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  • All HBS Web  (1,428)
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  • All HBS Web  (1,428)
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    • News  (172)
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  • Article

Genetic Optimization of Photonic Bandgap Structures

By: Joel Goh, Ilya Fushman, Dirk Englund and Jelena Vuckovic
Keywords: Genetic Optimization; Photonic Crystals; Applied Optics; Design
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Goh, Joel, Ilya Fushman, Dirk Englund, and Jelena Vuckovic. "Genetic Optimization of Photonic Bandgap Structures." Optics Express 15, no. 13 (June 25, 2007): 8218–8230.
  • Web

Design Thinking Course | HBS Online

This course is part of the Entrepreneurship & Innovation track. Introduction to Design Thinking and Innovation ENROLL NOW No application needed for our certificate programs. Start your journey today! Design... View Details
  • December 1989
  • Background Note

Note on How Organizations Can be Structured

By: D. Q. Mills
Describes four basic organizational forms--hierarchy, division, matrix, and cluster. Diagrams of each are included. Their strengths and weaknesses under different business environment conditions are detailed. There is a table comparing the forms on several key... View Details
Keywords: Management Practices and Processes; Organizational Culture; Organizational Design; Organizational Structure
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Mills, D. Q. "Note on How Organizations Can be Structured." Harvard Business School Background Note 490-040, December 1989.
  • 2025
  • Chapter

Critical Choices in Designing a Board: An Overview

By: Suraj Srinivasan and Lynn S. Paine

Board design is never one-size-fits-all. It’s a series of critical choices—each with trade-offs—that can define how a board functions, governs, and delivers strategic value.

That’s the premise of "Critical Choices in Designing a Board," a... View Details

Keywords: Governing and Advisory Boards
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Srinivasan, Suraj, and Lynn S. Paine. "Critical Choices in Designing a Board: An Overview." Chap. 3 in NYSE & JP Morgan, Public Company Series: Board Structure and Composition, edited by Joseph Hall and Stephen Byeff, 17–23. Public Company Series. Caxton Business & Legal, Inc., 2025.

    Design Rules, Vol. 1: The Power of Modularity

    We live in a dynamic economic and commercial world, surrounded by objects of remarkable complexity and power. In many industries, changes in products and technologies have brought with them new kinds of firms and forms of organization. We are... View Details
    • April 2011
    • Case

    Designs by Kate: The Power of Direct Sales

    By: John A. Deighton and Sarah Abbott
    The sales representatives at Designs by Kate (DBK) sell private label jewelry at hosted parties and through online social media channels. They are also responsible for recruiting, training, and managing new sales reps. CEO and founder Kate Creevey designed the... View Details
    Keywords: Direct Sales; Consumer Marketing; Marketing Management; Personal Selling; Sales Compensation; Sales Organization; Motivation and Incentives; Marketing Strategy; Salesforce Management; Performance; Compensation and Benefits; Apparel and Accessories Industry
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    Deighton, John A., and Sarah Abbott. "Designs by Kate: The Power of Direct Sales." Harvard Business School Brief Case 114-284, April 2011.
    • April 2000 (Revised November 2000)
    • Case

    Computer Power Group: Designing Brand Architecture

    Computer Power Group (CPG), an Australian-based consulting, education, and staffing placement firm in the IT industry, is contemplating a brand architecture capable of structuring its eight branded business units. CEO Peter James is particularly curious about whether a... View Details
    Keywords: Brands and Branding; Employment Industry; Education Industry; Consulting Industry; Australia
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    Fournier, Susan M., and Andrea Carol Wojnicki. "Computer Power Group: Designing Brand Architecture." Harvard Business School Case 500-060, April 2000. (Revised November 2000.)
    • 2025
    • Working Paper

    How Do Households Suppress the Price of Tail Risk?

    By: Laurent Calvet, Claire Célérier, Gordon Liao and Boris Vallée
    This paper investigates the effects of the issuance of retail products with non-linear payoffs on option prices. For a given underlying asset, when the outstanding volume of products embedding a short-put position increases, implied volatility at the corresponding... View Details
    Keywords: Security Design; Dividend; Options; Structured Products; Market Segmentation; Financial Instruments; Design; Volatility; Markets; Segmentation
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    Calvet, Laurent, Claire Célérier, Gordon Liao, and Boris Vallée. "How Do Households Suppress the Price of Tail Risk?" Working Paper, 2025.
    • June 2005 (Revised March 2017)
    • Teaching Note

    Siebel Systems: Organizing for the Customer

    By: Robert Simons
    Teaching Note to (103-014). The Siebel Systems case describes the unusual accountability and organizing choices made by managers of a successful, rapidly growing software development company. The case is set in 2002, but details the critical decisions made by founder... View Details
    Keywords: Management Control Systems; Execution; Organization Design; Structure; Job Design; Diagnostic Control Systems; Customers; Strategy; Organizational Design
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    Simons, Robert. "Siebel Systems: Organizing for the Customer." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 105-079, June 2005. (Revised March 2017.)
    • November 2004 (Revised June 2005)
    • Background Note

    Designing Products and Processes: Aligning Hierarchical Problem Levels with Problem-Solving Team Forms

    All complex systems have four distinct hierarchical design levels: system objectives, architecture, interfaces, and components. Each level has a distinct design question associated with it. Distinguishing among these levels and understanding the questions associated... View Details
    Keywords: Design; Complexity
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    Spear, Steven J. "Designing Products and Processes: Aligning Hierarchical Problem Levels with Problem-Solving Team Forms." Harvard Business School Background Note 605-039, November 2004. (Revised June 2005.)
    • 27 Nov 2013
    • Working Paper Summaries

    Skilled Immigration and the Employment Structures of US Firms

    Keywords: by Sari Pekkala Kerr, William R. Kerr & William F. Lincoln
    • July–August 2019
    • Article

    Coupling Labor Codes of Conduct and Supplier Labor Practices: The Role of Internal Structural Conditions

    By: Yanhua Bird, Jodi L. Short and Michael W. Toffel
    Exploitive working conditions have spurred companies to pressure their suppliers to adopt labor codes of conduct and to conform their labor practices to the standards set forth in those codes. Yet little is known about whether organizational structures such as codes... View Details
    Keywords: Organization Theory; Economic Sociology; Social Responsibility; Sustainability; Auditing; Process Improvement; Organizational Structure; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Supply Chain; Labor; Working Conditions
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    Bird, Yanhua, Jodi L. Short, and Michael W. Toffel. "Coupling Labor Codes of Conduct and Supplier Labor Practices: The Role of Internal Structural Conditions." Organization Science 30, no. 4 (July–August 2019): 847–867. (Best Paper Award at ComplianceNet Conference 2019, 2020 Responsible Research in Management Award Finalist.)
    • 11 Oct 2017
    • Blog Post

    Designing Internship Projects for Greater Impact

    managing the recruiting process, and larger institutions may lack the structures needed to accommodate the more entrepreneurial candidate. In either case, large company or small, interns and employers must work together to View Details
    Keywords: Entrepreneurship
    • January 2019 (Revised February 2020)
    • Case

    Roush Performance: How to Design a Sales Force Compensation Plan

    By: Doug J. Chung
    Roush Performance manufactured and marketed factory-modified performance vehicles and high-end aftermarket automotive performance parts. Since its inception, Roush Performance had focused on building its engineering technology competency and diversifying its product... View Details
    Keywords: Sales Force Management; Motivation; Compensation; Salary; Commissions; Bonuses; Quotas; Salesforce Management; Compensation and Benefits; Motivation and Incentives
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    Chung, Doug J. "Roush Performance: How to Design a Sales Force Compensation Plan." Harvard Business School Case 519-066, January 2019. (Revised February 2020.)
    • 08 Sep 2015
    • Working Paper Summaries

    Through the Grapevine: Network Effects on the Design of Executive Compensation Contracts

    Keywords: by Susanna Gallani
    • Research Summary

    Dynamics of Network Structure and Content in Social Media

    Organizations use social media to leverage knowledge contributions by individual employees, which also foster social interactions – activity in blogs, forums, wikis etc. is critical to ensuring a thriving online community. Prior studies have examined... View Details

    • April–May 2021
    • Article

    The Influence of Loan Officers on Loan Contract Design and Performance

    By: Robert Bushman, Janet Gao, Xiumin Martin and Joseph Pacelli
    We investigate the extent to which loan officers generate independent, individual effects on the design and performance of syndicated loans. We construct a large database containing the identities of loan officers involved in structuring syndicated loan deals, allowing... View Details
    Keywords: Loan Officers; Covenants; Interest Spreads; Syndicated Loans; Banks and Banking; Financing and Loans; Design; Performance
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    Bushman, Robert, Janet Gao, Xiumin Martin, and Joseph Pacelli. "The Influence of Loan Officers on Loan Contract Design and Performance." Journal of Accounting & Economics 71, nos. 2-3 (April–May 2021).
    • October 2021
    • Article

    Board Design and Governance Failures at Peer Firms

    By: Shelby Gai, J. Yo-Jud Cheng and Andy Wu
    Our study introduces board committees as a crucial determinant of board actions. We examine how directors who structurally link different board committees—referred to as multi-committee directors (MCDs)—explain why some board actions are merely symbolic while others... View Details
    Keywords: Board Committees; Board Monitoring; New Director Nomination; Peer Financial Restatements; Governing and Advisory Boards; Corporate Governance; Performance Effectiveness
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    Gai, Shelby, J. Yo-Jud Cheng, and Andy Wu. "Board Design and Governance Failures at Peer Firms." Strategic Management Journal 42, no. 10 (October 2021): 1909–1938.
    • 2018
    • Working Paper

    Design Rules, Volume 2: How Technology Shapes Organizations: Chapter 7 The Value Structure of Technologies, Part 2: Technical and Strategic Bottlenecks as Guides for Action

    By: Carliss Y. Baldwin
    The purpose of this chapter is to present analytic tools based on functional maps that can be used to identify investment opportunities and to formulate strategy in large, evolving technical systems. I argue that the points of value creation and value capture in a... View Details
    Keywords: Bottlenecks; Information Technology; System; Investment; Opportunities; Strategy
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    Baldwin, Carliss Y. "Design Rules, Volume 2: How Technology Shapes Organizations: Chapter 7 The Value Structure of Technologies, Part 2: Technical and Strategic Bottlenecks as Guides for Action." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 19-042, October 2018.
    • 04 Aug 2011
    • Working Paper Summaries

    A Dynamic Perspective on Ambidexterity: Structural Differentiation and Boundary Activities

    Keywords: by Sebastian Raisch & Michael L. Tushman
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