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  • All HBS Web  (6,175)
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  • March 2020
  • Case

ZEISS Group: Organize by Customer Culture?

By: Willy C. Shih
How should ZEISS, the German manufacturer of precision optical and optoelectronic systems manage two historic businesses that operated fairly autonomously? The Industrial Quality Solutions (IQS) business sold measurement equipment to manufacturing companies in sectors... View Details
Keywords: Organizational Structure; Organizational Culture; Manufacturing Industry; Europe; Germany
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Shih, Willy C. "ZEISS Group: Organize by Customer Culture?" Harvard Business School Case 620-103, March 2020.
  • June 2020
  • Article

Start-up Inertia versus Flexibility: The Role of Founder Identity in a Nascent Industry

By: Tiona Zuzul and Mary Tripsas
Through an inductive, comparative study of four early entrants in the nascent air taxi market, we examine why start-ups, generally characterized as flexible, malleable entities, might instead exhibit inertial behavior. While two of the firms engaged in ongoing... View Details
Keywords: Founder Identity; Nascent Industries; Entrepreneurship; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Identity
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Zuzul, Tiona, and Mary Tripsas. "Start-up Inertia versus Flexibility: The Role of Founder Identity in a Nascent Industry." Administrative Science Quarterly 65, no. 2 (June 2020): 395–433.
  • January 1989
  • Background Note

Managing Information Technology: Organization and Leadership

By: James I. Cash Jr. and Thomas H. Davenport
Describes the organizational components of the typical IT organization in a large corporation. Points out common problems and issues for each component of the organization. Also addresses the leadership issues for the IT function, and focuses specifically on the Chief... View Details
Keywords: Information Management; Organizational Design; Leadership; Managerial Roles; Information Technology; Problems and Challenges; Information Technology Industry
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Cash, James I., Jr., and Thomas H. Davenport. "Managing Information Technology: Organization and Leadership." Harvard Business School Background Note 189-133, January 1989.
  • January 1989 (Revised March 1991)
  • Case

General Electric Canada: Designing a New Organization

By: Lynda M. Applegate and James I. Cash Jr.
General Electric Canada used sociotechnical design techniques to restructure its financial, administrative, facilities, and information technology service from a decentralized, hierarchical organization to a centralized organization composed of self-managing,... View Details
Keywords: Organizational Design; Information Technology; Groups and Teams; Change; Communication; Information; Industrial Products Industry; Canada
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Applegate, Lynda M., and James I. Cash Jr. "General Electric Canada: Designing a New Organization." Harvard Business School Case 189-138, January 1989. (Revised March 1991.)
  • November 1991 (Revised September 1993)
  • Case

Oak Industries Inc.

By: William A. Sahlman and Burton C. Hurlock
Describes Bill Antle's proposed restructuring plans for Oak Industries, a company composed of nine divisions which seem to be experiencing operating difficulties. During the last ten years the company has been involved in a number of acquisitions and divestitures, as... View Details
Keywords: Entrepreneurship; Business or Company Management; Operations; SWOT Analysis; Organizational Structure; Restructuring; Financial Management; Acquisition; Financial Markets
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Sahlman, William A., and Burton C. Hurlock. "Oak Industries Inc." Harvard Business School Case 292-086, November 1991. (Revised September 1993.)
  • October 2024
  • Case

Parexel: Scaling Up and Industry Dynamics

By: Regina E. Herzlinger and Ben Creo
Through the lens of biopharmaceutical contract research organization (CRO) PAREXEL, this case traces the evolution of the firm as it reinvents itself in response to the transformation of the CRO sector from a small, secondary cluster of firms into a major player with... View Details
Keywords: Research; Innovation and Invention; Business Model; Transformation; Globalization; Information Technology; Competitive Advantage; Pharmaceutical Industry
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Herzlinger, Regina E., and Ben Creo. "Parexel: Scaling Up and Industry Dynamics." Harvard Business School Case 325-046, October 2024.
  • November 2000 (Revised November 2002)
  • Case

Activity-Based Management at W.S. Industries (A)

By: V.G. Narayanan and Sanjay Pothen
W.S. Industries undertakes the design and implementation of an activity based costing (ABC) system, and the ABC information empowers workers to make process improvement decisions. Workers' incentive pay is tied to cost savings from process improvements. View Details
Keywords: Activity Based Costing and Management; Motivation and Incentives; Performance Evaluation; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Knowledge Management; Energy Industry; India
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Narayanan, V.G., and Sanjay Pothen. "Activity-Based Management at W.S. Industries (A)." Harvard Business School Case 101-062, November 2000. (Revised November 2002.)
  • Research Summary

Career Histories and the Biotechnology Industry

Professor Higgins' other major project focuses on the consequences of individuals' career experiences for firms and industries. This second research stream centers on the careers of executives in the biotechnology industry.

Professor Higgins has written... View Details

  • October 1993 (Revised December 2003)
  • Case

Bausch & Lomb: Regional Organization

By: John A. Quelch
The CEO of Bausch & Lomb is contemplating replacing an international division with three regional divisions to sustain the company's growth, especially in international markets, and to add value to customers. View Details
Keywords: Organizational Change and Adaptation; Marketing Strategy; Organizational Structure; Globalization; Consumer Products Industry
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Quelch, John A., and Nathalie Laidler. "Bausch & Lomb: Regional Organization." Harvard Business School Case 594-056, October 1993. (Revised December 2003.)
  • Article

Why Every Organization Needs an Augmented Reality Strategy

By: Michael E. Porter and James E. Heppelmann
While the physical world is three-dimensional, most data is trapped on two-dimensional pages and screens. This gulf between the real and digital worlds prevents us from fully exploiting the volumes of information now available to us. Augmented reality (AR), a set of... View Details
Keywords: Technological Innovation; Innovation Strategy; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Performance Effectiveness
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Porter, Michael E., and James E. Heppelmann. "Why Every Organization Needs an Augmented Reality Strategy." Harvard Business Review 95, no. 6 (November–December 2017): 46–57.
  • October 2010 (Revised August 2012)
  • Supplement

Harvest: Organic Waste Recycling with Energy Recovery (B)

By: Deishin Lee, Baris Ata and Mustafa H. Tongarlak
This case describes the waste management industry and a clean technology solution for landfill diversion and renewable energy production. The (A) case focuses on the operational characteristics of waste management and waste to energy, and the characteristics of the... View Details
Keywords: Framework; Wastes and Waste Processing; Management; Operations; Social Issues; Problems and Challenges; Energy Generation; Renewable Energy; Quality; Industry Structures; Energy Industry
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Lee, Deishin, Baris Ata, and Mustafa H. Tongarlak. "Harvest: Organic Waste Recycling with Energy Recovery (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 611-034, October 2010. (Revised August 2012.)
  • June 1999 (Revised October 1999)
  • Case

Eli Lilly, 1998 (B): Emerging Global Organization

By: Michael Y. Yoshino and Thomas W. Malnight
Examines major issues faced by Eli Lilly as it evaluates the appropriateness of a focused matrix organization with extensive use of cross-functional teams. View Details
Keywords: Business Model; Geography; Globalized Firms and Management; Growth and Development; Knowledge; Management Teams; Product; Organizations; Pharmaceutical Industry
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Yoshino, Michael Y., and Thomas W. Malnight. "Eli Lilly, 1998 (B): Emerging Global Organization." Harvard Business School Case 399-174, June 1999. (Revised October 1999.)
  • June 1983
  • Background Note

Note on the Paper Machinery Industry

By: Christopher A. Bartlett
Describes the major structural changes taking place in the paper industry in the 1970s: major oil and pulp price increases, pollution legislation, a shift in industry development from OECD countries to LDCs and NICs and the technological revolution in paper making.... View Details
Keywords: Engineering; Price; Global Strategy; Growth and Development; Industry Structures; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Pollutants; Competition; Pulp and Paper Industry
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Bartlett, Christopher A. "Note on the Paper Machinery Industry." Harvard Business School Background Note 383-185, June 1983.
  • February 1988
  • Case

IBM Marketing Organization (B): Process

By: Frank V. Cespedes
Keywords: Marketing Strategy; Information Technology Industry
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Cespedes, Frank V. "IBM Marketing Organization (B): Process." Harvard Business School Case 588-061, February 1988.
  • February 2013 (Revised February 2017)
  • Case

Iz-Lynn Chan at Far East Organization

By: Linda A. Hill, Anthony J. Mayo and Dana M. Teppert
Iz-Lynn Chan, assistant director of retail business group and service quality and vice president of Far East retail consultancy for Far East Organization, a private real estate developer group in Singapore, raises service standards in the company's hospitality... View Details
Keywords: Hospitality; Organizational Change And Transformation; Leadership; Leading Change; Change Management; Service Industry; Singapore
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Hill, Linda A., Anthony J. Mayo, and Dana M. Teppert. "Iz-Lynn Chan at Far East Organization." Harvard Business School Case 413-060, February 2013. (Revised February 2017.)
  • February 2012
  • Case

Kent Chemical: Organizing for International Growth

By: Christopher A. Bartlett and Laura Winig
In July 2008, Luis Morales, president of Kent Chemical International, is proposing a third reorganization effort after two failed attempts to better align his business with its U.S.-based parent company. With a global expansion strategy placing increasing demands on... View Details
Keywords: International Business; Organizational Change; Multinational Corporations; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Multinational Firms and Management; Organizational Design; Management Practices and Processes; Organizational Structure; Corporate Strategy; Organizational Culture; Global Strategy; Chemical Industry; United States
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Bartlett, Christopher A., and Laura Winig. "Kent Chemical: Organizing for International Growth." Harvard Business School Brief Case 124-409, February 2012.
  • 2008
  • Preface

New Evidence on Cluster Organizations

By: Christian H.M. Ketels
Keywords: Industry Clusters
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Ketels, Christian H.M. "New Evidence on Cluster Organizations." Preface to Automotive Clustering in Europe, edited by Gergana Dimitrova and Gerrit Stratmann. Darmstadt, Germany: Europäischer Wirtschafts Verlag GmbH, 2008.
  • July 2023
  • Article

Deep Responsibility and Irresponsibility in the Beauty Industry

By: Geoffrey Jones
This article employs the concept of deep responsibility to assess the social responsibility of the beauty industry over time. It shows that many of today’s problems with the industry have deep historical roots. Products have too many ingredients that are potential... View Details
Keywords: Business History; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Beauty and Cosmetics Industry
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Jones, Geoffrey. "Deep Responsibility and Irresponsibility in the Beauty Industry." Entreprises et histoire 111, no. 2 (July 2023): 113–125.
  • November 1994
  • Case

Citibank European Strategy & Organization

By: Michael Y. Yoshino and Thomas W. Malnight
Examines strategic and organizational issues facing Citibank as it pursues a highly focused strategy in Europe in the face of increasing competition. Central in this consideration is the role of the European regional organization. View Details
Keywords: Management; Growth and Development Strategy; Organizational Design; Competitive Strategy; Competition; Banking Industry; Europe
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Yoshino, Michael Y., and Thomas W. Malnight. "Citibank European Strategy & Organization." Harvard Business School Case 395-099, November 1994.
  • November 2004 (Revised September 2019)
  • Background Note

The U.S. Health Club Industry in 2004

By: John R. Wells, Gabriel Ellsworth and Benjamin Weinstock
In 2004, the $16.8 billion U.S. health club industry continued its strong record of growth. There were almost 27,000 health clubs in the United States, up from 6,700 two decades earlier, and these clubs claimed 41 million members, over 14% of the U.S. population.... View Details
Keywords: Health Clubs; Fitness; Gyms; Chain; Weight Loss; Obesity; Exercise; Personal Training; Bally Total Fitness; 24 Hour Fitness; YMCA; Gold's Gym; Curves; Franchise; Franchising; Subscription; Promotional Sales; Promotions; Fixed Costs; Body; Accrual Accounting; Revenue Recognition; Buildings and Facilities; Business Growth and Maturation; Business Model; For-Profit Firms; Trends; Customers; Demographics; Age; Income; Private Equity; Financing and Loans; Profit; Revenue; Geographic Scope; Multinational Firms and Management; Health; Nutrition; Business History; Employees; Retention; Human Capital; Working Conditions; Contracts; Business or Company Management; Goals and Objectives; Growth and Development Strategy; Markets; Demand and Consumers; Supply and Industry; Industry Growth; Industry Structures; Operations; Service Operations; Franchise Ownership; Private Ownership; Public Ownership; Problems and Challenges; Sales; Salesforce Management; Situation or Environment; Opportunities; Nonprofit Organizations; Welfare; Sports; Strategy; Business Strategy; Competition; Competitive Strategy; Consolidation; Corporate Strategy; Customization and Personalization; Expansion; Segmentation; Hardware; Health Industry; United States
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Wells, John R., Gabriel Ellsworth, and Benjamin Weinstock. "The U.S. Health Club Industry in 2004." Harvard Business School Background Note 705-445, November 2004. (Revised September 2019.)
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