that great officers leave the military for the private sector because they want to make more money. In reality, some of those officers move on because their needs have changed, and perhaps they don’t... View Details
Keywords: by Hise O. Gibson and MaShon Wilson
- 2013
- Working Paper
Span of Control and Span of Attention
By: Oriana Bandiera, Andrea Prat, Raffaella Sadun and Julie Wulf
Using novel data on CEO time use, we document the relationship between the size and composition of the executive team and the attention of the CEO. We combine information about CEO span of control for a sample of 65 companies with detailed data on how CEOs allocate... View Details
Keywords: Conferences; Analytics and Data Science; Leadership Style; Management Style; Managerial Roles; Time Management; Planning
Bandiera, Oriana, Andrea Prat, Raffaella Sadun, and Julie Wulf. "Span of Control and Span of Attention." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 12-053, December 2011. (Revised April 2014.)
- February 2019
- Technical Note
Can Multiunit Organizations Remain Agile as They Grow?
By: Tatiana Sandino
This note discusses how multiunit organizations incorporate flexibility into their management control systems, some by authorizing all or a select number of their dispersed units to make input and process decisions, some by investing in data-analytic technologies to... View Details
Keywords: Management Control Systems; Flexibility; Management Systems; Business Units; Decision Making
Sandino, Tatiana. "Can Multiunit Organizations Remain Agile as They Grow?" Harvard Business School Technical Note 119-067, February 2019.
- March 2005 (Revised July 2007)
- Case
Capital Controls in Chile in the 1990s (A)
By: Laura Alfaro, Rafael M. Di Tella and Ingrid Vogel
In 1991, Chile adopted a framework of capital controls focused on reducing the massive flows of foreign investment coming into the country as international interest rates remained low. Capital inflows threatened the Central Bank's ability to manage the exchange rate... View Details
Keywords: Developing Countries and Economies; Economic Growth; Financial Crisis; Capital; Governance Controls; Business and Government Relations; Chile
Alfaro, Laura, Rafael M. Di Tella, and Ingrid Vogel. "Capital Controls in Chile in the 1990s (A)." Harvard Business School Case 705-031, March 2005. (Revised July 2007.)
- 18 Apr 2012
- Research & Ideas
HBS Cases: Who Controls Water?
water management technologies because they were aware of its weaknesses. "The basic problem from the farmers' point of view is that the water is in the wrong place at the wrong time," said Reinhardt. It's also one of the reasons... View Details
- July 2004
- Article
Determinants of Control System Design in Divisionalized Firms
By: Margaret A. Abernethy, Jan Bouwens and Laurence van Lent
We investigate two determinants of two choices in the control system of divisionalized firms, namely decentralization and use of performance measures. The two determinants are those identified in the literature as important to control system design: (1) information... View Details
Keywords: Design; Organizational Design; Business Divisions; Management Systems; Performance Evaluation
Abernethy, Margaret A., Jan Bouwens, and Laurence van Lent. "Determinants of Control System Design in Divisionalized Firms." Accounting Review 79, no. 3 (July 2004): 545–570.