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      Economic And Environmental PerformanceRemove Economic And Environmental Performance →

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      • August 2023 (Revised March 2024)
      • Case

      Arla Foods: Data-Driven Decarbonization (A)

      By: Michael Parzen, Michael W. Toffel, Susan Pinckney and Amram Migdal
      The case describes Arla’s history, in particular its climate change mitigation efforts, and how it implemented a price incentive system to motivate individual farms to implement scope 1 greenhouse gas emissions mitigation measures and receive a higher milk price. The... View Details
      Keywords: Dairy Industry; Business Earnings; Agribusiness; Animal-Based Agribusiness; Acquisition; Mergers and Acquisitions; Decision Making; Decisions; Voting; Environmental Management; Climate Change; Environmental Regulation; Environmental Sustainability; Green Technology; Pollution; Moral Sensibility; Values and Beliefs; Financial Strategy; Price; Profit; Revenue; Food; Geopolitical Units; Global Strategy; Ownership Type; Cooperative Ownership; Performance Efficiency; Performance Evaluation; Problems and Challenges; Natural Environment; Science-Based Business; Business Strategy; Commercialization; Cooperation; Corporate Strategy; Food and Beverage Industry; Food and Beverage Industry; Europe; United Kingdom; European Union; Germany; Denmark; Sweden; Luxembourg; Belgium
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      Parzen, Michael, Michael W. Toffel, Susan Pinckney, and Amram Migdal. "Arla Foods: Data-Driven Decarbonization (A)." Harvard Business School Case 624-003, August 2023. (Revised March 2024.)
      • August 2023 (Revised January 2024)
      • Supplement

      Arla Foods: Data-Driven Decarbonization (B)

      By: Michael Parzen, Michael W. Toffel, Susan Pinckney and Amram Migdal
      The case describes Arla’s history, in particular its climate change mitigation efforts, and how it implemented a price incentive system to motivate individual farms to implement scope 1 greenhouse gas emissions mitigation measures and receive a higher milk price. The... View Details
      Keywords: Dairy Industry; Earnings Management; Environmental Accounting; Animal-Based Agribusiness; Mergers and Acquisitions; Decisions; Voting; Climate Change; Environmental Regulation; Environmental Sustainability; Green Technology; Pollution; Moral Sensibility; Values and Beliefs; Financial Strategy; Price; Profit; Revenue; Food; Geopolitical Units; Cross-Cultural and Cross-Border Issues; Global Strategy; Cooperative Ownership; Performance Efficiency; Performance Evaluation; Problems and Challenges; Natural Environment; Science-Based Business; Business Strategy; Commercial Banking; Cooperation; Corporate Strategy; Motivation and Incentives; Food and Beverage Industry; Food and Beverage Industry; Europe; United Kingdom; European Union; Denmark; Sweden; Luxembourg; Belgium
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      Parzen, Michael, Michael W. Toffel, Susan Pinckney, and Amram Migdal. "Arla Foods: Data-Driven Decarbonization (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 624-036, August 2023. (Revised January 2024.)
      • 2023
      • Working Paper

      Targeting, Personalization, and Engagement in an Agricultural Advisory Service

      By: Susan Athey, Shawn Cole, Shanjukta Nath and Jessica Zhu
      ICT is increasingly used to deliver customized information in developing countries. We examine whether individually targeting the timing of automated voice calls meaningfully increases engagement in an agricultural advisory service. We define, estimate, and... View Details
      Keywords: Developing Countries and Economies; Knowledge Dissemination; Customization and Personalization; Performance Effectiveness
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      Athey, Susan, Shawn Cole, Shanjukta Nath, and Jessica Zhu. "Targeting, Personalization, and Engagement in an Agricultural Advisory Service." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 24-006, August 2023.
      • August 2023 (Revised October 2023)
      • Case

      Beyond the Barricades: Chile 2023

      By: Debora Spar, Willis Emmons, Leonard A. Schlesinger and Ruth Costas
      Chile, often considered among Latin America's greatest economic success stories, suffered a shocking wave of protests in October 2019, as its citizens demanded reforms across healthcare and education systems, and protested inequality and rising costs of living. As... View Details
      Keywords: Government Administration; Developing Countries and Economies; Economic Growth; Social Issues; Wealth and Poverty; Public Opinion; Equality and Inequality; Public Administration Industry; Chile; Latin America; South America
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      Spar, Debora, Willis Emmons, Leonard A. Schlesinger, and Ruth Costas. "Beyond the Barricades: Chile 2023." Harvard Business School Case 324-005, August 2023. (Revised October 2023.)
      • July 2023 (Revised May 2024)
      • Case

      Vytal: Packaging-as-a-Service

      By: George Serafeim, Michael W. Toffel, Lena Duchene and Daniela Beyersdorfer
      The Germany-based startup Vytal operated the largest digital-native reusable packaging-as-a-service network globally, having raised nearly €15 million, established a large network of restaurant partners, and prevented the use of millions of single-use take-out food... View Details
      Keywords: Climate Risk; Digital; Platform Strategies; Data; Packaging; Sustainability; Start-up; Startup; Entrepreneur; Impact; Circular; Growth Strategy; Innovation; Environmental Sustainability; Innovation and Invention; Business Growth and Maturation; Growth and Development Strategy; Business Startups; Resource Allocation; Risk Management; Adoption; Strategy; Performance Productivity; Service Delivery; Service Operations; Supply Chain; Distribution; Entrepreneurship; Climate Change; Green Technology Industry; Service Industry; Retail Industry; Germany; Europe
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      Serafeim, George, Michael W. Toffel, Lena Duchene, and Daniela Beyersdorfer. "Vytal: Packaging-as-a-Service." Harvard Business School Case 124-007, July 2023. (Revised May 2024.)
      • July 2023
      • Technical Note

      Agricultural Innovation and Sustainability in the Netherlands

      By: Willy C. Shih, Michael W. Toffel, Kelsey Carter, Jennifer Godfrey, Rafaella Mazza and Katrina Yeh
      This note describes some of the most significant agricultural innovations in the Netherlands, their drivers, environmental performance implications, some challenges facing the sector, and the potential replicability of these innovations to other contexts. View Details
      Keywords: Agricultural; Decarbonization; Farming; Agribusiness; Science; Research and Development; Climate Change; Environmental Sustainability; Innovation and Invention; Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry; Netherlands
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      Shih, Willy C., Michael W. Toffel, Kelsey Carter, Jennifer Godfrey, Rafaella Mazza, and Katrina Yeh. "Agricultural Innovation and Sustainability in the Netherlands." Harvard Business School Technical Note 624-021, July 2023.
      • July–August 2023
      • Article

      Accounting for Carbon Offsets

      By: Robert S. Kaplan, Karthik Ramanna and Marc Roston
      Markets for carbon trading function poorly, and many traded offsets do not actually perform as promised. Without robust protocols for monitoring offsets and in the absence of proper accounting mechanisms, market-based approaches to reducing atmospheric GHG will be... View Details
      Keywords: Climate Change; Environmental Accounting; Environmental Regulation
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      Kaplan, Robert S., Karthik Ramanna, and Marc Roston. "Accounting for Carbon Offsets." Harvard Business Review 101, no. 4 (July–August 2023): 126–137.
      • June 2023
      • Case

      Investing in the Climate Transition at Neuberger Berman

      By: George Serafeim and Benjamin Maletta
      By mid-2023, Neuberger Berman (NB), an active asset manager, had grown its assets under management to about half a trillion dollars and took pride in its client centricity and innovative spirit. Responding to client demand for investment products that integrated... View Details
      Keywords: Carbon Emissions; Sustainability; Decarbonization; Performance; Risk Assessment; Opportunities; Environmental Sustainability; Carbon Footprint; Business Analysis; Investing; Regulation; Asset Management; Investment Strategy; Climate Change; Transition; Analysis; Product Positioning; Strategy; Investment Portfolio; Financial Services Industry; Energy Industry
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      Serafeim, George, and Benjamin Maletta. "Investing in the Climate Transition at Neuberger Berman." Harvard Business School Case 123-092, June 2023.
      • June 2023
      • Case

      Tractor Supply Co

      By: David L. Ager and Michael A. Roberto
      In February 2023, Hal Lawton, CEO of Tractor Supply Co, the largest farm and ranch retailer in the United States reflected on the company’s 70% growth between 2019 and 2022. Economists had begun to predict an economic downturn and experts were predicting softening... View Details
      Keywords: COVID-19 Pandemic; Demand and Consumers; Economic Slowdown and Stagnation; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Retail Industry
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      Ager, David L., and Michael A. Roberto. "Tractor Supply Co." Harvard Business School Case 923-302, June 2023.
      • June 2023
      • Case

      Accounting for Loan Losses at JPMorgan Chase: Predicting Credit Costs

      By: Jonas Heese, Jung Koo Kang and James Weber
      The case examines the accounting for loan losses at a large bank, how a bank sets its Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses (ALLL) on its financial statements. ALLL, and the rules that set them, determine when banks would and would not extend loans, which significantly... View Details
      Keywords: Accounting Standards; Accrual Accounting; Financial Statements; Financial Reporting; Banks and Banking; Financing and Loans; Banking Industry; United States
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      Heese, Jonas, Jung Koo Kang, and James Weber. "Accounting for Loan Losses at JPMorgan Chase: Predicting Credit Costs." Harvard Business School Case 123-042, June 2023.
      • May 2023
      • Case

      CMA CGM: Reducing the Carbon Footprint of Container Shipping

      By: Willy C. Shih and Emilie Billaud
      Marine transport is the most cost-effective way to move large volumes over long distances, and container shipping is the backbone of international trade in goods. Yet shipping contributed 3% of worldwide greenhouse gas emissions, and the deep-sea segment, which... View Details
      Keywords: Container Shipping; Logistic Regression; Trade Links; Decarbonization; Environmental Strategies; Environmental Impact; Globalization; Trade; Environmental Regulation; Logistics; Supply Chain; Governance Compliance; Shipping Industry; European Union; Asia; North America
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      Shih, Willy C., and Emilie Billaud. "CMA CGM: Reducing the Carbon Footprint of Container Shipping." Harvard Business School Case 623-006, May 2023.
      • 2023
      • Article

      Exploiting Discovered Regression Discontinuities to Debias Conditioned-on-observable Estimators

      By: Benjamin Jakubowski, Siram Somanchi, Edward McFowland III and Daniel B. Neill
      Regression discontinuity (RD) designs are widely used to estimate causal effects in the absence of a randomized experiment. However, standard approaches to RD analysis face two significant limitations. First, they require a priori knowledge of discontinuities in... View Details
      Keywords: Regression Discontinuity Design; Analytics and Data Science; AI and Machine Learning
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      Jakubowski, Benjamin, Siram Somanchi, Edward McFowland III, and Daniel B. Neill. "Exploiting Discovered Regression Discontinuities to Debias Conditioned-on-observable Estimators." Journal of Machine Learning Research 24, no. 133 (2023): 1–57.
      • 2023
      • Working Paper

      ESG: From Process to Product

      By: George Serafeim
      ESG measurement, analysis, management, and communication is a process that the financial industry has turned into a product, resulting in many investment funds using the ESG label. This has caused confusion, generating demand for a framework that defines... View Details
      Keywords: ESG; ESG (Environmental, Social, Governance) Performance; ESG Ratings; ESG Reporting; Investment Fund; Investment; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Financial Services Industry
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      Serafeim, George. "ESG: From Process to Product." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 23-069, May 2023.
      • April 2023 (Revised September 2023)
      • Case

      Apple's iPhone Revolution: Pioneering the Circular Economy

      By: George Serafeim
      When asked to identify an example of a circular economy business model that has generated billions in revenues for a company, ChatGPT, the famous chatbot that in 2022 rocked the world with its ability to perform a variety of tasks, immediately identified and... View Details
      Keywords: Iphone; Smartphone; Waste Management; Recycling; Innovation; Product Upgrade; Product Life Cycle; Sustainability; Climate Impact; Digital; Business Model Innovation; Climate Change; Information Technology; Business Model; Electronics Industry; Information Technology Industry
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      Serafeim, George. "Apple's iPhone Revolution: Pioneering the Circular Economy." Harvard Business School Case 123-089, April 2023. (Revised September 2023.)
      • 2023
      • Working Paper

      How Wicked Problems Drive Business Performance: A Review of the Academic Literature

      By: Caroline Adelson, Charlotte Kuller, Cate Tompkins, Ellora Sarkar, Samantha Price and Marco Iansiti
      Recent years have seen a rise in the number of businesses engaged in the pursuit of “purposeful” activities – that is, activities that engage with the broader community in ways that expand beyond the pursuit of shareholder value. Many of these activities involve... View Details
      Keywords: Wicked Problems; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Social Issues; Performance
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      Adelson, Caroline, Charlotte Kuller, Cate Tompkins, Ellora Sarkar, Samantha Price, and Marco Iansiti. "How Wicked Problems Drive Business Performance: A Review of the Academic Literature." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 23-064, April 2023.
      • March–April 2023
      • Article

      The New-Collar Workforce

      By: Colleen Ammerman, Boris Groysberg and Ginni Rometty
      Many workers today are stuck in low-paying jobs, unable to advance simply because they don’t have a bachelor’s degree. At the same time, many companies are desperate for workers and not meeting the diversity goals that could help them perform better while also reducing... View Details
      Keywords: Diversity; Recruitment; Social Issues; Higher Education; Competency and Skills
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      Ammerman, Colleen, Boris Groysberg, and Ginni Rometty. "The New-Collar Workforce." Harvard Business Review 101, no. 2 (March–April 2023): 96–103.
      • March 2023 (Revised May 2025)
      • Case

      On (A)

      By: Ramon Casadesus-Masanell, Karolin Frankenberger and Sascha Mader
      Founded in 2010, in just one decade, the Swiss company On had established itself as a main player in global sports footwear and apparel. Based on an unconventional strategy which one of the founders labeled as “obsessively distinct,” On grew its sales with a compound... View Details
      Keywords: Brands and Branding; Business Growth and Maturation; Business Model; Business Startups; Business Strategy; Competitive Advantage; Competitive Strategy; Corporate Strategy; Customer Focus and Relationships; Customer Satisfaction; Digital Marketing; Disruptive Innovation; Distribution Channels; Entrepreneurship; Environmental Sustainability; Global Strategy; Initial Public Offering; Innovation and Invention; Innovation Strategy; Market Entry and Exit; Marketing Strategy; Product Design; Product Development; Product Marketing; Social Media; Strategy; Supply Chain Management; Technological Innovation; Apparel and Accessories Industry; Apparel and Accessories Industry; Apparel and Accessories Industry; Apparel and Accessories Industry; Apparel and Accessories Industry; Europe; Switzerland; Germany; United States
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      Casadesus-Masanell, Ramon, Karolin Frankenberger, and Sascha Mader. "On (A)." Harvard Business School Case 723-430, March 2023. (Revised May 2025.)
      • February 2023 (Revised February 2024)
      • Case

      Doing Business in Helsinki, Finland

      By: Martin A. Sinozich, Lena Duchene, Tonia Labruyere and Daniela Beyersdorfer
      This case examines the challenges and opportunities of doing business in Finland. It highlights Finland's economic transformation in the decades leading up to 2024 in the context of its history, culture, and politics. The case gives an overview of some of the main... View Details
      Keywords: Business History; Business and Government Relations; Corporate Strategy; Research and Development; Foreign Direct Investment; Crisis Management; Culture; Environmental Sustainability; International Relations; Food and Beverage Industry; Finland; Europe
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      Sinozich, Martin A., Lena Duchene, Tonia Labruyere, and Daniela Beyersdorfer. "Doing Business in Helsinki, Finland." Harvard Business School Case 323-079, February 2023. (Revised February 2024.)
      • 21 Feb 2023
      • Interview

      How Miami Can Become a Global Climate Solutions Hub

      By: Rosabeth M. Kanter
      Miami has been described as the epicenter of the climate change crisis in the country. But how can Miami transform its climate vulnerability into solutions? Harvard Business School professor Rosabeth Moss Kanter released a study in 2022 that focused on Miami’s climate... View Details
      Keywords: Climate Change; "Solutions Approach; Network; Future; Change; Economic Growth; Environmental Management; City; Miami
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      "How Miami Can Become a Global Climate Solutions Hub." Miami-Dade Beacon Council, February 21, 2023.
      • February 2023
      • Case

      Success Academy Charter Schools

      By: Robin Greenwood, Joshua D. Coval, Denise Han, Ruth Page and Dave Habeeb
      This stand-alone multimedia case follows the story of Eva Moskowitz and Success Academy, a network of high-performing charter schools in New York City. As a New York City councilor between 1999 and 2006, Moskowitz became frustrated over the inertia and dysfunction in... View Details
      Keywords: Business and Government Relations; Performance Effectiveness; Equality and Inequality; Private Sector; Education Industry; New York (city, NY)
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      Greenwood, Robin, Joshua D. Coval, Denise Han, Ruth Page, and Dave Habeeb. "Success Academy Charter Schools." Harvard Business School Multimedia/Video Case 222-707, February 2023.
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